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Li X, Liu Y, Wang M, Gao L, Liu J, Zhang H, Wu M, Chen H, Lou J, Wang J, Chen J, Geng G, Ma Z, Ding Y. Safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of rifasutenizol, a novel dual-targeted antibacterial agent in healthy participants and patients in China with Helicobacter pylori infection: four randomised clinical trials. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 24:650-664. [PMID: 38359854 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(24)00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the rapid development of antimicrobial resistance, the efficacy of most Helicobacter pylori eradication therapies have progressively decreased to an unacceptable level. Rifasutenizol (TNP-2198) is a new molecular entity with a synergistic dual mechanism of action currently under clinical development for the treatment of microaerophilic and anaerobic bacterial infections. We aimed to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of rifasutenizol in healthy Chinese participants and patients with H pylori. METHODS We conducted four clinical trials of rifasutenizol capsules in healthy participants (aged 18-55 years) and patients with asymptomatic H pylori infection (aged 18-65 years) in a clinical trial centre in Jilin province, China. Trial 1 was a phase 1, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, single ascending dose study, in which participants were enrolled into one of seven rifasutenizol dose groups (50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 400 mg, 600 mg, 800 mg, or 1000 mg) and were randomly assigned in a 4:1 ratio to study drug or placebo. Trial 2 was a phase 1, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, multiple ascending dose study, in which patients were enrolled into one of three rifasutenizol dose groups (200 mg, 400 mg, or 600 mg) and were randomly assigned in a 3:1 ratio to study drug or placebo. Trial 3 was a phase 2a, open-label, randomised, multiple-dose, dose-finding study in which patients enrolled into one of four cohorts were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to a rifasutenizol dual or triple regimen. Trial 4 was a phase 2b, open-label, randomised, multiple-dose, regimen exploration study, in which patients enrolled into one of five cohorts were randomly assigned in a 2:2:1:1:2 ratio to a rifasutenizol dual therapy, triple therapy, or a control cohort. Block randomisation (block size 4 or 8) was used in all four trials. The key primary endpoints for trials 1, 2, and 3 were the tolerability, safety, and pharmacokinetics of rifasutenizol. For trial 4, the primary endpoint was the eradication rate of H pylori. These four trials were registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06081699, NCT06081712, NCT06076681, and NCT06076694) and chinadrugtrials.org.cn (CTR20190734, CTR20192553, CTR20212050, and CTR20220625) and are completed. FINDINGS Between May 9, 2019, and Sept 14, 2022, 78 healthy participants (trial 1: n=10 per cohort in a 4:1 rifasutenizol:placebo ratio; and an additional eight for the food-effect cohort) and 168 patients with asymptomatic H pylori infection (trial 2: n=16 per cohort in a 3:1 rifasutenizol:placebo ratio; trial 3: n=10 per cohort; trial 4: n=10 or n=20 per cohort) were enrolled in the four clinical trials. Single doses of rifasutenizol (50-1000 mg) and multiple doses of rifasutenizol (200 mg to 600 mg, twice a day), either as monotherapy or co-administered with rabeprazole and amoxicillin, showed favourable safety and tolerability profiles. Most adverse events were mild, and no serious adverse events were reported. Rifasutenizol demonstrated a linear pharmacokinetic profile over the dose range of 50-800 mg, and there were no apparent pharmacokinetic interactions between rifasutenizol and the co-administrated drugs. Food intake slightly elevated the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of rifasutenizol, and the geometric mean of AUC from time 0 to the last timepoint with a quantifiable concentration (AUC0-t) and AUC from time 0 to infinity (AUC0-∞) in the fed state were 1·334 and 1·396 times of those in the fasted state, respectively. There was mild accumulation after continuous administration of rifasutenizol, and the Rac(AUC) of rifasutenizol 400 mg in the dual and triple regiments in trial 3 were 1·37 and 1·49, respectively. In trial 3, the eradication rates of H pylori with 200 mg, 400 mg, or 600 mg of rifasutenizol in combination with rabeprazole, twice a day for 14 days, were 0% (95% CI 0-31), 30% (7-65), and 40% (12-74), respectively, identifying rifasutenizol 400 mg as the effective dose. In trial 4, H pylori eradication rates with the triple regimen in cohort A (400 mg rifasutenizol, 20 mg rabeprazole sodium, and 1 g amoxicillin) twice a day for 14 days was 95% (95% CI 74-100), and triple therapy (600 mg rifasutenizol, 20 mg rabeprazole sodium, and 1 g amoxicillin) three times a day for 7 days was 100% (69-100). INTERPRETATION Rifasutenizol monotherapy and combination therapy was generally safe and well tolerated in healthy participants and patients with H pylori infection. A triple regimen of 400 mg rifasutenizol capsules, 20 mg rabeprazole sodium enteric-coated tablets, and 1 g amoxicillin capsules twice a day for 14 days showed promising efficacy as a new treatment regimen for H pylori infection. FUNDING TenNor Therapeutics and National Natural Science Foundation of China. TRANSLATION For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiao Li
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yusi Liu
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingrui Liu
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Min Wu
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinfeng Lou
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | | | | | | | - Yanhua Ding
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Ralhan K, Iyer KA, Diaz LL, Bird R, Maind A, Zhou QA. Navigating Antibacterial Frontiers: A Panoramic Exploration of Antibacterial Landscapes, Resistance Mechanisms, and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:1483-1519. [PMID: 38691668 PMCID: PMC11091902 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The development of effective antibacterial solutions has become paramount in maintaining global health in this era of increasing bacterial threats and rampant antibiotic resistance. Traditional antibiotics have played a significant role in combating bacterial infections throughout history. However, the emergence of novel resistant strains necessitates constant innovation in antibacterial research. We have analyzed the data on antibacterials from the CAS Content Collection, the largest human-curated collection of published scientific knowledge, which has proven valuable for quantitative analysis of global scientific knowledge. Our analysis focuses on mining the CAS Content Collection data for recent publications (since 2012). This article aims to explore the intricate landscape of antibacterial research while reviewing the advancement from traditional antibiotics to novel and emerging antibacterial strategies. By delving into the resistance mechanisms, this paper highlights the need to find alternate strategies to address the growing concern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leilani Lotti Diaz
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Robert Bird
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Ankush Maind
- ACS
International India Pvt. Ltd., Pune 411044, India
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Castaldo N, Vena A, Limongelli A, Giacobbe DR, Bassetti M. Emerging treatment options for skin and soft tissue infections tailoring drug selection to individual patients. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2024; 37:80-86. [PMID: 38277175 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000001003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide a brief overview of drugs in Phase II and III of development for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI), offering insights into potential customized treatment options. RECENT FINDINGS Several drugs are currently in advanced stages of evaluation for the treatment of ABSSSI, and numerous molecules are entering in the early development phases. Notably, many of these drugs exhibit unique mechanisms of action and interesting antimicrobial spectrum. SUMMARY Tailoring antibiotic therapy based on patient characteristics, likely pathogens, type, site and severity of ABSSSI is crucial. Given the inherent limitations of available treatments, the development of novel agents is a pivotal avenue. Such advancements hold promise for enhancing treatment efficacy and simplifying drug selection for ABSSSI in everyday clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Castaldo
- Department of Pulmonology, University of Udine and Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine, Udine
| | - Antonio Vena
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa
- Clinica Malattie Infettive, IRCCS San Martino polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Limongelli
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa
- Clinica Malattie Infettive, IRCCS San Martino polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniele Roberto Giacobbe
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa
- Clinica Malattie Infettive, IRCCS San Martino polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Bassetti
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa
- Clinica Malattie Infettive, IRCCS San Martino polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
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Nawrot D, Ambrożkiewicz-Mosler W, Doležal M, Bouz G. Antistaphylococcal discovery pipeline; where are we now? Eur J Med Chem 2024; 266:116077. [PMID: 38219657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The serious spread of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcal aureus strains is alarming. This is reflected by the measures governments and health-related bodies are offering to ease antibiotic drug development. Finding new active agents, preferably with novel mechanism of action, or even finding new targets for drug development are essential. In this review, we summarize the current status of novel antistaphylococcal agents undergoing clinical trials. We mainly discuss antistaphylococcal small molecules and peptides in the text with a special focus on their chemistry, while antistaphylococcal immunotherapy (antibodies) are mentioned in a summative table. This review shall serve as a summary that influences future synthetic efforts in the antistaphyloccocals development field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Nawrot
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 50005, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Martin Doležal
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 50005, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ghada Bouz
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 50005, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Ahmad MS, Hawaiz FE. Novel chalcone-based crown ethers: synthesis, characterization, antioxidant activity, biological evaluations, and wastewater remediation. RSC Adv 2024; 14:2369-2379. [PMID: 38213971 PMCID: PMC10783163 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08133h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrocycles play a pivotal and indispensable role within the realms of both medicine and industry. In the course of our research endeavors, we have successfully synthesized five distinct macrocyclic chalcone entities, each showcasing remarkable biological and anti-oxidative properties. Furthermore, these compounds exhibit exceptional promise as potent agents for the removal of dyes in wastewater treatment processes. The synthesis of these key constituents was achieved through the judicious application of the Robinson ether synthesis and Claisen-Schmidt condensation reactions. The structures of compounds 1a-f and 2a-e were characterized by using analytical techniques such as FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and DEPT 13C NMR spectroscopy. These macrocycles also underwent in vitro assessments to measure their antibacterial activity using the agar well diffusion method. The results revealed that the macrocyclics were more sensitive to Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria. For example, compound 2d exhibited an inhibition zone of 20 mm at 150 ppm. The antioxidant activity as determined via the DPPH method established that all tested compounds showed moderate radical-scavenging ability. Specifically, compound 2e (at 1000 ppm) exhibited antioxidant activity of 79% inhibition of radicals, in comparison to 90% for the standard ascorbic acid. The latter was demonstrated by using methylene blue as an adsorbate under simulated wastewater conditions. Outstandingly, the most effective compounds were 2d and 2c, which achieved removal rates of 96.54% and 92.37%, respectively, for methylene blue dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Salam Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Education, Salahaddin University-Erbil Kurdistan Iraq
| | - Farouq Emam Hawaiz
- Department of Chemistry, College of Education, Salahaddin University-Erbil Kurdistan Iraq
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Shiabiev I, Pysin D, Akhmedov A, Babaeva O, Babaev V, Lyubina A, Voloshina A, Petrov K, Padnya P, Stoikov I. Towards Antibacterial Agents: Synthesis and Biological Activity of Multivalent Amide Derivatives of Thiacalix[4]arene with Hydroxyl and Amine Groups. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2731. [PMID: 38140072 PMCID: PMC10747887 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance to modern antibiotics stimulates the search for new ways to synthesize and modify antimicrobial drugs. The development of synthetic approaches that can easily change different fragments of the molecule is a promising solution to this problem. In this work, a synthetic approach was developed to obtain multivalent thiacalix[4]arene derivatives containing different number of amine and hydroxyl groups. A series of macrocyclic compounds in cone, partial cone, and 1,3-alternate stereoisomeric forms containing -NHCH2CH2R (R = NH2, N(CH3)2, and OH) and -N(CH2CH2OH)2 terminal fragments, and their model non-macrocyclic analogues were obtained. The antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacterial strains and cytotoxicity of the obtained compounds were studied. Structure-activity relationships were established: (1) the macrocyclic compounds had high antibacterial activity, while the monomeric compounds had low activity; (2) the compounds in cone and partial cone conformations had better antibacterial activity compared to the compounds in 1,3-alternate stereoisomeric form; (3) the macrocyclic compounds containing -NHCH2CH2N(CH3)2 terminal fragments had the highest antibacterial activity; (4) introduction of additional terminal hydroxyl groups led to a significant decrease in antibacterial activity; (5) the compounds in partial cone conformation had significant bactericidal activity against all studied cell strains; the best selectivity was observed for the compounds in cone conformation. The mechanism of antibacterial activity of lead compounds with terminal fragments -NHCH2CH2N(CH3)2 was proved using model negatively charged POPG vesicles, i.e., the addition of these compounds led to an increase in the size and zeta potential of the vesicles. The obtained results open up the possibility of using the synthesized macrocyclic compounds as promising antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Shiabiev
- A.M. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya, 18, Kazan 420008, Russia; (I.S.); (D.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Dmitry Pysin
- A.M. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya, 18, Kazan 420008, Russia; (I.S.); (D.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Alan Akhmedov
- A.M. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya, 18, Kazan 420008, Russia; (I.S.); (D.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Olga Babaeva
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russia; (O.B.); (V.B.); (A.L.); (A.V.); (K.P.)
| | - Vasily Babaev
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russia; (O.B.); (V.B.); (A.L.); (A.V.); (K.P.)
| | - Anna Lyubina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russia; (O.B.); (V.B.); (A.L.); (A.V.); (K.P.)
| | - Alexandra Voloshina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russia; (O.B.); (V.B.); (A.L.); (A.V.); (K.P.)
| | - Konstantin Petrov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russia; (O.B.); (V.B.); (A.L.); (A.V.); (K.P.)
| | - Pavel Padnya
- A.M. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya, 18, Kazan 420008, Russia; (I.S.); (D.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Ivan Stoikov
- A.M. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya, 18, Kazan 420008, Russia; (I.S.); (D.P.); (A.A.)
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Fujii T, Matsuda Y. Novel formats of antibody conjugates: recent advances in payload diversity, conjugation, and linker chemistry. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2023; 23:1053-1065. [PMID: 37953519 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2023.2276873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the field of bioconjugates, the focus on antibody - drug conjugates (ADCs) with novel payloads beyond the traditional categories of potent cytotoxic agents is increasing. These innovative ADCs exhibit various molecular formats, ranging from small-molecule payloads, such as immune agonists and proteolytic agents, to macromolecular payloads, such as oligonucleotides and proteins. AREAS COVERED This review offers an in-depth exploration of unconventional strategies for designing conjugates with novel mechanisms of action and notable examples of approaches that show promising prospects. Representative examples of novel format payloads and their classification, attributes, and appropriate conjugation techniques are discussed in detail. EXPERT OPINION The existing basic technologies used to manufacture ADCs can be directly applied to synthesize novel formatted conjugates. However, a wide variety of new payloads require the creation of customized technologies adapted to the unique characteristics of these payloads. Consequently, fundamental technologies, such as conjugation methods aimed at achieving high drug - antibody ratios and developing stable crosslinkers, are likely to become increasingly important research areas in the future.
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Koh AJJ, Thombare V, Hussein M, Rao GG, Li J, Velkov T. Bifunctional antibiotic hybrids: A review of clinical candidates. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1158152. [PMID: 37397488 PMCID: PMC10313405 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1158152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a top threat to human health and a priority across the globe. This problematic issue is accompanied by the decline of new antibiotics in the pipeline over the past 30 years. In this context, an urgent need to develop new strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance is in great demand. Lately, among the possible approaches used to deal with antimicrobial resistance is the covalent ligation of two antibiotic pharmacophores that target the bacterial cells through a dissimilar mode of action into a single hybrid molecule, namely hybrid antibiotics. This strategy exhibits several advantages, including better antibacterial activity, overcoming the existing resistance towards individual antibiotics, and may ultimately delay the onset of bacterial resistance. This review sheds light on the latest development of the dual antibiotic hybrids pipeline, their potential mechanisms of action, and challenges in their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Jing Jie Koh
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIP, Australia
| | - Varsha Thombare
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIP, Australia
| | - Maytham Hussein
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIP, Australia
| | - Gauri G. Rao
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jian Li
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Parkville, VIP, Australia
| | - Tony Velkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIP, Australia
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIP, Australia
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9
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Bremner JB. An Update Review of Approaches to Multiple Action-Based Antibacterials. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050865. [PMID: 37237768 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Many approaches are being pursued to address the major global health challenge posed by the increasing resistance of pathogenic bacteria to antibacterial agents. One of the promising approaches being investigated includes the design and development of multiple action-based small-molecule antibacterials. Aspects of this broad area have been reviewed previously, and recent developments are addressed in this update review covering the literature mainly over the past three years. Considerations encompassing drug combinations, single-molecule hybrids and prodrugs are summarised in regard to the intentional design and development of multiple-action agents with a focus on potential triple or greater activities in bacteria. The hope for such single agents or combinations of single agents is that resistance development will be significantly hindered, and they may be useful in tackling bacterial disease caused by both resistant and non-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Bremner
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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10
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Fan L, Du M, Kong L, Cai Y, Hu X. Recognition Site Modifiable Macrocycle: Synthesis, Functional Group Variation and Structural Inspection. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031338. [PMID: 36771008 PMCID: PMC9921963 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional macrocyclic molecules encode recognition sites in their structural backbones, which limits the variation of the recognition sites and thus, would restrict the adjustment of recognition properties. Here, we report a new oligoamide-based macrocycle capable of varying the recognition functional groups by post-synthesis modification on its structural backbone. Through six steps of common reactions, the parent macrocycle (9) can be produced in gram scale with an overall yield of 31%. The post-synthesis modification of 9 to vary the recognition sites are demonstrated by producing four different macrocycles (10-13) with distinct functional groups, 2-methoxyethoxyl (10), hydroxyl (11), carboxyl (12) and amide (13), respectively. The 1H NMR study suggests that the structure of these macrocycles is consistent with our design, i.e., forming hydrogen bonding network at both rims of the macrocyclic backbone. The 1H-1H NOESY NMR study indicates the recognition functional groups are located inside the cavity of macrocycles. At last, a preliminary molecular recognition study shows 10 can recognize n-octyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (14) in chloroform.
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11
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Walesch S, Birkelbach J, Jézéquel G, Haeckl FPJ, Hegemann JD, Hesterkamp T, Hirsch AKH, Hammann P, Müller R. Fighting antibiotic resistance-strategies and (pre)clinical developments to find new antibacterials. EMBO Rep 2022; 24:e56033. [PMID: 36533629 PMCID: PMC9827564 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202256033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial resistance is one of the greatest threats to human health. The development of new therapeutics against bacterial pathogens has slowed drastically since the approvals of the first antibiotics in the early and mid-20th century. Most of the currently investigated drug leads are modifications of approved antibacterials, many of which are derived from natural products. In this review, we highlight the challenges, advancements and current standing of the clinical and preclinical antibacterial research pipeline. Additionally, we present novel strategies for rejuvenating the discovery process and advocate for renewed and enthusiastic investment in the antibacterial discovery pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Walesch
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)SaarbrückenGermany,Department of PharmacySaarland UniversitySaarbrückenGermany,Helmholtz Centre for Infection research (HZI)BraunschweigGermany,German Center for infection research (DZIF)BraunschweigGermany
| | - Joy Birkelbach
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)SaarbrückenGermany,Department of PharmacySaarland UniversitySaarbrückenGermany,Helmholtz Centre for Infection research (HZI)BraunschweigGermany,German Center for infection research (DZIF)BraunschweigGermany
| | - Gwenaëlle Jézéquel
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)SaarbrückenGermany,Helmholtz Centre for Infection research (HZI)BraunschweigGermany
| | - F P Jake Haeckl
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)SaarbrückenGermany,Department of PharmacySaarland UniversitySaarbrückenGermany,Helmholtz Centre for Infection research (HZI)BraunschweigGermany,German Center for infection research (DZIF)BraunschweigGermany
| | - Julian D Hegemann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)SaarbrückenGermany,Department of PharmacySaarland UniversitySaarbrückenGermany,Helmholtz Centre for Infection research (HZI)BraunschweigGermany,German Center for infection research (DZIF)BraunschweigGermany
| | - Thomas Hesterkamp
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection research (HZI)BraunschweigGermany,German Center for infection research (DZIF)BraunschweigGermany
| | - Anna K H Hirsch
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)SaarbrückenGermany,Department of PharmacySaarland UniversitySaarbrückenGermany,Helmholtz Centre for Infection research (HZI)BraunschweigGermany,German Center for infection research (DZIF)BraunschweigGermany,Helmholtz International Lab for Anti‐InfectivesSaarbrückenGermany
| | - Peter Hammann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)SaarbrückenGermany,Department of PharmacySaarland UniversitySaarbrückenGermany,Helmholtz Centre for Infection research (HZI)BraunschweigGermany,German Center for infection research (DZIF)BraunschweigGermany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)SaarbrückenGermany,Department of PharmacySaarland UniversitySaarbrückenGermany,Helmholtz Centre for Infection research (HZI)BraunschweigGermany,German Center for infection research (DZIF)BraunschweigGermany,Helmholtz International Lab for Anti‐InfectivesSaarbrückenGermany
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12
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Fluoroquinolones Hybrid Molecules as Promising Antibacterial Agents in the Fight against Antibacterial Resistance. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081749. [PMID: 36015376 PMCID: PMC9414178 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of bacterial resistance has motivated researchers to discover new antibacterial agents. Nowadays, fluoroquinolones keep their status as one of the essential classes of antibacterial agents. The new generations of fluoroquinolones are valuable therapeutic tools with a spectrum of activity, including Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and atypical bacteria. This review article surveys the design of fluoroquinolone hybrids with other antibacterial agents or active compounds and underlines the new hybrids' antibacterial properties. Antibiotic fluoroquinolone hybrids have several advantages over combined antibiotic therapy. Thus, some challenges related to joining two different molecules are under study. Structurally, the obtained hybrids may contain a cleavable or non-cleavable linker, an essential element for their pharmacokinetic properties and mechanism of action. The design of hybrids seems to provide promising antibacterial agents helpful in the fight against more virulent and resistant strains. These hybrid structures have proven superior antibacterial activity and less susceptibility to bacterial resistance than the component molecules. In addition, fluoroquinolone hybrids have demonstrated other biological effects such as anti-HIV, antifungal, antiplasmodic/antimalarial, and antitumor activity. Many fluoroquinolone hybrids are in various phases of clinical trials, raising hopes that new antibacterial agents will be approved shortly.
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13
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Kirsch SH, Haeckl FPJ, Müller R. Beyond the approved: target sites and inhibitors of bacterial RNA polymerase from bacteria and fungi. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1226-1263. [PMID: 35507039 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00067e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2016 to 2022RNA polymerase (RNAP) is the central enzyme in bacterial gene expression representing an attractive and validated target for antibiotics. Two well-known and clinically approved classes of natural product RNAP inhibitors are the rifamycins and the fidaxomycins. Rifampicin (Rif), a semi-synthetic derivative of rifamycin, plays a crucial role as a first line antibiotic in the treatment of tuberculosis and a broad range of bacterial infections. However, more and more pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis develop resistance, not only against Rif and other RNAP inhibitors. To overcome this problem, novel RNAP inhibitors exhibiting different target sites are urgently needed. This review includes recent developments published between 2016 and today. Particular focus is placed on novel findings concerning already known bacterial RNAP inhibitors, the characterization and development of new compounds isolated from bacteria and fungi, and providing brief insights into promising new synthetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne H Kirsch
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany. .,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - F P Jake Haeckl
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany. .,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany. .,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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14
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Hybrid Macrocyclic Polymers: Self-Assembly Containing Cucurbit[m]uril-pillar[n]arene. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091777. [PMID: 35566949 PMCID: PMC9106019 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular self-assembly by hybrid macrocycles containing both cucurbit[m]uril (CB[m]) and pillar[n]arene was discussed and summarized in this review. Due to different solubility, diverse-sized cavities, and various driving forces in recognizing guests, the role of CB[m] and pillar[n]arene in such hybrid macrocyclic systems could switch between competitor in capturing specialized guests, and cooperator for building advanced hybridized macrocycles, by controlling their characteristics in host–guest inclusions. Furthermore, both CB[m] and pillar[n]arene were employed for fabricating advanced supramolecular self-assemblies such as mechanically interlocked molecules and supramolecular polymers. In those self-assemblies, CB[m] and pillar[n]arene played significant roles in, e.g., microreactor for catalyzing particular reactions to bridge different small pieces together, molecular “joint” to connect different monomers into larger assemblies, and “stabilizer” in accommodating the guest molecules to adopt a favorite structure geometry ready for assembling.
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15
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Sajid MI, Lohan S, Kato S, Tiwari RK. Combination of Amphiphilic Cyclic Peptide [R4W4] and Levofloxacin against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030416. [PMID: 35326879 PMCID: PMC8944500 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial resistance is a growing global concern necessitating the discovery and development of antibiotics effective against the drug-resistant bacterial strain. Previously, we reported a cyclic antimicrobial peptide [R4W4] containing arginine (R) and tryptophan (W) with a MIC of 2.67 µg/mL (1.95 µM) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Herein, we investigated the cyclic peptides [R4W4] or linear (R4W4) and their conjugates (covalent or noncovalent) with levofloxacin (Levo) with the intent to improve their potency to target drug-resistant bacteria. The physical mixture of the Levo with the cyclic [R4W4] proved to be significantly effective against all strains of bacteria used in the study as compared to covalent conjugation. Furthermore, the checkerboard assay revealed the significant synergistic effect of the peptides against all studied strains except for the wild type S. aureus, in which the partial synergy was observed. The hemolysis assay revealed less cytotoxicity of the physical mixture of the Levo with [R4W4] (22%) as compared to [R4W4] alone (80%). The linear peptide (R4W4) and the cyclic [R4W4] demonstrated ~90% and 85% cell viability at 300 µg/mL in the triple-negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) and the normal kidney cells (HEK-293), respectively. Similar trends were also observed in the cell viability of Levo-conjugates on these cell lines. Furthermore, the time-kill kinetic study of the combination of [R4W4] and Levo demonstrate rapid killing action at 4 h for MRSA (ATCC BAA-1556) and 12 h for E. coli (ATCC BAA-2452), P. aeruginosa (ATCC BAA-1744), and K. pneumoniae (ATCC BAA-1705). These results provide the effectiveness of a combination of Levo with cyclic [R4W4] peptide, which may provide an opportunity to solve the intriguing puzzle of treating bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Sajid
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (M.I.S.); (S.L.); (S.K.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sandeep Lohan
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (M.I.S.); (S.L.); (S.K.)
| | - Shun Kato
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (M.I.S.); (S.L.); (S.K.)
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tiwari
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (M.I.S.); (S.L.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-714-516-5483; Fax: +1-714-516-5481
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16
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Ma Z, He S, Yuan Y, Zhuang Z, Liu Y, Wang H, Chen J, Xu X, Ding C, Molodtsov V, Lin W, Robertson GT, Weiss WJ, Pulse M, Nguyen P, Duncan L, Doyle T, Ebright RH, Lynch AS. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of TNP-2198, a Dual-Targeted Rifamycin-Nitroimidazole Conjugate with Potent Activity against Microaerophilic and Anaerobic Bacterial Pathogens. J Med Chem 2022; 65:4481-4495. [PMID: 35175750 PMCID: PMC8958509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
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TNP-2198, a stable
conjugate of a rifamycin pharmacophore and a
nitroimidazole pharmacophore, has been designed, synthesized, and
evaluated as a novel dual-targeted antibacterial agent for the treatment
of microaerophilic and anaerobic bacterial infections. TNP-2198 exhibits
greater activity than a 1:1 molar mixture of the parent drugs and
exhibits activity against strains resistant to both rifamycins and
nitroimidazoles. A crystal structure of TNP-2198 bound to a Mycobacterium tuberculosis RNA polymerase transcription
initiation complex reveals that the rifamycin portion of TNP-2198
binds to the rifamycin binding site on RNAP and the nitroimidazole
portion of TNP-2198 interacts directly with the DNA template-strand
in the RNAP active-center cleft, forming a hydrogen bond with a base
of the DNA template strand. TNP-2198 is currently in Phase 2 clinical
development for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection, Clostridioides difficile infection,
and bacterial vaginosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenkun Ma
- TenNor Therapeutics Ltd, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shijie He
- TenNor Therapeutics Ltd, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- TenNor Therapeutics Ltd, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhijun Zhuang
- TenNor Therapeutics Ltd, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yu Liu
- TenNor Therapeutics Ltd, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Huan Wang
- TenNor Therapeutics Ltd, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jing Chen
- TenNor Therapeutics Ltd, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiangyi Xu
- TenNor Therapeutics Ltd, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Charles Ding
- TenNor Therapeutics Ltd, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Vadim Molodtsov
- Waksman Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Wei Lin
- Waksman Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Gregory T Robertson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523-1682, United States
| | - William J Weiss
- HSC College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Mark Pulse
- HSC College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Phung Nguyen
- HSC College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Leonard Duncan
- JMI Laboratories, North Liberty, Iowa 52317, United States
| | - Timothy Doyle
- JMI Laboratories, North Liberty, Iowa 52317, United States
| | - Richard H Ebright
- Waksman Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Anthony Simon Lynch
- TenNor Therapeutics Ltd, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
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17
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Recent Advances in Macrocyclic Drugs and Microwave-Assisted and/or Solid-Supported Synthesis of Macrocycles. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27031012. [PMID: 35164274 PMCID: PMC8839925 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrocycles represent attractive candidates in organic synthesis and drug discovery. Since 2014, nineteen macrocyclic drugs, including three radiopharmaceuticals, have been approved by FDA for the treatment of bacterial and viral infections, cancer, obesity, immunosuppression, etc. As such, new synthetic methodologies and high throughput chemistry (e.g., microwave-assisted and/or solid-phase synthesis) to access various macrocycle entities have attracted great interest in this chemical space. This article serves as an update on our previous review related to macrocyclic drugs and new synthetic strategies toward macrocycles (Molecules, 2013, 18, 6230). In this work, I first reviewed recent FDA-approved macrocyclic drugs since 2014, followed by new advances in macrocycle synthesis using high throughput chemistry, including microwave-assisted and/or solid-supported macrocyclization strategies. Examples and highlights of macrocyclization include macrolactonization and macrolactamization, transition-metal catalyzed olefin ring-closure metathesis, intramolecular C–C and C–heteroatom cross-coupling, copper- or ruthenium-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition, intramolecular SNAr or SN2 nucleophilic substitution, condensation reaction, and multi-component reaction-mediated macrocyclization, and covering the literature since 2010.
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18
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Nazli A, He D, Xu H, Wang ZP, He Y. A Comparative Insight on the Newly Emerging Rifamycins: Rifametane, Rifalazil, TNP-2092 and TNP-2198. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2846-2862. [PMID: 34365945 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210806114949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rifamycins are considered a milestone for tuberculosis (TB) treatment because of their proficient sterilizing ability. Currently, available TB treatments are complicated and need a long duration, which ultimately leads to failure of patient compliance. Some new rifamycin derivatives, i.e., rifametane, TNP-2092 (rifamycin-quinolizinonehybrid), and TNP-2198 (rifamycin-nitromidazole hybrid) are under clinical trials, which are attempting to overcome the problems associated with TB treatment. The undertaken review is intended to compare the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety profiles of these rifamycins, including rifalazil, another derivative terminated in phase II trials, and already approved rifamycins. The emerging resistance of microbes is an imperative consideration associated with antibiotics. Resistance development potential of microbial strains against rifamycins and an overview of chemistry, as well as structure-activity relationship (SAR) of rifamycins, are briefly described. Moreover, issues associated with rifamycins are discussed as well. We expect that newly emerging rifamycins shall appear as potential tools for TB treatment in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adila Nazli
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing. China
| | - David He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing. China
| | - Huacheng Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing. China
| | - Zhi-Peng Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing. China
| | - Yun He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing. China
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Rowan K. Hawai'i Journal Watch: Highlights of recent research from the University of Hawai'i and the Hawai'i State Department of Health. HAWAI'I JOURNAL OF HEALTH & SOCIAL WELFARE 2021; 80:147. [PMID: 34278320 PMCID: PMC8280360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
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