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Drdanová AP, Krajčovičová TE, Gál M, Nemčeková K, Imreová Z, Ryba J, Naumowicz M, Homola T, Mackuľak T, Svitková V. Unveiling Versatile Applications and Toxicity Considerations of Graphitic Carbon Nitride. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7634. [PMID: 39062877 PMCID: PMC11276815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal-free, low-cost, organic photocatalytic graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has become a promising and impressive material in numerous scientific fields due to its unique physical and chemical properties. As a semiconductor with a suitable band gap of ~2.7 eV, g-C3N4 is an active photocatalytic material even after irradiation with visible light. However, information regarding the toxicity of g-C3N4 is not extensively documented and there is not a comprehensive understanding of its potential adverse effects on human health or the environment. In this context, the term "toxicity" can be perceived in both a positive and a negative light, depending on whether it serves as a benefit or poses a potential risk. This review shows the applications of g-C3N4 in sensorics, electrochemistry, photocatalysis, and biomedical approaches while pointing out the potential risks of its toxicity, especially in human and environmental health. Finally, the future perspective of g-C3N4 research is addressed, highlighting the need for a comprehensive understanding of the toxicity of this material to provide safe and effective applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Paulína Drdanová
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.P.D.); (Z.I.); (T.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Timea Ema Krajčovičová
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (T.E.K.); (K.N.); (V.S.)
| | - Miroslav Gál
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (T.E.K.); (K.N.); (V.S.)
- MicroPoll s.r.o., 812 43 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Katarína Nemčeková
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (T.E.K.); (K.N.); (V.S.)
| | - Zuzana Imreová
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.P.D.); (Z.I.); (T.H.); (T.M.)
- MicroPoll s.r.o., 812 43 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Jozef Ryba
- MicroPoll s.r.o., 812 43 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Department of Polymer Processing, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Monika Naumowicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Tomáš Homola
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.P.D.); (Z.I.); (T.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Tomáš Mackuľak
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.P.D.); (Z.I.); (T.H.); (T.M.)
- MicroPoll s.r.o., 812 43 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Veronika Svitková
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (T.E.K.); (K.N.); (V.S.)
- MicroPoll s.r.o., 812 43 Bratislava, Slovakia;
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Jiang C, Xie L, Yan F, Liang Z, Liang J, Huang K, Li H, Wang Y, Luo L, Li T, Ning D, Tang L, Ya Y. A novel electrochemical aptasensor based on polyaniline and gold nanoparticles for ultrasensitive and selective detection of ascorbic acid. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:4010-4020. [PMID: 37545402 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00806a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AA) is involved in many physiological activities of the body and plays an important role in maintaining and promoting human health. It is also present in many natural and artificial foods. Therefore, the development of highly sensitive and accurate AA sensors is highly desirable for human health monitoring, as well as other commercial application fields. Herein, an ultrasensitive and selective electrochemical sensor based on an aptamer was developed for the determination of AA for the first time. The aptasensor was fabricated by modifying a composite made of polyaniline (PANI) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on a glassy carbon electrode. The morphologies and electrochemical properties of the resulting electrodes were characterized by various analytical methods. The results indicated relatively good electrical conduction properties of PANI for accelerated electron transfer. The modification with AuNPs provided signal amplification, suitable for applications as novel platforms for the sensitive sensing of AA. Under optimized conditions, the proposed aptasensor displayed a wide linear response toward the detection of AA from 1.0 to 1.0 × 105 ng L-1 coupled with a low detection limit of 0.10 ng L-1. The sensor also exhibited excellent selectivity and high stability, with at least 2000-fold higher sensitivity than similar previously reported methods. Importantly, the aptasensor exhibited promising properties for the determination of AA in real fruits, vegetables, and infant milk powder, thereby showing potential for food analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiwen Jiang
- Institute for Agricultural Product Quality Safety and Testing Technology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China.
| | - Liping Xie
- Institute for Agricultural Product Quality Safety and Testing Technology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China.
| | - Feiyan Yan
- Institute for Agricultural Product Quality Safety and Testing Technology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China.
| | - Zhongdan Liang
- Institute for Agricultural Product Quality Safety and Testing Technology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China.
| | - Jing Liang
- Institute for Agricultural Product Quality Safety and Testing Technology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China.
| | - Kejing Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, PR China
| | - Huiling Li
- Institute for Agricultural Product Quality Safety and Testing Technology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China.
| | - Yanli Wang
- Institute for Agricultural Product Quality Safety and Testing Technology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China.
| | - Lihong Luo
- Institute for Agricultural Product Quality Safety and Testing Technology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China.
| | - Tao Li
- Institute for Agricultural Product Quality Safety and Testing Technology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China.
| | - Dejiao Ning
- Institute for Agricultural Product Quality Safety and Testing Technology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China.
| | - Li Tang
- Institute for Agricultural Product Quality Safety and Testing Technology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China.
| | - Yu Ya
- Institute for Agricultural Product Quality Safety and Testing Technology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China.
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Lalei M, Zarei K. Fabrication of RuNPs/TBA/PGE and its application for the electrochemical determination of trace amounts of acyclovir. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Kanagavalli P, Natchimuthu Karuppusamy M, Ganesan VS, Saravanan HP, Palanisamy T, Veerapandian M. Electropolymerized Melamine on Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide: Growth Mechanistics, Electrode Processing, and Amperometric Sensing of Acyclovir. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:3512-3525. [PMID: 36820624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metal-free, cost-efficient, redox-active electrode materials, combining graphene derivatives with nitrogen-rich polymelamine (PM), are widely explored as an interface layer for electrocatalysis and an electrochemical sensor platform. However, conventional chemical routes often yield derivatives of PM suffering from impaired redox behavior, restricting their electron-transfer kinetics. Herein, an optimal potentiodynamic method has been established to electrodeposit PM on electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ErGO). A supporting electrolyte, containing Cl-, enhances the formation of intermediates NH3+ and ═NH2+ at the monomeric melamine, eventually interacting with the residual oxygenated functional groups of ErGO to form PM. In situ Raman spectrum analysis revealed the influence of the defective area and the graphitization ratio on the ErGO surface during the course of electropolymerization of melamine. Under optimal electrodeposition conditions (E = 0-1.6 V; ν = 0.1 V/s), the amount of electrodeposited PM on the ErGO surface was determined to be 16.5 μg/(cycle·cm2), using electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance analysis. An ErGO-PM-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and a screen-printed electrode exhibit the direct electrooxidation of acyclovir (ACV). Amperometric analyses of ErGO-PM-modified electrodes exhibited the lowest detection limit of 137.4 pM with analytical robustness, rapid steady state, and reproducibility promising for ACV detection in complex biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandiyaraj Kanagavalli
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Murugasenapathi Natchimuthu Karuppusamy
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Veka Sri Ganesan
- Centre for Education (CFE), CSIR-CECRI, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
| | | | - Tamilarasan Palanisamy
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Murugan Veerapandian
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
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Imani R, Shabani-Nooshabadi M, Ziaie N. Fabrication of a sensitive sensor for electrochemical detection of diltiazem in presence of methyldopa. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:134170. [PMID: 35247446 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Diltiazem (DTZ) is one of the most important drugs in blood pressure that is used to treat cardiovascular diseases. With this overuse of this drug and its use for suicide, swelling and neck cramps and fever has made it important to measure it. So, this paper will give an account of modification of carbon paste electrode with the ternary-nanocomposite including reduced-graphene oxide (rGO), cadmium oxide and 1-ethyl 3- methyl imidazole chloride as ionic liquid for using the determination of DTZ in blood serum samples. Characterization of the synthesized rGO, cadmium oxide, and modified electrodes and their electrochemical performance were studied by, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and voltammetry technique. The improvement of the DTZ oxidation current by modified electrode originated from the increased electrode surface area. The optimized method was validated and the results showed that LOD = 3 nM and good linearity. Also, a linear concentration range of 0.01-150 μM with a LOD of 0.03 μM in presence methyldopa were achieved based on the electrochemical investigations. The prepared sensor showed good repeatability (RSD = 2.26%) and selectivity for DTZ determination in the real samples (relative recovery of 93-102%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Imani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shabani-Nooshabadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran; Institute of Nano Science and Nano Technology, University of Kashan, Kashan, P.O. Box 87317-51167, Iran.
| | - Neda Ziaie
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
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Lu XY, Li J, Kong FY, Wei MJ, Zhang P, Li Y, Fang HL, Wang W. Improved Performance for the Electrochemical Sensing of Acyclovir by Using the rGO–TiO2–Au Nanocomposite-Modified Electrode. Front Chem 2022; 10:892919. [PMID: 35646815 PMCID: PMC9130495 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.892919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An electrochemical sensor for sensitive sensing of acyclovir (ACV) was designed by using the reduced graphene oxide–TiO2–Au nanocomposite-modified glassy carbon electrode (rGO–TiO2–Au/GCE). Transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to confirm morphology, structure, and composition properties of the rGO–TiO2–Au nanocomposites. Cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry were used to demonstrate the analytical performance of the rGO–TiO2–Au/GCE for ACV. As a result, rGO–TiO2–Au/GCE exerted the best response for the oxidation of ACV under the pH of 6.0 PB solution, accumulation time of 80 s at open-circuit, and modifier amount of 7 µl. The oxidation peak currents of ACV increased linearly with its concentration in the range of 1–100 µM, and the detection limit was calculated to be 0.3 µM (S/N = 3). The determination of ACV concentrations in tablet samples also demonstrated satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei Wang
- *Correspondence: Fen-Ying Kong, ; Wei Wang,
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Sridharan R, Monisha B, Kumar PS, Gayathri KV. Carbon nanomaterials and its applications in pharmaceuticals: A brief review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133731. [PMID: 35090848 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology for the past decade has made tremendous improvement and diverse applications in various sector. Among the nanomaterials synthesized, carbon allotropes are advantageous due to its easy functionalization, conductivity, surface area and electrical activity. Hence, they are termed as "Wonder materials". Allotropes such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide, fullerens, and carbon dots has paved its importance in the pharmaceuticals. They are coated in the biomedical devices, applied in the therapeutics and diagnosis. These are also used in the treatment of cancer and they possess anti-microbial and antiviral activity. Carbon nanomaterials possess several applications from biosensors to remediation of pollutants. Detection of hazardous compounds in food, pharmaceutical products, gene and drug delivery. They are also used in tissue regeneration and gene therapy. Application of carbon allotropes in the current scenario provides a wide scope in future with improvisations in building electrochemical biosensors. Its selectivity, sensitivity and cost-effectiveness prove it to be better alternative compared to other nanomaterials. The review focuses on the carbon allotropes used in pharmaceuticals, biosensors, pollutants detection and treatment were discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajalakshmi Sridharan
- Department of Biotechnology, Stella Maris College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Monisha
- Department of Biotechnology, Stella Maris College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Chennai, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Chennai, India.
| | - K Veena Gayathri
- Department of Biotechnology, Stella Maris College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Electroanalytical Methods for Determination of Antiviral Drugs in Pharmaceutical Formulation and Biological Fluids: A Review. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjac.2022.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Sheibani E, Hosseini A, Sobhani Nasab A, Adib K, Ganjali MR, Pourmortazavi SM, Ahmadi F, Marzi Khosrowshahi E, Mirsadeghi S, Rahimi-Nasrabadi M, Ehrlich H. Application of polysaccharide biopolymers as natural adsorbent in sample preparation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:2626-2653. [PMID: 34554043 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1978385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Preparing samples for analyses is perhaps the most important part to analyses. The varied functional groups present on the surface of biopolymers bestow them appropriate adsorption properties. Properties like biocompatibility, biodegradability, presence of different surface functional group, high porosity, considerable absorption capacity for water, the potential for modification, etc. turn biopolymers to promising candidates for varied applications. In addition, one of the most important parts of determination of an analyte in a matrix is sample preparation step and the efficiency of this step in solid phase extraction methods is largely dependent on the type of adsorbent used. Due to the unique properties of biopolymers they are considered an appropriate choice for using as sorbent in sample preparation methods that use from a solid adsorbent. Many review articles have been published on the application of diverse adsorbents in sample preparation methods, however despite the numerous advantages of biopolymers mentioned; review articles in this field are very few. Thus, in this paper we review the reports in different areas of sample preparation that use polysaccharides-based biopolymers as sorbents for extraction and determination of diverse organic and inorganic analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asieh Hosseini
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Sobhani Nasab
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.,Core Research Lab, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Kourosh Adib
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ganjali
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Farhad Ahmadi
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy-International Campus, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran Iran
| | | | - Somayeh Mirsadeghi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rahimi-Nasrabadi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Institute of Electronic and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Hermann Ehrlich
- Institute of Electronic and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie, Freiberg, Germany.,Centre for Climate Change Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,A.R. Environmental Solutions, ICUBE-University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.,Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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