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Elton L, Kasaragod S, Donoghue H, Safar HA, Amankwah P, Zumla A, Witney AA, McHugh TD. Mapping the phylogeny and lineage history of geographically distinct BCG vaccine strains. Microb Genom 2023; 9:mgen001077. [PMID: 37526642 PMCID: PMC10483423 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been in use for prevention of tuberculosis for over a century. It remains the only widely available tuberculosis vaccine and its protective efficacy has varied across geographical regions. Since it was developed, the BCG vaccine strain has been shared across different laboratories around the world, where use of differing culture methods has resulted in genetically distinct strains over time. Whilst differing BCG vaccine efficacy around the world is well documented, and the reasons for this may be multifactorial, it has been hypothesized that genetic differences in BCG vaccine strains contribute to this variation. Isolates from an historic archive of lyophilized BCG strains were regrown, DNA was extracted and then whole-genome sequenced using Oxford Nanopore Technologies. The resulting whole-genome data were plotted on a phylogenetic tree and analysed to identify the presence or absence of regions of difference (RDs) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) relating to virulence, growth and cell wall structure. Of 50 strains available, 36 were revived in culture and 39 were sequenced. Morphology differed between the strains distributed before and after 1934. There was phylogenetic association amongst certain geographically classified strains, most notably BCG-Russia, BCG-Japan and BCG-Danish. RD2, RD171 and RD713 deletions were associated with late strains (seeded after 1927). When mapped to BCG-Pasteur 1172, the SNPs in sigK, plaA, mmaA3 and eccC5 were associated with early strains. Whilst BCG-Russia, BCG-Japan and BCG-Danish showed strong geographical isolate clustering, the late strains, including BCG-Pasteur, showed more variation. A wide range of SNPs were seen within geographically classified strains, and as much intra-strain variation as between-strain variation was seen. The date of distribution from the original Pasteur laboratory (early pre-1927 or late post-1927) gave the strongest association with genetic differences in regions of difference and virulence-related SNPs, which agrees with the previous literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linzy Elton
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sandeep Kasaragod
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - Helen Donoghue
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hussain A. Safar
- Genomics, Proteomics and Cellomics Sciences Research Unit (OMICSRU), Research Core Facility, Health Sciences Centre, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Priscilla Amankwah
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Adam A. Witney
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - Timothy D. McHugh
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
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Liu C, Xiao K, Xie L. Progress in preclinical studies of macrophage autophagy in the regulation of ALI/ARDS. Front Immunol 2022; 13:922702. [PMID: 36059534 PMCID: PMC9433910 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.922702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a critical clinical syndrome with high morbidity and mortality that poses a major challenge in critical care medicine. The development of ALI/ARDS involves excessive inflammatory response, and macrophage autophagy plays an important role in regulating the inflammatory response in ALI/ARDS. In this paper, we review the effects of autophagy in regulating macrophage function, discuss the roles of macrophage autophagy in ALI/ARDS, and highlight drugs and other interventions that can modulate macrophage autophagy in ALI/ARDS to improve the understanding of the mechanism of macrophage autophagy in ALI/ARDS and provide new ideas and further research directions for the treatment of ALI/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- College of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Xiao
- College of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Kun Xiao, ; Lixin Xie,
| | - Lixin Xie
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- College of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Kun Xiao, ; Lixin Xie,
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Kaewseekhao B, Roytrakul S, Yingchutrakul Y, Laohaviroj M, Salao K, Faksri K. Characterisation of secretome-based immune responses of human leukocytes infected with various Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11565. [PMID: 34141493 PMCID: PMC8180191 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Differences in immune responses against different lineages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), and by different types of immune cell, are still poorly understood. We aimed to compare the secretome-based immune responses among three Mtb lineages and among immune-cell types. The immune responses were also investigated during infection and when the bacilli had been eliminated from the immune cells. Methods Human primary leukocytes were infected with strains representing three lineages of Mtb (East-Asian, Indo-Oceanic and Euro-American). Label-free GeLC MS/MS proteomic analysis of secretomes was performed. The response of each immune-cell type was compared with the appropriate interactome database for each. Results The expression pattern of proteins secreted by Mtb-infected leukocytes differed among Mtb lineages. The ancestral lineage (IO lineage) had a greater ability to activate MMP14 (associated with leukocyte migration) than did the more recent lineages (EA and EuA). During infection, proteins secreted by macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils and B-cells were associated with cell proliferation. Following clearance of Mtb, proteins associated with interferon signaling were found in macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils: proteins associated with antigen processing were found in B-cells and regulatory T-cells. Expression of immune response-related proteins from many immune-cell types might be suppressed by Mtb infection. Our study has provided a better insight into the host-pathogen interaction and immune response against different Mtb lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjawan Kaewseekhao
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Yodying Yingchutrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Marut Laohaviroj
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kanin Salao
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kiatichai Faksri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Pandey RP, Kumar S, Ahmad S, Vibhuti A, Raj VS, Verma AK, Sharma P, Leal E. Use Chou's 5-steps rule to evaluate protective efficacy induced by antigenic proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles. Life Sci 2020; 256:117961. [PMID: 32534039 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The study focuses on whether antigenic proteins encapsulated in biopolymeric nanoparticles can augment protective efficacy. Chitosan nanoparticles (ChN) were prepared by ionic gelation method and Culture Filtrate Proteins (CFP) - CFP-10 and CFP-21 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) were encapsulated in ChN. The binding efficiency of nanoparticles with CFP-10 and CFP-21 proteins was confirmed by UV-Spectrophotometer. The efficacy of nanoparticles-encapsulated antigenic proteins administered intraperitoneal against Mtb aerosol infection was evaluated in Balb/c mice. Protection study was done by bacterial counts [CFU]. CFP-10 and CFP-21 proteins primed cells demonstrated a Th1 bias T cell response in an ex vivo assay. ChN-CFP10 and ChN-CFP21 nanoparticles have both protective and therapeutic potential against Mtb. In the group of mice immunized with CHN-CFP-10 the number of colonies reduced significantly from day 15 to day 60. ChN-CFP-21 showed maximum protection in ChN-CFP-21 immunized mice. ChN-CFP-10 and ChN-CFP-21 clearly showed enhanced protection against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramendra Pati Pandey
- Centre for Drug Design Discovery and Development (C4D), SRM University, Delhi-NCR, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonepat 131 029, Haryana, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- ICGEB (International Centre For Genetic Engineering And Biotechnology), New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Saheem Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arpana Vibhuti
- Centre for Drug Design Discovery and Development (C4D), SRM University, Delhi-NCR, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonepat 131 029, Haryana, India.
| | - V Samuel Raj
- Centre for Drug Design Discovery and Development (C4D), SRM University, Delhi-NCR, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonepat 131 029, Haryana, India.
| | - Anita Kamra Verma
- Nano-Biotech Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110003, India
| | - Pawan Sharma
- ICGEB (International Centre For Genetic Engineering And Biotechnology), New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Elcio Leal
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Para 66075-000, Brazil.
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Paradoxical Pro-inflammatory Responses by Human Macrophages to an Amoebae Host-Adapted Legionella Effector. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:571-584.e7. [PMID: 32220647 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila has co-evolved with amoebae, their natural hosts. Upon transmission to humans, the bacteria proliferate within alveolar macrophages causing pneumonia. Here, we show L. pneumophila injects the effector LamA, an amylase, into the cytosol of human macrophage (hMDMs) and amoebae to rapidly degrade glycogen to generate cytosolic hyper-glucose. In response, hMDMs shift their metabolism to aerobic glycolysis, which directly triggers an M1-like pro-inflammatory differentiation and nutritional innate immunity through enhanced tryptophan degradation. This leads to a modest restriction of bacterial proliferation in hMDMs. In contrast, LamA-mediated glycogenolysis in amoebae deprives the natural host from the main building blocks for synthesis of the cellulose-rich cyst wall, leading to subversion of amoeba encystation. This is non-permissive for bacterial proliferation. Therefore, LamA of L. pneumophila is an amoebae host-adapted effector that subverts encystation of the amoebae natural host, and the paradoxical hMDMs' pro-inflammatory response is likely an evolutionary accident.
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