1
|
Tan Y, Zhang D, Xue Y, Zhan X, Tan F, Qin S. Flame retardant properties and mechanism of PLA/P-PPD -Ph /ECE conjugated flame retardant composites. Front Chem 2023; 11:1096526. [PMID: 37007056 PMCID: PMC10060644 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1096526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, 4, 4'-{1'',4''-phenylene-bis[amido-(10'' ''-oxo-10'''-hydro-9'''-oxa-10'''λ5-phosphafi-10'''-yl)-methyl]}-diphenol (P-PPD-Ph) was synthesized by a two-step synthesis, followed by the addition of various levels of epoxy chain extender (ECE) with 5 wt% of P-PPD-Ph The PLA/P-PPD-Ph/ECE conjugated flame retardant composites were produced by co-extrusion into poly(lactic acid) (PLA). The chemical structure of P-PPD-Ph was characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR and 31P NMR tests, demonstrating the successful synthesis of the phosphorus heterophilic flame retardant P-PPD-Ph. The structural, thermal, flame retardant and mechanical properties of the PLA/P-PPD-Ph/ECE conjugated flame retardant composites were characterised using FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis (TG), vertical combustion testing (UL-94), limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elemental energy spectroscopy (EDS) and mechanical properties testing. The structural, thermal, flame retardant and mechanical properties of PLA/P-PPD-Ph/ECE conjugated flame retardant composites were characterised. The results showed that with the increase of ECE content, the residual carbon rate of the composites increased from 1.6% to 3.3%, and the LOI value increased from 29.8% to 32.6%. The cross-linking reaction between P-PPD-Ph and PLA and the increase of reaction sites led to the generation of more phosphorus-containing radicals on the PLA molecular chain, which strengthened the cohesive phase flame retardant effect of PLA flame retardant composites, and The bending strength, tensile strength and impact strength were all improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering of Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
| | - Daohai Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering of Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Daohai Zhang, ; Shuhao Qin,
| | - Yu Xue
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiao Zhan
- School of Chemical Engineering of Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
| | - Fang Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering of Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shuhao Qin
- School of Chemical Engineering of Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Daohai Zhang, ; Shuhao Qin,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jiang C, Tian Y, Wang L, Zhao S, Hua M, Yao L, Xu S, Ge J, Pan G. Facile Approach for the Potential Large-Scale Production of Polylactide Nanofiber Membranes with Enhanced Hydrophilic Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1784. [PMID: 36902900 PMCID: PMC10003793 DOI: 10.3390/ma16051784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polylactide (PLA) nanofiber membranes with enhanced hydrophilic properties were prepared through electrospinning. As a result of their poor hydrophilic properties, common PLA nanofibers have poor hygroscopicity and separation efficiency when used as oil-water separation materials. In this research, cellulose diacetate (CDA) was used to improve the hydrophilic properties of PLA. The PLA/CDA blends were successfully electrospun to obtain nanofiber membranes with excellent hydrophilic properties and biodegradability. The effects of the additional amount of CDA on the surface morphology, crystalline structure, and hydrophilic properties of the PLA nanofiber membranes were investigated. The water flux of the PLA nanofiber membranes modified with different CDA amounts was also analyzed. The addition of CDA improved the hygroscopicity of the blended PLA membranes; the water contact angle of the PLA/CDA (6/4) fiber membrane was 97.8°, whereas that of the pure PLA fiber membrane was 134.9°. The addition of CDA enhanced hydrophilicity because it tended to decrease the diameter of PLA fibers and thus increased the specific surface area of the membranes. Blending PLA with CDA had no significant effect on the crystalline structure of the PLA fiber membranes. However, the tensile properties of the PLA/CDA nanofiber membranes worsened due to the poor compatibility between PLA and CDA. Interestingly, CDA endowed the nanofiber membranes with improved water flux. The water flux of the PLA/CDA (8/2) nanofiber membrane was 28,540.81 L/m2·h, which was considerably higher than that of the pure PLA fiber membrane (387.47 L/m2·h). The PLA/CDA nanofiber membranes can be feasibly applied as an environmentally friendly oil-water separation material because of their improved hydrophilic properties and excellent biodegradability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changmei Jiang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Protection, School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Chinatesta Textile Testing Services (Zhejiang), Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Luolan Wang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Protection, School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Shiyou Zhao
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Protection, School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Ming Hua
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Protection, School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Lirong Yao
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Protection, School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Sijun Xu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Protection, School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Jianlong Ge
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Protection, School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Gangwei Pan
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Protection, School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
On-Line Thermally Induced Evolved Gas Analysis: An Update-Part 2: EGA-FTIR. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248926. [PMID: 36558054 PMCID: PMC9788466 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The on-line thermally induced evolved gas analysis (OLTI-EGA) is widely applied in many different fields. Aimed to update the applications, our group has systematically collected and published examples of EGA characterizations. Following the recently published review on EGA-MS applications, this second part reviews the latest applications of Evolved Gas Analysis performed by on-line coupling heating devices to infrared spectrometers (EGA-FTIR). The selected 2019, 2020, 2021 and early 2022 references are collected and briefly described in this review; these are useful to help researchers to easily find applications that are sometimes difficult to locate.
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen R, Dongmei B, Jiang J, Sun C, Chen H, Zhang M. Effect of 3-methoxysalicylaldehyde on transparency and mechanical properties of EP modified with aminopyridine-based DOPO derivative. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083221142758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two effective flame retardant additives hsalaminopyridine phosphaphenanthrene (HAD) and methoaminopyridine phosphaphenanthrene (MAD) were respectively prepared with DOPO, aminopyridine, salicylaldehyde and 3-Methoxysalicylaldehyde. Subsequently, HAD and MAD was added into epoxy resin (EP) respectively, and flame retardancy of EP/HAD and EP/MAD thermosets were dramatically enhanced. The result of cone calorimeter (CC) test revealed that both HAD and MAD showed perfect smoke suppression performance. In respect of transmittance and mechanical properties, there was a huge difference between HAD and MAD. The introduction of HAD dramatically harmed transmittance and mechanical properties of EP, while, EP/10%MAD was transparent and nearly possessed the same mechanical properties with pure EP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- West Anhui University, Luan, China
| | | | | | | | - Han Chen
- West Anhui University, Luan, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun J, Zhang D, Shang X, Tan F, Bao D, Qin S. Flame-retardant properties and mechanism of LGF/PBT/DOPO-HQ-conjugated flame-retardant composites. Front Chem 2022; 10:981579. [PMCID: PMC9597195 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.981579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, long fiber reinforced polybutylene terephthalate (LGF/PBT/DOPO-HQ) flame-retardant composites were prepared using 10-(2,5-dihydroxy phenyl)-10H-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-HQ) as the conjugated flame-retardant. The effects of different flame-retardant contents on the combustion properties of the composites were investigated. The results showed that after adding 14% of DOPO-HQ, the flame-retardant effect of the composite reached the V-0 level of UL-94 fire rating with an ultimate oxygen index (LOI) of 26.4%. The average heat release rate (Av-HRR), peak heat release rate (PHRR), and total heat release rate (THR) decreased by 45.9, 56.5, and 32.6%, respectively. This shows that LGF/PBT/DOPO-HQ composite has good flame-retardant properties. Meanwhile, the flame-retardant mechanism of cohesive phase and gas-phase synergy during the combustion of flame retardants was analyzed by carbon layer morphology and dynamic thermal decomposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junzhuo Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering of Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
- Polymer Composites Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
| | - Daohai Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering of Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
- Polymer Composites Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Daohai Zhang, ; Dongmei Bao, ; Shuhao Qin,
| | - Xiaoyu Shang
- School of Chemical Engineering of Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
- Polymer Composites Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
| | - Fang Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering of Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
- Polymer Composites Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
| | - Dongmei Bao
- School of Chemical Engineering of Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Daohai Zhang, ; Dongmei Bao, ; Shuhao Qin,
| | - Shuhao Qin
- School of Chemical Engineering of Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Daohai Zhang, ; Dongmei Bao, ; Shuhao Qin,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xiang Y, Gao Y, Xu G, He M, Qin S, Yu J. Thermal degradation behavior and flame retardant properties of PET/DiDOPO conjugated flame retardant composites*. Front Chem 2022; 10:1018998. [PMID: 36277341 PMCID: PMC9586204 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1018998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PET/DIDOPO conjugated flame retardant composites were prepared by melt blending of styrene bridged DOPO (DIDOPO) into polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The flame retardancy, rheological behavior, and thermal degradation behavior of the composite were characterized by vertical combustion test (UL-94), limit oxygen index test (LOI), rotational rheometer, and thermogravimetry (TG). The results showed that the flame retardant composite with V-0 grade was obtained when the amount of DIDOPO is 12.5wt%, and the corresponding LOI value was 56.87% higher than that of PET. The thermogravimetry-fourier infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) test results showed that DIDOPO could promote the degradation of PET/DIDOPO materials, and release phosphorus-containing free radicals to quench the flame, therefore slowing down the combustion process, and mainly playing the key flame retardant role in gas-phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yushu Xiang
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
| | - Yun Gao
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
| | - Guomin Xu
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
| | - Min He
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
| | - Shuhao Qin
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Shuhao Qin, ; Jie Yu,
| | - Jie Yu
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Shuhao Qin, ; Jie Yu,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gao J, He W, Xiang Y, Long L, Qin S. Terminal group effects of DOPO-conjugated flame retardant on polyamide 6: Thermal stability, flame retardancy and mechanical performances. Front Chem 2022; 10:1002569. [PMID: 36247660 PMCID: PMC9554147 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1002569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two DOPO-conjugated flame retardants with or without amino terminal groups (DOPO-NH2 and DIDOPO, respectively) were synthesized and incorporated into polyamide 6 (PA6). Results demonstrated the DOPO-NH2 endowed superior thermal, flame retardant and mechanical performances to PA6 composites. With the same loading of 15 wt%, DOPO-NH2 can catalyze the PA6 matrix more effectively and result in more residues at high temperature. The PA6 composites containing DOPO-NH2 exhibited higher LOI (28.0%) compared to 25.0% for the sample containing DIDOPO, and the lower heat release capacity and peak heat release rate. Furthermore, the overall mechanical properties of PA6 composites containing DOPO-NH2 outperformed the samples containing DIDOPO, even superior to that for PA6. Such a significant difference can be mainly attributed to the existence of amino-terminal group, which can interact with carboxyl group in PA6 as confirmed by dynamic mechanical analysis, improving the compatibility between the flame retardant and PA6 matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, Huanggang Normal University, Huangzhou, China
| | - Wentao He
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, Huanggang Normal University, Huangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wentao He,
| | - Yushu Xiang
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guizhou, China
| | - Lijuan Long
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guizhou, China
| | - Shuhao Qin
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guizhou, China
| |
Collapse
|