1
|
Xie Z, Gao Q, Hussain S, Yang J, Li Q. Supermolecule Polymer Derived Porous Carbon Nitride Microspheres with Controllable Energy Band Structure for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309032. [PMID: 38072791 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Porous graphitic carbon nitride microsphere with large specific surface area and controllable energy band structure is synthesized via a simple method with the supermolecule polymer of melamine-cyanuric acid (MCA) as the intermediates. The energy band structure and morphology of carbon nitride are closely correlative to the calcination time. And the CN-20 catalyst fabricated by calcination for 20 h exhibit superior photocatalytic activity of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) under visible-light (λ ≥ 420 nm) irradiation. The photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical test results indicate that Pt is the optimum cocatalyst candidate compared with Pd, Ru, and Ag. Meanwhile, the time-dependent process of the intermediate pyrolysis to carbon nitride and the internal mechanism of photogenerated charge transfer between semiconductors and cocatalyst is investigated and supplemented by theoretical calculations. This work provides a novel and energy band structure controllable manufacture strategy for porous carbon nitride semiconductor with satisfying visible-light photocatalytic reduction performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzheng Xie
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Henan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Henan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Sajjad Hussain
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Henan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Jianjun Yang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Henan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Qiuye Li
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Henan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou D, Li D, Chen Z. Recent advances in ternary Z-scheme photocatalysis on graphitic carbon nitride based photocatalysts. Front Chem 2024; 12:1359895. [PMID: 38633985 PMCID: PMC11021764 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1359895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to its excellent photocatalytic performance over the last few years, graphitic-like carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has garnered considerable notice as a photocatalyst. Nevertheless, several limitations, including small surface area, the rates at which photo-generated electrons and holes recombine are swift, and the inefficient separation and transport of photoexcited carriers continue to impede its solar energy utilization. To overcome those limitations in single-component g-C3N4, constructing a heterogeneous photocatalytic system has emerged as an effective way. Among the various studies involving the incorporation of hetero composite materials to design heterojunctions, among the most promising approaches is to assemble a Z-scheme photocatalytic configuration. The Z-scheme configuration is essential because it facilitates efficient photocarrier separation and exhibits superior redox ability in separated electrons and holes. Moreover, ternary composites have demonstrated enhanced photocatalytic activities and reinforced photostability. Ternary Z-scheme heterostructures constructed with g-C3N4 possess all the above-mentioned merits and provide a pioneering strategy for implementing photocatalytic systems for environmental and energy sustainability. A summary of the latest technological advancements toward design and fabrication in ternary all-solid-state Z-scheme (ASSZ) and direct Z-scheme (DZ) photocatalysts built on g-C3N4 is presented in this review. Furthermore, the review also discusses the application of ternary Z-scheme photocatalytic architecture established on g-C3N4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dantong Zhou
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Anshun University, Anshun, China
| | - Dongxiang Li
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Anshun University, Anshun, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- College of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumaravel S, Chandrasatheesh C, Palanisamy G, Lee J, Hasan I, Kumaravel S, Avula B, Pongiya UD, Balu K. Highly Efficient Solar-Light-Active Ag-Decorated g-C 3N 4 Composite Photocatalysts for the Degradation of Methyl Orange Dye. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1454. [PMID: 37512765 PMCID: PMC10383219 DOI: 10.3390/mi14071454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we utilized calcination and simple impregnation methods to successfully fabricate bare g-C3N4 (GCN) and x% Ag/g-C3N4 (x% AgGCN) composite photocatalysts with various weight percentages (x = 1, 3, 5, and 7 wt.%). The synthesized bare and composite photocatalysts were analyzed to illustrate their phase formation, functional group, morphology, and optical properties utilizing XRD, FT-IR, UV-Vis DRS, PL, FE-SEM, and the EDS. The photodegradation rate of MO under solar light irradiation was measured, and the 5% AgGCN composite photocatalyst showed higher photocatalytic activity (99%), which is very high compared to other bare and composite photocatalysts. The MO dye degradation rate constant with the 5% AgGCN photocatalyst exhibits 14.83 times better photocatalytic activity compared to the bare GCN catalyst. This photocatalyst showed good efficiency in the degradation of MO dye and demonstrated cycling stability even in the 5th successive photocatalytic reaction cycle. The higher photocatalytic activity of the 5% AgGCN composite catalyst for the degradation of MO dye is due to the interaction of Ag with GCN and the localized surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect of Ag. The scavenger study results indicate that O2●- radicals play a major role in MO dye degradation. A possible charge-transfer mechanism is proposed to explain the solar-light-driven photocatalyst of GCN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Kumaravel
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Govindasamy Palanisamy
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Imran Hasan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saranraj Kumaravel
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Balakrishna Avula
- Department of Chemistry, Rajeev Gandhi Memorial College of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), Nandyal 518501, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Uma Devi Pongiya
- Department of Biochemistry, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan College of Arts and Science for Women (Autonomous), Perambalur 621212, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnakumar Balu
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencia de los Materiales y del Transporte, E.T.S. de Ingenieros, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Camino de los Descubrimientos s/n., 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Comprehensive Review on g-C 3N 4-Based Photocatalysts for the Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production under Visible Light. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010346. [PMID: 36613789 PMCID: PMC9820802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the synthesis of active photocatalysts for the evolution of hydrogen, including photocatalysts based on graphite-like carbon nitride, is an acute issue. In this review, a comprehensive analysis of the state-of-the-art studies of graphic carbon nitride as a photocatalyst for hydrogen production under visible light is presented. In this review, various approaches to the synthesis of photocatalysts based on g-C3N4 reported in the literature were considered, including various methods for modifying and improving the structural and photocatalytic properties of this material. A thorough analysis of the literature has shown that the most commonly used methods for improving g-C3N4 properties are alterations of textural characteristics by introducing templates, pore formers or pre-treatment method, doping with heteroatoms, modification with metals, and the creation of composite photocatalysts. Next, the authors considered their own detailed study on the synthesis of graphitic carbon nitride with different pre-treatments and respective photocatalysts that demonstrate high efficiency and stability in photocatalytic production of hydrogen. Particular attention was paid to describing the effect of the state of the platinum cocatalyst on the activity of the resulting photocatalyst. The decisive factors leading to the creation of active materials were discussed.
Collapse
|