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Chen KW, Zhou XY, Dai XJ, Chen YT, Li SX, Gong CH, Wang P, Mao P, Jiao Y, Chen K, Yang Y. Sulfur vacancy-rich bismuth sulfide nanowire derived from CAU-17 for radioactive iodine capture in complex environments: Performance and intrinsic mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 473:134584. [PMID: 38761762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Effective capture and immobilization of volatile radioiodine from the off-gas of post-treatment plants is crucial for nuclear safety and public health, considering its long half-life, high toxicity, and environmental mobility. Herein, sulfur vacancy-rich Vs-Bi2S3@C nanocomposites were systematically synthesized via a one-step solvothermal vulcanization of CAU-17 precursor. Batch adsorption experiments demonstrated that the as-synthesized materials exhibited superior iodine adsorption capacity (1505.8 mg g-1 at 200 °C), fast equilibrium time (60 min), and high chemisorption ratio (91.7%), which might benefit from the nanowire structure and abundant sulfur vacancies of Bi2S3. Furthermore, Vs-Bi2S3@C composites exhibited excellent iodine capture performance in complex environments (high temperatures, high humidity and radiation exposure). Mechanistic investigations revealed that the I2 capture by fabricated materials primarily involved the chemical adsorption between Bi2S3 and I2 to form BiI3, and the interaction of I2 with electrons provided by sulfur vacancies to form polyiodide anions (I3-). The post-adsorbed iodine samples were successfully immobilized into commercial glass fractions in a stable form (BixOyI), exhibiting a normalized iodine leaching rate of 3.81 × 10-5 g m-2 d-1. Overall, our work offers a novel strategy for the design of adsorbent materials tailed for efficient capture and immobilization of volatile radioiodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Wei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Shu-Xuan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Chun-Hui Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Ping Mao
- Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu Province, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Yan Jiao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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Zhao Q, Li X, Chen G, Wang Z, Tan C, Liu C, Zou H, Ma J, Zhu L, Duan T. Hydrophobic nanosheet silicalite-1 zeolite for iodine and methyl iodide capture. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134496. [PMID: 38718508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Effective capture of radioactive iodine from nuclear fuel reprocessing is of great importance for public safety as well as the secure utility of nuclear energy. In this work, a hydrophobic nanosheet silicalite-1 (NSL-1) zeolite with an adjustable size was developed for efficient iodine (I2) and methyl iodide (CH3I) adsorption. The optimized all-silica zeolite NSL-1 exhibits an excellent I2 uptake capacity of 553 mg/g within 45 min and a CH3I uptake capacity of 262 mg/g within 1 h. Benefiting from the reduced thickness and enhanced porosity, microporous NSL-1 possesses enhanced iodine adsorption capacity and fast adsorption kinetics, which is a considerable high value among inorganic materials. Unexpectedly, the remarkable characters of high hydrophobicity, acid-resistance and anti-oxidation endow it a higher iodine uptake capacity than traditional aluminosilicate zeolites. More importantly, the high uptake selectivity toward I2 possessed by NSL-1 owing to its hydrophobic skeleton under simulated dynamic conditions. The low cost, facile and scalable synthesis of NSL-1 further highlights great prospects for applications in the nuclear industry. This work provides useful insights for designing efficient adsorbents for iodine capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- National Co-Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu 610299, China; State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Xin Li
- China Nuclear Power Engineering Co.,Ltd, Beijing 100840, China
| | - Guangyuan Chen
- National Co-Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu 610299, China; State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Zeru Wang
- National Co-Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu 610299, China; State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Chuan Tan
- National Co-Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu 610299, China; State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- National Co-Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu 610299, China; State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Hao Zou
- National Co-Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu 610299, China; State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Jing Ma
- China Nuclear Power Engineering Co.,Ltd, Beijing 100840, China.
| | - Lin Zhu
- National Co-Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu 610299, China; State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Tao Duan
- National Co-Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu 610299, China; State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
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Tian Z, Hao Y, Chee TS, Cai H, Zhu L, Duan T, Xiao C. Hollow Core-Shell Bismuth Based Al-Doped Silica Materials for Powerful Co-Sequestration of Radioactive I 2 and CH 3I. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308451. [PMID: 38059738 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Developing pure inorganic materials capable of efficiently co-removing radioactive I2 and CH3I has always been a major challenge. Bismuth-based materials (BBMs) have garnered considerable attention due to their impressive I2 sorption capacity at high-temperature and cost-effectiveness. However, solely relying on bismuth components falls short in effectively removing CH3I and has not been systematically studied. Herein, a series of hollow mesoporous core-shell bifunctional materials with adjustable shell thickness and Si/Al ratio by using silica-coated Bi2O3 as a hard template and through simple alkaline-etching and CTAB-assisted surface coassembly methods (Bi@Al/SiO2) is successfully synthesized. By meticulously controlling the thickness of the shell layer and precisely tuning of the Si/Al ratio composition, the synthesis of BBMs capable of co-removing radioactive I2 and CH3I for the first time, demonstrating remarkable sorption capacities of 533.1 and 421.5 mg g-1, respectively is achieved. Both experimental and theoretical calculations indicate that the incorporation of acid sites within the shell layer is a key factor in achieving effective CH3I sorption. This innovative structural design of sorbent enables exceptional co-removal capabilities for both I2 and CH3I. Furthermore, the core-shell structure enhances the retention of captured iodine within the sorbents, which may further prevent potential leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjiang Tian
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yuxun Hao
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Tien-Shee Chee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - He Cai
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, 176 Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9QQ, UK
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of National Defense Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, P. R. China
| | - Tao Duan
- School of National Defense Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, P. R. China
| | - Chengliang Xiao
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
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Zhao Q, Wang S, Wu Y, Wang Y, Ma S, Shih K. Layered metal sulfides with M aS bc- framework (M = Sb, In, Sn) as ion exchangers for the removal of Cs(Ⅰ) and Sr(Ⅱ) from radioactive effluents: a review. Front Chem 2023; 11:1292979. [PMID: 38124703 PMCID: PMC10730671 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1292979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear power has emerged as a pivotal contributor to the global electricity supply owing to its high efficiency and low-carbon characteristics. However, the rapid expansion of the nuclear industry has resulted in the production of a significant amount of hazardous effluents that contain various radionuclides, such as 137Cs and 90Sr. Effectively removing 137Cs and 90Sr from radioactive effluents prior to discharge is a critical challenge. Layered metal sulfides exhibit significant potential as ion exchangers for the efficient uptake of Cs+ and Sr2+ from aqueous solutions owing to their open and exchangeable frameworks and the distinctive properties of their soft S2- ligands. This review provides a detailed account of layered metal sulfides with MaSb c- frameworks (M = Sb, In, Sn), including their synthesis methods, structural characteristics, and Cs+ and Sr2+ removal efficiencies. Furthermore, we highlight the advantages of layered metal sulfides, such as their relatively high ion exchange capacities, broad active pH ranges, and structural stability against acid and radiation, through a comparative evaluation with other conventional ion exchangers. Finally, we discuss the challenges regarding the practical application of layered metal sulfides in radionuclide scavenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR,China
| | - Shuai Wang
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yichun Wu
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR,China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR,China
| | - Shengshou Ma
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR,China
| | - Kaimin Shih
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR,China
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Yaqoob T, Ahmad M, Faiz Y, Ali F, Farooq A, Faiz F, Shah A, Irshad MA, Irfan N, Ali N, Mehmood S. Retention of methyl iodide on metal and TEDA impregnated activated carbon using indigenously developed setup. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:117133. [PMID: 37729960 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Removal of methyl iodide (CH3I) from the air present within nuclear facilities is a critical issue. In case of any nuclear accident, there is a great need to mitigate the radioactive organic iodide immediately as it accumulates in human bodies, causing severe consequences. Current research focuses on removing organic iodides, for which the surface of activated carbon (AC) was modified by impregnating it with different metals individually, i.e. Ag, Ni, Zn, Cu and with the novel combination of these four metals (AZNC). After the impregnation of metals, triethylenediamine (TEDA) was coated on metal impregnated activated carbon (IAC) surface. The adsorption capacity of the combination of four metals IAC was found to be 276 mg/g as the maximum for the trapping of CH3I. Whereas TEDA-metal impregnation on ACs enhanced the removal efficiency of CH3I up to 352 mg/g. After impregnation, adsorption capacity of AZNC and AZNCT is significantly higher as compared to AC. According to the finding, t5% of AZNCT IAC is 46 min, which is considerably higher than the t5% of other tested adsorbents. According to isotherm fitting data, Langmuir isotherm was found superior for describing CH3I sorption onto AC and IACs. Kinetics study shows that pseudo second order model represented the sorption of CH3I more accurately than the pseudo first order. Thermodynamic studies gave negative value of ΔG which shows that the reaction is spontaneous in nature. Based on the findings, AZNCT IAC appears to have a great potential for air purification applications in order to obtain clean environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talhat Yaqoob
- Hazardous Air Pollutants Laboratory, Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Masroor Ahmad
- Hazardous Air Pollutants Laboratory, Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Faiz
- Chemistry Division, Directorate of Science, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Farman Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Farooq
- Hazardous Air Pollutants Laboratory, Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Faiz
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Attaullah Shah
- National Institute of Lasers and Optronics College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asim Irshad
- Hazardous Air Pollutants Laboratory, Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Naseem Irfan
- Hazardous Air Pollutants Laboratory, Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nisar Ali
- Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Mineral Salt Deep Utilization, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, PR China
| | - Sahid Mehmood
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan.
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Cao J, Duan S, Zhao Q, Chen G, Wang Z, Liu R, Zhu L, Duan T. Three-Dimensional-Network-Structured Bismuth-Based Silica Aerogel Fiber Felt for Highly Efficient Immobilization of Iodine. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:12910-12919. [PMID: 37649325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The effective capture and deposition of radioactive iodine in the spent fuel reprocessing process is of great importance for nuclear safety and environmental protection. Three-dimensional (3D) fiber felt with structural diversity and tunability is applied as an efficient adsorbent with easy separation for iodine capture. Here, a bismuth-based silica aerogel fiber felt (Bi@SNF) was synthesized using a facile hydrothermal method. Abundant and homogeneous Bi nanoparticles greatly enhanced the adsorption and immobilization of iodine. Notably, Bi@SNF demonstrated a high capture capacity of 982.9 mg/g by forming stable BiI3 and Bi5O7I phases, which was about 14 times higher than that of the unloaded material. Fast uptake kinetics and excellent resistance to nitric acid and radiation were exhibited as a result of the 3D porous interconnected network and silica aerogel fiber substrate. Adjustable size and easy separation and recovery give the material potential as a radioactive iodine gas capture material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
- Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610299, People's Republic of China
- National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyihan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
- Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610299, People's Republic of China
- National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
- Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610299, People's Republic of China
- National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
- Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610299, People's Republic of China
- National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
- Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610299, People's Republic of China
- National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
- Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610299, People's Republic of China
- National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
- Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610299, People's Republic of China
- National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
- Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610299, People's Republic of China
- National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
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