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Getreuer P, Marretta L, Toyoglu E, Dömötör O, Hejl M, Prado-Roller A, Cseh K, Legin AA, Jakupec MA, Barone G, Terenzi A, Keppler BK, Kandioller W. Investigating the anticancer potential of 4-phenylthiazole derived Ru(II) and Os(II) metalacycles. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:5567-5579. [PMID: 38426897 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00245h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
In this contribution we report the synthesis, characterization and in vitro anticancer activity of novel cyclometalated 4-phenylthiazole-derived ruthenium(II) (2a-e) and osmium(II) (3a-e) complexes. Formation and sufficient purity of the complexes were unambigiously confirmed by 1H-, 13C- and 2D-NMR techniques, X-ray diffractometry, HRMS and elemental analysis. The binding preferences of these cyclometalates to selected amino acids and to DNA models including G-quadruplex structures were analyzed. Additionally, their stability and behaviour in aqueous solutions was determined by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Their cellular accumulation, their ability of inducing apoptosis, as well as their interference in the cell cycle were studied in SW480 colon cancer cells. The anticancer potencies were investigated in three human cancer cell lines and revealed IC50 values in the low micromolar range, in contrast to the biologically inactive ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Getreuer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Marretta
- STEBICEF-Department, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Emine Toyoglu
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Orsolya Dömötör
- Department of Molecular and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7-8, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Michaela Hejl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Alexander Prado-Roller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Klaudia Cseh
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Anton A Legin
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael A Jakupec
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giampaolo Barone
- STEBICEF-Department, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessio Terenzi
- STEBICEF-Department, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Bernhard K Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kandioller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Xu X, Zhu Z, Chen S, Fu Y, Zhang J, Guo Y, Xu Z, Xi Y, Wang X, Ye F, Chen H, Yang X. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel benzothiazole derivatives as potential anticancer and antiinflammatory agents. Front Chem 2024; 12:1384301. [PMID: 38562527 PMCID: PMC10982501 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1384301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cancer, a significant global health concern, necessitates innovative treatments. The pivotal role of chronic inflammation in cancer development underscores the urgency for novel therapeutic strategies. Benzothiazole derivatives exhibit promise due to their distinctive structures and broad spectrum of biological effects. This study aims to explore new anti-tumor small molecule drugs that simultaneously anti-inflammatory and anticancer based on the advantages of benzothiazole frameworks. Methods: The compounds were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LC-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for structure as well as purity and other related physicochemical properties. The effects of the compounds on the proliferation of human epidermoid carcinoma cell line (A431) and human non-small cell lung cancer cell lines (A549, H1299) were evaluated by MTT method. The effect of compounds on the expression levels of inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α in mouse monocyte macrophages (RAW264.7) was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The effect of compounds on apoptosis and cell cycle of A431 and A549 cells was evaluated by flow cytometry. The effect of compounds on A431 and A549 cell migration was evaluated by scratch wound healing assay. The effect of compounds on protein expression levels in A431 and A549 cells was assessed by Western Blot assay. The physicochemical parameters, pharmacokinetic properties, toxicity and drug similarity of the active compound were predicted using Swiss ADME and admetSAR web servers. Results: Twenty-five novel benzothiazole compounds were designed and synthesized, with their structures confirmed through spectrogram verification. The active compound 6-chloro-N-(4-nitrobenzyl) benzo[d] thiazol-2-amine (compound B7) was screened through a series of bioactivity assessments, which significantly inhibited the proliferation of A431, A549 and H1299 cancer cells, decreased the activity of IL-6 and TNF-α, and hindered cell migration. In addition, at concentrations of 1, 2, and 4 μM, B7 exhibited apoptosis-promoting and cell cycle-arresting effects similar to those of the lead compound 7-chloro-N-(2, 6-dichlorophenyl) benzo[d] thiazole-2-amine (compound 4i). Western blot analysis confirmed that B7 inhibited both AKT and ERK signaling pathways in A431 and A549 cells. The prediction results of ADMET indicated that B7 had good drug properties. Discussion: This study has innovatively developed a series of benzothiazole derivatives, with a focus on compound B7 due to its notable dual anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. B7 stands out for its ability to significantly reduce cancer cell proliferation in A431, A549, and H1299 cell lines and lower the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. These results position B7B7 as a promising candidate for dual-action cancer therapy. The study's mechanistic exploration, highlighting B7's simultaneous inhibition of the AKT and ERK pathways, offers a novel strategy for addressing both the survival mechanisms of tumor cells and the inflammatory milieu facilitating cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhaojingtao Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanneng Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jinxia Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhouyang Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yingying Xi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuebao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Faqing Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huijun Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People’s Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou, China
| | - Xiaojiao Yang
- Scientific Research Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Xu X, Dai F, Mao Y, Zhang K, Qin Y, Zheng J. Metallodrugs in the battle against non-small cell lung cancer: unlocking the potential for improved therapeutic outcomes. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1242488. [PMID: 37727388 PMCID: PMC10506097 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1242488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Platinum-based chemotherapy is standard-of-care but has limitations including toxicity and resistance. Metal complexes of gold, ruthenium, and other metals have emerged as promising alternatives. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of metallodrugs for NSCLC. Bibliometric analysis reveals growing interest in elucidating mechanisms, developing targeted therapies, and synergistic combinations. Classification of metallodrugs highlights platinum, gold, and ruthenium compounds, as well as emerging metals. Diverse mechanisms include DNA damage, redox modulation, and immunomodulation. Preclinical studies demonstrate cytotoxicity and antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo, providing proof-of-concept. Clinical trials indicate platinums have utility but resistance remains problematic. Non-platinum metallodrugs exhibit favorable safety but modest single agent efficacy to date. Drug delivery approaches like nanoparticles show potential to enhance therapeutic index. Future directions include optimization of metal-based complexes, elucidation of resistance mechanisms, biomarker development, and combination therapies to fully realize the promise of metallodrugs for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhi Xu
- School of Stomatology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Feng Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yiting Mao
- School of Stomatology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ying Qin
- School of Stomatology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jiwei Zheng
- School of Stomatology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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A Novel Class of Potent Anti-Tyrosinase Compounds with Antioxidant Activity, 2-(Substituted phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzo[ d]thiazoles: In Vitro and In Silico Insights. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071375. [PMID: 35883866 PMCID: PMC9311798 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixteen compounds bearing a benzothiazole moiety were synthesized as potential tyrosinase inhibitors and evaluated for mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The compound 4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)benzene-1,3-diol (compound 1b) exhibited the highest tyrosinase activity inhibition, with an IC50 value of 0.2 ± 0.01 μM (a potency 55-fold greater than kojic acid). In silico results using mushroom tyrosinase and human tyrosinase showed that the 2,4-hydroxyl substituents on the phenyl ring of 1b played an important role in the inhibition of both tyrosinases. Kinetic studies on mushroom tyrosinase indicated that 1b is a competitive inhibitor of monophenolase and diphenolase, and this was supported by docking results. In B16F10 murine melanoma cells, 1a and 1b dose-dependently and significantly inhibited melanin production intracellularly, and melanin release into medium more strongly than kojic acid, and these effects were attributed to the inhibition of cellular tyrosinase. Furthermore, the inhibition of melanin production by 1b was found to be partially due to the inhibition of tyrosinase glycosylation and the suppression of melanogenesis-associated genes. Compound 1c, which has a catechol group, exhibited potent antioxidant activities against ROS, DPPH, and ABTS, and 1b also had strong ROS and ABTS radical scavenging activities. These results suggest that 5-(trifluoromethyl)benzothiazole derivatives are promising anti-tyrosinase lead compounds with potent antioxidant effects.
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Hildebrandt J, Häfner N, Kritsch D, Görls H, Dürst M, Runnebaum IB, Weigand W. Highly Cytotoxic Osmium(II) Compounds and Their Ruthenium(II) Analogues Targeting Ovarian Carcinoma Cell Lines and Evading Cisplatin Resistance Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094976. [PMID: 35563367 PMCID: PMC9102668 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Ruthenium and osmium complexes attract increasing interest as next generation anticancer drugs. Focusing on structure-activity-relationships of this class of compounds, we report on 17 different ruthenium(II) complexes and four promising osmium(II) analogues with cinnamic acid derivatives as O,S bidentate ligands. The aim of this study was to determine the anticancer activity and the ability to evade platin resistance mechanisms for these compounds. (2) Methods: Structural characterizations and stability determinations have been carried out with standard techniques, including NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. All complexes and single ligands have been tested for cytotoxic activity on two ovarian cancer cell lines (A2780, SKOV3) and their cisplatin-resistant isogenic cell cultures, a lung carcinoma cell line (A549) as well as selected compounds on three non-cancerous cell cultures in vitro. FACS analyses and histone γH2AX staining were carried out for cell cycle distribution and cell death or DNA damage analyses, respectively. (3) Results: IC50 values show promising results, specifically a high cancer selective cytotoxicity and evasion of resistance mechanisms for Ru(II) and Os(II) compounds. Histone γH2AX foci and FACS experiments validated the high cytotoxicity but revealed diminished DNA damage-inducing activity and an absence of cell cycle disturbance thus pointing to another mode of action. (4) Conclusion: Ru(II) and Os(II) compounds with O,S-bidentate ligands show high cytotoxicity without strong effects on DNA damage and cell cycle, and this seems to be the basis to circumvent resistance mechanisms and for the high cancer cell specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Hildebrandt
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany; (J.H.); (H.G.)
- Department of Gynecology, Jena University Hospital—Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (N.H.); (D.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Norman Häfner
- Department of Gynecology, Jena University Hospital—Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (N.H.); (D.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Daniel Kritsch
- Department of Gynecology, Jena University Hospital—Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (N.H.); (D.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany; (J.H.); (H.G.)
| | - Matthias Dürst
- Department of Gynecology, Jena University Hospital—Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (N.H.); (D.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Ingo B. Runnebaum
- Department of Gynecology, Jena University Hospital—Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (N.H.); (D.K.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence: (I.B.R.); (W.W.); Tel.: +49-3641-9329101 (I.B.R.); +49-3641-948160 (W.W.)
| | - Wolfgang Weigand
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany; (J.H.); (H.G.)
- Correspondence: (I.B.R.); (W.W.); Tel.: +49-3641-9329101 (I.B.R.); +49-3641-948160 (W.W.)
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Karmakar R, Mukhopadhyay C. Synthesis of new horizons in benzothiazole scaffold and used in anticancer drug development. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2021-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Benzothiazole scaffolds exhibit exciting medicinal properties including anticancer. In recent time most complicated job for every researcher is to discover a novel drug that can treat cancer with minimal side effects. Some heterocyclic anticancer drugs including daunorubicin, 5-flourouracil, doxorubicin, methotrexate, etc. are markedly available. In addition, few natural products such as vincristine alongwith vinblastine are used as anticancer drugs. More than 90% of the novel drugs bearing heterocyclic moieties have always been main portions in the development of anticancer drugs. Heterocyclic compounds containing benzothiazole moiety show a superior pharmaceutical effect than non-nitrogen compounds. These N-/S-containing benzothiazole compounds, the heart of drug discovery, present a significant and valuable group of molecules that play a chief and vital role in our living cells. This chapter recites the weightage of benzothiazole nuclei in the progress of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry , University of Calcutta , 92 APC Road , Kolkata 700009 , India
- Department of Chemistry , Dum Dum Motijheel College, West Bengal State University , Kolkata 700074 , India
| | - Chhanda Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry , University of Calcutta , 92 APC Road , Kolkata 700009 , India
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Design concepts of half-sandwich organoruthenium anticancer agents based on bidentate bioactive ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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