Electrochemical Sensor for Hydrogen Peroxide Based on Prussian Blue Electrochemically Deposited at the TiO2-ZrO2–Doped Carbon Nanotube Glassy Carbon-Modified Electrode

A reagentless molecularly imprinted polymer-based electrochemical biosensor for single-step detection of troponin I in biofluids

Reagentless molecular-imprinted polymer (MIP) electrochemical biosensors can offer the next generation of biosensing platforms for the detection of biomarkers owing to their simplicity, cost-efficacy, tunability, robustness, and accuracy. In this work, a novel combination of Prussian blue (PB), coated as an embedded redox probe on a gold working electrode (GWE), and a signal-off MIP assay has been proposed in an electrochemical format for the detection of troponin I (TnI) in biofluids. TnI is a variant exclusive to heart muscles, and its elevated level in the bloodstream is indicative of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The proposed lab-manufactured PB/MIP electrochemical biosensor, consisting of a simple signal-off MIP assay and a PB redox probe embedded on the GWE surface, is the first of its kind that allows for reagentless, label-free, and single-step electrochemical biosensing of proteins. The preparation steps of the biosensor were fully characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Raman spectroscopy. Finally, the performance of the optimized biosensor was investigated through the determination of various concentrations of TnI, ranging from 10 to 100 pg mL-1 within 5 min, in serum and plasma with limits of detection less than 3.6 pg mL-1, and evaluation of selectivity towards TnI using some relevant proteins that exist in biofluids with higher concentrations.

Rapid Cryptococcus electroporated-lysis and sensitive detection on a miniaturized platform

Fast and accurate detection of Cryptococcus and precise differentiation of its subtypes is of great significance in protecting people from cryptococcal disease and preventing its spread in populations. However, traditional Cryptococcus identification and detection techniques still face significant challenges in achieving high analysis speed as well as high sensitivity. In this work, we report an electric microfluidic biochip. Compared to conventional methods that take several hours or even a day, this chip can detect Cryptococcus within 20 min, and achieve its maximum detection limit within 1 h, with the ability to differentiate between the Cryptococcus neoformans (NEO) and rare Cryptococcus gattii (GAT) efficiently, which accounts for nearly 100%. This device integrated two functional zones of an electroporation lysis (EL) zone for rapid cell lysis (<30 s) and an electrochemical detection (ED) zone for sensitive analysis of the released nucleic acids. The EL zone adopted a design of microelectrode arrays, which obtains a large electric field intensity at the constriction of the microchannel, addressing the safety concerns associated with high-voltage lysis. The device enables a limit of detection (LOD) of 60 pg/mL for NEO and 100 pg/mL for GAT through the modification of nanocomposites and specific probes. In terms of the detection time and sensitivity, the integrated microfluidic biochip demonstrates broad potential in Cryptococcus diagnosis and disease prevention.

UiO-66-Derived PBA Composite as Multifunctional Electrochemical Non-Enzymatic Sensor Realizing High-Performance Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide and Glucose

In this work, a highly efficient multifunctional non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor is successfully fabricated based on a facile two-step synthetic strategy. It resolves two important challenges of poor stability and low reproducibility compared to conventional electrochemical enzyme-based sensors. Herein, a metal-organic framework (UiO-66) is selected as a sacrificial template to construct the corresponding Prussian blue analogue (PBA) target to improve its stability and conductivity, namely, PBA/UiO-66/NF. Target PBA/UiO-66/NF exhibits excellent electrochemical sensing performance as hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and glucose sensors with ultrahigh sensitivity of up to 1903 μA mM^-1 cm^-2 for H₂O₂ and 22,800 μA mM^-1 cm^-2 for glucose, as well as a very low detection limit of 0.02 μM (S/N = 3) for H₂O₂ and 0.28 μM for glucose. Especially, extremely high stability can be observed, which will be beneficial for practical application.

Investigation of H2O2 Electrochemical Behavior on Ferricyanide-Confined Electrode Based on Ionic Liquid-Functionalized Silica-Mesostructured Cellular Foam

In this work, ionic liquid (IL) of 1-propyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride-functionalized silica-mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) was prepared. The obtained MCF-IL was used to construct the Fe(CN)₆^3--confined electrode (MCF-IL-Fe(CN)₆^3-/PVA) and H₂O₂ electrochemical behavior on the electrode was investigated. It was found that H₂O₂ was oxidized on the freshly prepared electrode while catalytically electro-reduced on the acid pretreated one. Cyclic voltametric results revealed that the real catalyst for catalytic reduction of H₂O₂ was Prussian blue (PB) rather than Fe(CN)₆^3-. The electrocatalytic ability of the acid-pretreated MCF-IL-Fe(CN)₆^3-/PVA electrode offered a wide linear range for H₂O₂ detection. The present study on H₂O₂ electrochemical behavior on an MCF-IL-Fe(CN)₆^3-/PVA electrode might provide useful information for further developing integrated Fe(CN)₆^3--mediated biosensors as H₂O₂ is extensively involved in the classic reaction containing oxidase enzymes.