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Zhao W, Liu J, Wang S, Dai J, Liu X. Bio-Based Thermosetting Resins: From Molecular Engineering to Intrinsically Multifunctional Customization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311242. [PMID: 38504494 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in bio-based thermosetting resins in terms of environmental concerns and the desire for sustainable industrial practices. Beyond sustainability, utilizing the structural diversity of renewable feedstock to craft bio-based thermosets with customized functionalities is very worthy of expectation. There exist many bio-based compounds with inherently unique chemical structures and functions, some of which are even difficult to synthesize artificially. Over the past decade, great efforts are devoted to discovering/designing functional properties of bio-based thermosets, and notable progress have been made in antibacterial, antifouling, flame retardancy, serving as carbon precursors, and stimuli responsiveness, among others, largely expanding their application potential and future prospects. In this review, recent advances in the field of functional bio-based thermosets are presented, with a particular focus on molecular structures and design strategies for discovering functional properties. Examples are highlighted wherein functionalities are facilitated by the inherent structures of bio-based feedstock. Perspectives on issues regarding further advances in this field are proposed at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, China
| | - Jingkai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, China
| | - Shuaipeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, China
| | - Jinyue Dai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, China
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Boaventura NF, Sousa TFDP, Casagrande MDT. The Application of an Eco-Friendly Synthetic Polymer as a Sandy Soil Stabilizer. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4626. [PMID: 38139878 PMCID: PMC10747516 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The conducted investigation encompassed the comprehensive integration of mechanical, environmental, chemical, and microstructural evaluations of a composite amalgamating sandy soil and a synthetic polymer at two distinct concentrations (2.5% and 5%) across multiple curing intervals (0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 15, 30, and 45 days). The studied soil originates from an environmentally significant protected area in Brazil. The implementation of mechanisms for soil improvement in the region must adhere to technical criteria without causing environmental harm. Direct shear testing was conducted, permeability was assessed, and microstructure analysis and XRD and XRF/EDX studies of both the soil and composites were conducted. It was observed that longer curing times yielded improved results in shear stress, friction angle, and cohesive intercept, with SP_5% exhibiting the highest values compared with the soil and SP_2.5%. Adding the polymeric solution to the soil contributed to cementation and cohesion gains in the substrate. Through microstructural characterization, the polymer's role as a cementing agent for the grains is evident, forming a film on the grains and binding them together. Based on the analyses and studies conducted in the research, it can be concluded that there is technical feasibility for applying the polymeric solution at both dosages in geotechnical projects.
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Xu C, Li B, Yu J, Hu L, Jia P, Fan Y, Lu C, Chu F. Tough and strong sustainable thermoplastic elastomers nanocomposite with self-assembly of SI-ATRP modified cellulose nanofibers. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 319:121160. [PMID: 37567704 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The ingenious design of sustainable thermoplastic elastomers (STPEs) is of great significance for the goal of the sustainable development. However, the preparation of STPEs with good mechanical performance is still complicated and challenging. Herein, to achieve a simple preparation of STPEs with strong mechanical properties, two biobased monomers (tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate (THFMA) and lauryl methacrylate (LMA)) were copolymerized into poly (THFMA-co-LMA) (PTL) and grafted onto TEMPO oxidized cellulose nanofiber (TOCN) via one-pot surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI ATRP). The grafting modified TOCN could be self-assembled into nano-enhanced phases in STPEs, which are conducive to the double enhancement of the strength and toughness of the STPEs, and the size of nano-enhanced phases is mainly affected by TOCN fiber length and molecular weight of grafting chains. Especially, with the addition of 7 wt% TOCN, tensile strength, tensile strain, toughness, and glass transition temperature (Tg) of TOCN based STPEs (TOCN@PTL) exhibited 140 %, 36 %, 215 %, and 6.8 °C increase respectively, which confirmed the leading level in the field of bio-based elastomers. In general, this work constitutes a proof for the chemical modification and self-assembly behavior of TOCN by one-pot SI ATRP, and provides an alternative strategy for the preparation of high-performance STPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Xu
- Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, Nanjing, China.
| | - Bowen Li
- Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, Nanjing, China.
| | - Juan Yu
- Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lihong Hu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), No 16, Suojin Wucun, Nanjing, China.
| | - Puyou Jia
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), No 16, Suojin Wucun, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yimin Fan
- Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, Nanjing, China.
| | - Chuanwei Lu
- Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, Nanjing, China.
| | - Fuxiang Chu
- Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, Nanjing, China; Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), No 16, Suojin Wucun, Nanjing, China.
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Yang H, Du Y, Zhang G, Han L, Zhang L, Xu R. Main-Chain Benzoxazines Containing an Erythritol Acetal Structure: Thermal and Degradation Properties. Molecules 2023; 28:7234. [PMID: 37894713 PMCID: PMC10608865 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the bio-based raw material erythritol was used to introduce an acetal structure into the benzoxazine resins. The benzoxazine-based resins containing an erythritol acetal structure could be degraded in an acidic solution and were environmentally friendly thermosetting resins. Compounds and resins were characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) analyses, and melting points were studied by a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC); the molecular weight was analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The dynamic mechanical properties and thermal stability of polybenzoxazine resins were studied by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), respectively. The thermal aging, wet-heat resistance, and degradation properties of polybenzoxazine resins were tested. The results showed that the polybenzoxazine resins synthesized in this paper had good thermal-oxidative aging, and wet-heat resistance and could be completely degraded in an acidic solution (55 °C DMF: water: 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid solution = 5:2:4 (v/v/v)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China; (H.Y.); (Y.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Yanqin Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China; (H.Y.); (Y.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Guangshe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China; (H.Y.); (Y.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Ling Han
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China;
| | - Longgui Zhang
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China;
| | - Riwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China; (H.Y.); (Y.D.); (G.Z.)
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Qin Y, Meng F, Xu C, Hu Z, Zhang Y, Jia Y, Li S, Yuan X. Preparation and Performance of Novel Flavonoid Phenols-Based Biomass-Modified Phenol Formaldehyde Resins. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-023-02619-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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Derradji M, Khiari K, Mehelli O, Abdous S, Habes A, Ramdani N, Zegaoui A, Liu W, Daham A. Mechanical and thermal properties of fully green composites from vanillin-based benzoxazine and silane surface modified chopped basalt fibers. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083221143688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
By following the rules of green chemistry, a novel composite is developed from a renewable and ecofriendly resource, namely the vanillin. The latter was used as a phenolic precursor for the microwave synthesis of a bio-based benzoxazine resin (Va-BZ). Afterwards, high performance green composites were developed by reinforcing the Va-BZ with various amounts of chopped silane surface modified basalt fibers (BFs). The chemical structure of the Va-BZ monomers was confirmed by 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The grafting of the silane moiety on the BFs surface was assessed by FTIR and TGA analyses. The autocatalytic ring opening polymerization of the Va-BZ monomers was confirmed by DSC analysis. The mechanical performances of the developed green composites were studied by flexural and tensile investigations. The findings suggested that the maximum amount of 20 wt. BFs afforded the best results, with flexural and tensile strengths of 447 and 460 MPa, respectively. The SEM was used to study the fractured tensile surfaces and elucidated the toughening mechanism. Meanwhile, the TGA showed that the introduction of the BFs markedly improved the thermal stability of the benzoxazine matrix. Finally, the gamma rays shielding effectiveness was studied and revealed the highly benefic role of the BFs. For instance, a 1 cm thick Va-BZ polymer only showed a 6% gamma rays screening ratio, the latter was improved to 18.4% for the composite made of 20 wt.% of treated BFs. Overall, this study confirmed that greener approaches can also result in high performance composite satisfying the needs of exigent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Derradji
- UER Procédés Energétiques, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, Algiers Algeria
| | - Karim Khiari
- UER Procédés Energétiques, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, Algiers Algeria
| | - Oussama Mehelli
- UER Procédés Energétiques, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, Algiers Algeria
| | - Slimane Abdous
- UER Procédés Energétiques, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, Algiers Algeria
| | - Abdelmalek Habes
- UER Procédés Energétiques, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, Algiers Algeria
| | - Noureddine Ramdani
- UER Procédés Energétiques, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, Algiers Algeria
| | - Abdeljalil Zegaoui
- UER Procédés Energétiques, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, Algiers Algeria
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Institute of Composite Materials, Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
| | - Abbas Daham
- Institute of Composite Materials, Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
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Esencan Türkaslan B, Çelik AK, Dalbeyler A, Fantuzzi N. The Effect of Different Morphologies of WO 3/GO Nanocomposite on Photocatalytic Performance. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8019. [PMID: 36431504 PMCID: PMC9695636 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tungsten trioxide/graphene oxide (WO3/GO) nanocomposites have been successfully synthesized using in situ and ex situ chemical approaches. Graphite and tungsten carbide (WC) were employed to perform in situ synthesis, and WO3 and GO were employed to perform the ex situ synthesis of WO3/GO nanocomposites. GO, which was required for ex situ synthesis, is synthesized via the modified and improved Hummers method. XRD, SEM/EDS, and FTIR are used for the characterization of the nanocomposite. From the XRD of the WO3/GO nanocomposites, it was observed that WO3 distributed uniformly on graphene oxide sheets or was incorporated between the sheets. The photocatalytic activities of WO3/GO nanocomposites were evaluated by methylene blue (MB) adsorption and visible light photocatalytic degradation activities by UV-vis spectroscopy. The results showed that the efficiency of the photocatalytic activity of the nanocomposite depends on different synthesis methods and the morphology resulting from the changed method. WO3/GO nanocomposites synthesized by both methods exhibited much higher photocatalytic efficiencies than pure WO3, and the best degradation efficiencies for MB was 96.30% for the WO3/GO in situ synthesis nanocomposite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Esencan Türkaslan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Süleyman Demirel, Isparta 32260, Turkey
| | - Aziz Kerim Çelik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Süleyman Demirel, Isparta 32260, Turkey
| | - Ayça Dalbeyler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Süleyman Demirel, Isparta 32260, Turkey
| | - Nicholas Fantuzzi
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Reprocessable Polybenzoxazine Thermosets with High T gs and Mechanical Strength Retentions Using Boronic Ester Bonds as Crosslinkages. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112234. [PMID: 35683905 PMCID: PMC9182748 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to obtain reprocessable polybenzoxazine thermosets with high heat resistance and mechanical strength retentions, network structures without irreversible parts were constructed via crosslinking benzoxazine oligomers using boronic ester cross-linkers. Firstly, the benzoxazine monomer containing carbon–carbon double bonds was synthesized via the Mannich reaction. After thermal ring-opening polymerization, the benzoxazine oligomer containing carbon–carbon double bonds (OBZ) was yielded. Through the thiol-ene click reaction of the OBZ and dithiol cross-linker bearing boronic ester bonds, the polybenzoxazine thermosets using boronic ester bonds as crosslinkages (OBZ-BDB) were successfully synthesized. The structures of OBZ and OBZ-BDB were characterized by SEC, 1H NMR, and FT-IR measurements. Reprocessing experiments showed that OBZ-BDB has remarkable reprocessability. The retention rates of the tensile strengths through three generations of reprocessing were 98%, 95%, and 84%, respectively. Meanwhile, OBZ-BDB cross-linked by boronic ester bonds had brilliant thermal properties. The Tg of the original OBZ-BDB was 224 °C. With the increase of the reprocessing generations, the Tgs basically remained unchanged.
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Schirmeister CG, Mülhaupt R. Closing the Carbon Loop in the Circular Plastics Economy. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200247. [PMID: 35635841 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Today, plastics are ubiquitous in everyday life, problem solvers of modern technologies, and crucial for sustainable development. Yet the surge in global demand for plastics of the growing world population has triggered a tidal wave of plastic debris in the environment. Moving from a linear to a zero-waste and carbon-neutral circular plastic economy is vital for the future of the planet. Taming the plastic waste flood requires closing the carbon loop through plastic reuse, mechanical and molecular recycling, carbon capture, and use of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. In the quest for eco-friendly products, plastics do not need to be reinvented but tuned for reuse and recycling. Their full potential must be exploited regarding energy, resource, and eco efficiency, waste prevention, circular economy, climate change mitigation, and lowering environmental pollution. Biodegradation holds promise for composting and bio-feedstock recovery, but it is neither the Holy Grail of circular plastics economy nor a panacea for plastic littering. As an alternative to mechanical downcycling, molecular recycling enables both closed-loop recovery of virgin plastics and open-loop valorization, producing hydrogen, fuels, refinery feeds, lubricants, chemicals, and carbonaceous materials. Closing the carbon loop does not create a Perpetuum Mobile and requires renewable energy to achieve sustainability. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl G Schirmeister
- Freiburg Materials Research Center and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Sustainability Center, University of Freiburg, Ecker-Str. 4, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
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Evaluating the X-ray-Shielding Performance of Graphene-Oxide-Coated Nanocomposite Fabric. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15041441. [PMID: 35207983 PMCID: PMC8875570 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) during diagnostic medical procedures brings certain risks, especially when experiencing recurrent exposures. The fabrication of nano-based composites, doped with different nanoparticles, have been suggested as effective shielding materials to replace conventional lead-based ones in material sciences and nanotechnology. In this study, commercially available fabrics, used to produce scrubs and gowns for clinical staff, are modified utilizing graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles using a layer-by-layer (LBL) technique. GO was obtained from graphite through environmentally friendly technology by using a modified-improved Hummers' method without NaNO3. Lightweight, flexible, air- and water-permeable shielding materials are produced that are wearable in all-day clinical practice. The nanoparticles are kept to a minimum at 1 wt%; however, utilizing the LBL technique they are distributed evenly along the fibers of the fabrics to achieve as much shielding effect as possible. The evaluation of samples is accomplished by simulating real-time routine clinical procedures and the radiographic programs and devices used daily. The GO-coated nanocomposite fabrics demonstrated promising results for X-ray shielding.
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