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Peng C, Zhang S, Li X. A Novel DLLME Method Involving a Solidifying Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvent Using Hydrophilic Deep Eutectic Solvent as the Dispersant for the Determination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Water Samples. Molecules 2024; 29:3480. [PMID: 39124885 PMCID: PMC11314396 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a novel dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) method that employs solidified hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (DES) with hydrophilic DES acting as the dispersant. The aim is to enrich polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from water samples for subsequent determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The effects of both the hydrophobic DES as the extractant and the hydrophilic DES as the dispersant were thoroughly investigated. Optimization of the key factors influencing extraction efficiency was performed, and the method was subsequently validated. Specifically, a hydrophobic DES called DES2, prepared by combining thymol and decanoic acid in a molar ratio of 3:2, was selected as the extraction solvent. Meanwhile, a hydrophilic DES named DES6, prepared from choline chloride and acetic acid in a molar ratio of 1:2, was chosen as a dispersant. Under the optimal extraction conditions, the developed method exhibited excellent linearity over the concentration range of 0.01-5.0 µg/L, low limits of detection ranging from 3.0 to 5.1 ng/L, relative standard deviations less than 4.1%, and enrichment factors between 182 and 204 for PCBs. Finally, the effectiveness of the developed method was successfully demonstrated through residue determination of PCBs in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlong Peng
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou 318000, China; (C.P.); (S.Z.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Shuochen Zhang
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou 318000, China; (C.P.); (S.Z.)
| | - Xin Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
- School of Food and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
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Girotto OS, Furlan OO, Moretti Junior RC, Goulart RDA, Baldi Junior E, Barbalho-Lamas C, Fornari Laurindo L, Barbalho SM. Effects of apples ( Malus domestica) and their derivatives on metabolic conditions related to inflammation and oxidative stress and an overview of by-products use in food processing. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-32. [PMID: 39049560 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2372690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Apple (Malus domestica) is the third most produced fruit worldwide. It is a well-known source of bioactive compounds mainly represented by hydroxycinnamic acids, flavan-3-ols, dihydrochalcones, dehydroascorbic acid, carotenoids, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, and phloridzin. Due to the lack of a recent evaluation of the clinical trials associated with apple consumption, this review investigated the effects of this fruit on metabolic conditions related to inflammation and oxidative stress and reviewed the applications of apple waste on food products. Thirty-three studies showed that apples or its derivatives exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions, improve blood pressure, body fat, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and reduce cardiovascular risks. Apples have a great economic impact due to its several applications in the food industry and as a food supplement since it has impressive nutritional value. Dietary fiber from the fruit pomace can be used as a substitute for fat in food products or as an improver of fiber content in meat products. It can also be used in bakery and confectionary products or be fermented to produce alcohol. Pomace phytocompounds can also be isolated and applied as antioxidants in food products. The potential for the use of apples and by-products in the food industry can reduce environmental damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otávio Simões Girotto
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, SP, Brazil
| | - Otávio Oliveira Furlan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo de Alvares Goulart
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation - UNIMAR, Marília, SP, Brazil
| | - Edgar Baldi Junior
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation - UNIMAR, Marília, SP, Brazil
| | - Caroline Barbalho-Lamas
- Department of Gerontology, School of Gerontology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Fornari Laurindo
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina de Marília (FAMEMA), Marília, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandra M Barbalho
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, SP, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation - UNIMAR, Marília, SP, Brazil
- School of Food and Technonolgy of Marilia (FATEC), São Paulo, Brazil
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Lu Y, Tang H, Chen F, Tang W, Dessie W, Liao Y, Qin Z. Extraction and Biological Activity of Lignanoids from Magnolia officinalis Rehder & E.H.Wilson Residual Waste Biomass Using Deep Eutectic Solvents. Molecules 2024; 29:2352. [PMID: 38792212 PMCID: PMC11124428 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Lignanoids are an active ingredient exerting powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in the treatment of many diseases. In order to improve the efficiency of the resource utilization of traditional Chinese medicine waste, Magnolia officinalis Rehder & E.H.Wilson residue (MOR) waste biomass was used as raw material in this study, and a series of deep eutectic solvents (ChUre, ChAce, ChPro, ChCit, ChOxa, ChMal, ChLac, ChLev, ChGly and ChEG) were selected to evaluate the extraction efficiency of lignanoids from MORs. The results showed that the best conditions for lignanoid extraction were a liquid-solid ratio of 40.50 mL/g, an HBD-HBA ratio of 2.06, a water percentage of 29.3%, an extract temperature of 337.65 K, and a time of 107 min. Under these conditions, the maximum lignanoid amount was 39.18 mg/g. In addition, the kinetics of the extraction process were investigated by mathematic modeling. In our antioxidant activity study, high antioxidant activity of the lignanoid extract was shown in scavenging four different types of free radicals (DPPH, ·OH, ABTS, and superoxide anions). At a concentration of 3 mg/mL, the total antioxidant capacity of the lignanoid extract was 1.795 U/mL, which was equal to 0.12 mg/mL of Vc solution. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity study found that the lignanoid extract exhibited good antibacterial effects against six tested pathogens. Among them, Staphylococcus aureus exerted the strongest antibacterial activity. Eventually, the correlation of the lignanoid extract with the biological activity and physicochemical properties of DESs is described using a heatmap, along with the evaluation of the in vitro hypoglycemic, in vitro hypolipidemic, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activity of the lignanoid extract. These findings can provide a theoretical foundation for the extraction of high-value components from waste biomass by deep eutectic solvents, as well as highlighting its specific significance in natural product development and utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425199, China
| | - Haishan Tang
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425199, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Development and Utilization of Biomass Resources, Yongzhou 425199, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Dominant Plant Resources in Southern Hunan, Yongzhou 425199, China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425199, China
| | - Wufei Tang
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425199, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Development and Utilization of Biomass Resources, Yongzhou 425199, China
| | - Wubliker Dessie
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425199, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Development and Utilization of Biomass Resources, Yongzhou 425199, China
| | - Yunhui Liao
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425199, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Development and Utilization of Biomass Resources, Yongzhou 425199, China
| | - Zuodong Qin
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425199, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Development and Utilization of Biomass Resources, Yongzhou 425199, China
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Liao Y, Chen F, Tang H, Dessie W, Qin Z. Combination of a Deep Eutectic Solvent and Macroporous Resin for Green Recovery of Iridoids, Chlorogenic Acid, and Flavonoids from Eucommia ulmoides Leaves. Molecules 2024; 29:737. [PMID: 38338480 PMCID: PMC10856201 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
To increase the effectiveness of using typical biomass waste as a resource, iridoids, chlorogenic acid, and flavonoids from the waste biomass of Eucommia ulmoides leaves (EULs) were extracted by deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in conjunction with macroporous resin. To optimize the extract conditions, the experiment of response surface was employed with the single-factor of DES composition molar ratio, liquid-solid ratio, water percentage, extraction temperature, and extraction time. The findings demonstrated that the theoretical simulated extraction yield of chlorogenic acid (CGA), geniposidic acid (GPA), aucubin (AU), geniposide (GP), rutin (RU), and isoquercetin (IQU) were 42.8, 137.2, 156.7, 5.4, 13.5, and 12.8 mg/g, respectively, under optimal conditions (hydrogen bond donor-hydrogen bond acceptor molar ratio of 1.96, liquid-solid ratio of 28.89 mL/g, water percentage of 38.44%, temperature of 317.36 K, and time of 55.59 min). Then, 12 resins were evaluated for their adsorption and desorption capabilities for the target components, and the HPD950 resin was found to operate at its optimum. Additionally, the HPD950 resin demonstrated significant sustainability and considerable potential in the recyclability test. Finally, the hypoglycemic in vitro, hypolipidemic in vitro, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects of EUL extract were evaluated, and the correlation analysis of six active components with biological activity and physicochemical characteristics of DESs by heatmap were discussed. The findings of this study can offer a theoretical foundation for the extraction of valuable components by DESs from waste biomass, as well as specific utility benefits for the creation and development of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhui Liao
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425199, China; (Y.L.); (F.C.); (H.T.); (W.D.)
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Development and Utilization of Biomass Resources, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425199, China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425199, China; (Y.L.); (F.C.); (H.T.); (W.D.)
| | - Haishan Tang
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425199, China; (Y.L.); (F.C.); (H.T.); (W.D.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Dominant Plant Resources in Southern Hunan, Yongzhou 425199, China
| | - Wubliker Dessie
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425199, China; (Y.L.); (F.C.); (H.T.); (W.D.)
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Development and Utilization of Biomass Resources, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425199, China
| | - Zuodong Qin
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425199, China; (Y.L.); (F.C.); (H.T.); (W.D.)
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Development and Utilization of Biomass Resources, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425199, China
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