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Valeev EF, Harrison RJ, Holmes AA, Peterson CC, Penchoff DA. Direct Determination of Optimal Real-Space Orbitals for Correlated Electronic Structure of Molecules. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:7230-7241. [PMID: 37791808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate how to determine numerically nearly exact orthonormal orbitals that are optimal for the evaluation of the energy of arbitrary (correlated) states of atoms and molecules by minimization of the energy Lagrangian. Orbitals are expressed in real space using a multiresolution spectral element basis that is refined adaptively to achieve the user-specified target precision while avoiding the ill-conditioning issues that plague AO basis set expansions traditionally used for correlated models of molecular electronic structure. For light atoms, the orbital solver, in conjunction with a variational electronic structure model [selected Configuration Interaction (CI)] provides energies of comparable precision to a state-of-the-art atomic CI solver. The computed electronic energies of atoms and molecules are significantly more accurate than the counterparts obtained with the orbital sets of the same rank expanded in Gaussian AO bases, and can be determined even when linear dependence issues preclude the use of the AO bases. It is feasible to optimize more than 100 fully correlated numerical orbitals on a single computer node, and significant room exists for additional improvement. These findings suggest that real-space orbital representations might be the preferred alternative to AO representations for high-end models of correlated electronic states of molecules and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F Valeev
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Robert J Harrison
- Department of Applied Mathematics & Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Adam A Holmes
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Charles C Peterson
- Office of Advanced Research Computing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Deborah A Penchoff
- UT Innovative Computing Laboratory, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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Shang H, Fan Y, Shen L, Guo C, Liu J, Duan X, Li F, Li Z. Towards practical and massively parallel quantum computing emulation for quantum chemistry. NPJ QUANTUM INFORMATION 2023; 9:33. [PMID: 37042014 PMCID: PMC10080531 DOI: 10.1038/s41534-023-00696-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Quantum computing is moving beyond its early stage and seeking for commercial applications in chemical and biomedical sciences. In the current noisy intermediate-scale quantum computing era, the quantum resource is too scarce to support these explorations. Therefore, it is valuable to emulate quantum computing on classical computers for developing quantum algorithms and validating quantum hardware. However, existing simulators mostly suffer from the memory bottleneck so developing the approaches for large-scale quantum chemistry calculations remains challenging. Here we demonstrate a high-performance and massively parallel variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) simulator based on matrix product states, combined with embedding theory for solving large-scale quantum computing emulation for quantum chemistry on HPC platforms. We apply this method to study the torsional barrier of ethane and the quantification of the protein-ligand interactions. Our largest simulation reaches 1000 qubits, and a performance of 216.9 PFLOP/s is achieved on a new Sunway supercomputer, which sets the state-of-the-art for quantum computing emulation for quantum chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Shang
- Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Fan
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Li Shen
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education, Department of Physics and Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaohui Duan
- School of Software, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fang Li
- National Research Center of Parallel Computer Engineering and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Bylaska EJ, Tratnyek PG, Torralba-Sanchez TL, Edwards KC, Dixon DA, Pignatello JJ, Xu W. Computational Predictions of the Hydrolysis of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN). J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:9059-9075. [PMID: 36417759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolysis is a common transformation reaction that can affect the environmental fate of many organic compounds. In this study, three proposed mechanisms of alkaline hydrolysis of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,4-dinitroaniline (DNAN) were investigated with plane-wave density functional theory (DFT) combined with ab initio and classical molecular dynamics (AIMD/MM) free energy simulations, Gaussian basis set DFT calculations, and correlated molecular orbital theory calculations. Most of the computations in this study were carried out using the Arrows web-based tools. For each mechanism, Meisenheimer complex formation, nucleophilic aromatic substitution, and proton abstraction reaction energies and activation barriers were calculated for the reaction at each relevant site. For TNT, it was found that the most kinetically favorable first hydrolysis steps involve Meisenheimer complex formation by attachment of OH- at the C1 and C3 arene carbons and proton abstraction from the methyl group. The nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions at the C2 and C4 arene carbons were found to be thermodynamically favorable. However, the calculated activation barriers were slightly lower than in previous studies, but still found to be ΔG‡ ≈ 18 kcal/mol using PBE0 AIMD/MM free energy simulations, suggesting that the reactions are not kinetically significant. For DNAN, the barriers of nucleophilic aromatic substitution were even greater (ΔG‡ > 29 kcal/mol PBE0 AIMD/MM). The most favorable hydrolysis reaction for DNAN was found to be a two-step process in which the hydroxyl first attacks the C1 carbon to form a Meisenheimer complex at the C1 arene carbon C1-(OCH3)OH-, and subsequently, the methoxy anion (-OCH3) at the C1 arene carbon dissociates and the proton shuttles from the C1-OH to the dissociated methoxy group, resulting in methanol and an aryloxy anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Bylaska
- Fundamental Sciences, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington99354, United States
| | - Paul G Tratnyek
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon97239, United States
| | - Tifany L Torralba-Sanchez
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon97239, United States
| | - Kyle C Edwards
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama35487-0336, United States
| | - David A Dixon
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama35487-0336, United States
| | - Joseph J Pignatello
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut06511, United States
| | - Wenqing Xu
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania19085, United States
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Liu J, Fan Y, Li Z, Yang J. Quantum algorithms for electronic structures: basis sets and boundary conditions. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:3263-3279. [PMID: 35352716 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01184g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The advantages of quantum computers are believed to significantly change the research paradigm of chemical and materials sciences, where computational characterization and theoretical design play an increasingly important role. It is especially desirable to solve the electronic structure problem, a central problem in chemistry and materials science, efficiently and accurately with well-designed quantum algorithms. Various quantum electronic-structure algorithms have been proposed in the literature. In this article, we briefly review recent progress in this direction with a special emphasis on the basis sets and boundary conditions. Compared to classical electronic structure calculations, there are new considerations in choosing a basis set in quantum algorithms. For example, the effect of the basis set on the circuit complexity is very important in quantum algorithm design. Electronic structure calculations should be performed with an appropriate boundary condition. Simply using a wave function ansatz designed for molecular systems in a material system with a periodic boundary condition may lead to significant errors. Artificial boundary conditions can be used to partition a large system into smaller fragments to save quantum resources. The basis sets and boundary conditions are expected to play a crucial role in electronic structure calculations on future quantum computers, especially for realistic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Yi Fan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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