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Zheng Q, Li Z, Zhou Y, Li Y, Gong M, Sun H, Deng X, Ma Y. Heparin-Binding Hemagglutinin of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Inhibits Autophagy via Toll-like Receptor 4 and Drives M2 Polarization in Macrophages. J Infect Dis 2024; 230:323-335. [PMID: 38266152 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB), predominantly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection, remains a prominent global health challenge. Macrophages are the frontline defense against MTB, relying on autophagy for intracellular bacterial clearance. However, MTB can combat and evade autophagy, and it influences macrophage polarization, facilitating immune evasion and promoting infection. We previously found that heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA) inhibits autophagy in A549 cells; however, its role in macrophage autophagy and polarization remains unclear. METHODS Bacterial cultures, cell cultures, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, macrophage infection assays, siRNA knockdown, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to investigate HBHA's impact on macrophages and its relevance in Mycobacterium infection. RESULTS HBHA inhibited macrophage autophagy. Expression of recombinant HBHA in Mycobacterium smegmatis (rMS-HBHA) inhibited autophagy, promoting bacterial survival within macrophages. Conversely, HBHA knockout in the Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) mutant (BCG-ΔHBHA) activated autophagy and reduced bacterial survival. Mechanistic investigations revealed that HBHA may inhibit macrophage autophagy through the Toll-like receptor 4-dependent PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway. Furthermore, HBHA induced macrophage M2 polarization. CONCLUSIONS Mycobacterium may exploit HBHA to suppress the antimicrobial immune response in macrophages, facilitating intracellular survival and immune evasion through autophagy inhibition and M2 polarization induction. Our findings may help identify novel therapeutic targets and develop more effective treatments against MTB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital
| | - Zhi Li
- Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital
| | - Yuru Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital
| | - Meiliang Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital
| | - Heqiang Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital
| | - Xinli Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital
| | - Yueyun Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Air Force Medical Center, Beijing, China
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2
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Paroha R, Wang J, Lee S. PDCD4 as a marker of mTOR pathway activation and therapeutic target in mycobacterial infections. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0006224. [PMID: 38912807 PMCID: PMC11302300 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00062-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4) is instrumental in regulating a range of cellular processes such as translation, apoptosis, signal transduction, and inflammatory responses. There is a notable inverse correlation between PDCD4 and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which is integral to cellular growth control. Activation of mTOR is associated with the degradation of PDCD4. Although the role of PDCD4 is well established in oncogenesis and immune response regulation, its function in mycobacterial infections and its interplay with the mTOR pathway necessitate further elucidation. This study investigates the modulation of PDCD4 expression in the context of mycobacterial infections, revealing a consistent pattern of downregulation across diverse mycobacterial species. This observation underscores the potential utility of PDCD4 as a biomarker for assessing mTOR pathway activation during such infections. Building on this finding, we employed a novel approach using PDCD4-based mTOR (Tor)-signal-indicator (TOSI) reporter cells for the high-throughput screening of FDA-approved drugs, focusing on mTOR inhibitors. This methodology facilitated the identification of several agents, inclusive of known mTOR inhibitors, which upregulated PDCD4 expression and concurrently exhibited efficacy in impeding mycobacterial proliferation within macrophages. These results not only reinforce the significance of PDCD4 as a pivotal marker in the understanding of infectious diseases, particularly mycobacterial infections, but also illuminate its potential in the identification of mTOR inhibitors, thereby contributing to the advancement of therapeutic strategies. IMPORTANCE This study emphasizes the critical role of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in macrophage responses to mycobacterial infections, elucidating how mycobacteria activate mTOR, resulting in PDCD4 degradation. The utilization of the (Tor)-signal-indicator (TOSI) vector for real-time monitoring of mTOR activity represents a significant advancement in understanding mTOR regulation during mycobacterial infection. These findings deepen our comprehension of mycobacteria's innate immune mechanisms and introduce PDCD4 as a novel marker for mTOR activity in infectious diseases. Importantly, this research laid the groundwork for high-throughput screening of mTOR inhibitors using FDA-approved drugs, offering the potential for repurposing treatments against mycobacterial infections. The identification of drugs that inhibit mTOR activation opens new avenues for host-directed therapies, marking a significant step forward in combating tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Paroha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Sunhee Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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3
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Bauer M, Ermolaeva M, Singer M, Wetzker R, Soares MP. Hormesis as an adaptive response to infection. Trends Mol Med 2024; 30:633-641. [PMID: 38744580 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Hormesis is a phenomenon whereby low-level stress can improve cellular, organ, or organismal fitness in response to a subsequent similar or other stress insult. Whereas hormesis is thought to contribute to the fitness benefits arising from symbiotic host-microbe interactions, the putative benefits of hormesis in host-pathogen interactions have yet to be explored. Hormetic responses have nonetheless been reported in experimental models of infection, a common feature of which is regulation of host mitochondrial function. We propose that these mitohormetic responses could be harnessed therapeutically to limit the severity of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
| | - Maria Ermolaeva
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Mervyn Singer
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Reinhard Wetzker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Miguel P Soares
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
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4
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Rahlwes KC, Dias BR, Campos PC, Alvarez-Arguedas S, Shiloh MU. Pathogenicity and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Virulence 2023; 14:2150449. [PMID: 36419223 PMCID: PMC9817126 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of tuberculosis, an infectious disease with one of the highest morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Leveraging its highly evolved repertoire of non-protein and protein virulence factors, Mtb invades through the airway, subverts host immunity, establishes its survival niche, and ultimately escapes in the setting of active disease to initiate another round of infection in a naive host. In this review, we will provide a concise synopsis of the infectious life cycle of Mtb and its clinical and epidemiologic significance. We will also take stock of its virulence factors and pathogenic mechanisms that modulate host immunity and facilitate its spread. Developing a greater understanding of the interface between Mtb virulence factors and host defences will enable progress toward improved vaccines and therapeutics to prevent and treat tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C. Rahlwes
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Beatriz R.S. Dias
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Priscila C. Campos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Samuel Alvarez-Arguedas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael U. Shiloh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,CONTACT Michael U. Shiloh
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5
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Deng F, Xu P, Miao J, Jin C, Tu H, Zhang J. Pulmonary tuberculosis biomarker miR-215-5p inhibits autophagosome-lysosome fusion in macrophages. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 143:102422. [PMID: 37925930 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The normal autophagy flux is beneficial for the rapid elimination of phagocytic pathogens by macrophages. However, Mycobacterium tuberculosis interferes with the autophagy flux of macrophages to weaken their immune function and evade immune surveillance. In this study, we found that miRNA-215-5p was downregulated in tuberculosis patients. A potential diagnostic model for tuberculosis was established by combining miRNA-215-5p with three others differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNA-145-5p, miRNA-486-5p and miRNA-628-3p). Furthermore, we discovered that the up-regulated miRNA-215-5p could inhibit the maturation of autophagy by preventing the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes in macrophages. The role of TB-specific miRNA-215-5p in inhibiting auto-lysosome formation provides evidence of its potential role in Host-directed therapy for tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Deng
- School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
| | - Jiahong Miao
- School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
| | - Huihui Tu
- School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China.
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China.
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6
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Ma B, Nie X, Liu L, Li M, Chen Q, Liu Y, Hou Y, Yang Y, Xu J. GSK2656157, a PERK Inhibitor, Alleviates Pyroptosis of Macrophages Induced by Mycobacterium Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16239. [PMID: 38003429 PMCID: PMC10671627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of human death worldwide due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Mtb infection can cause macrophage pyroptosis. PERK, as a signaling pathway protein on the endoplasmic reticulum, plays an important role in infectious diseases. It is not clear whether PERK is involved in the regulation of pyroptosis of macrophages during Mtb infection. In this study, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) infection resulted in high expression of pro-caspase-1, caspase-1 p20, GSDMD-N, and p-PERK in the THP-1 macrophage, being downregulated with the pre-treatment of GSK2656157, a PERK inhibitor. In addition, GSK2656157 inhibited the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18, cell content release, and cell membrane rupture, as well as the decline in cell viability induced by BCG infection. Similarly, GSK2656157 treatment downregulated the expressions of pro-caspase-1, caspase-1 p20, caspase-11, IL-1β p17, IL-18 p22, GSDMD, GSDMD-N, and p-PERK, as well as reducing fibrous tissue hyperplasia, inflammatory infiltration, and the bacterial load in the lung tissue of C57BL/6J mice infected with BCG. In conclusion, the inhibition of PERK alleviated pyroptosis induced by BCG infection, which has an effect of resisting infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boli Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (B.M.); (X.N.); (L.L.); (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xueyi Nie
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (B.M.); (X.N.); (L.L.); (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (B.M.); (X.N.); (L.L.); (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (B.M.); (X.N.); (L.L.); (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (B.M.); (X.N.); (L.L.); (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yueyang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (B.M.); (X.N.); (L.L.); (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yuxin Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (B.M.); (X.N.); (L.L.); (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (B.M.); (X.N.); (L.L.); (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Jinrui Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (B.M.); (X.N.); (L.L.); (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
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Yuk JM, Park EJ, Kim IS, Jo EK. Itaconate family-based host-directed therapeutics for infections. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1203756. [PMID: 37261340 PMCID: PMC10228716 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1203756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Itaconate is a crucial anti-infective and anti-inflammatory immunometabolite that accumulates upon disruption of the Krebs cycle in effector macrophages undergoing inflammatory stress. Esterified derivatives of itaconate (4-octyl itaconate and dimethyl itaconate) and its isomers (mesaconate and citraconate) are promising candidate drugs for inflammation and infection. Several itaconate family members participate in host defense, immune and metabolic modulation, and amelioration of infection, although opposite effects have also been reported. However, the precise mechanisms by which itaconate and its family members exert its effects are not fully understood. In addition, contradictory results in different experimental settings and a lack of clinical data make it difficult to draw definitive conclusions about the therapeutic potential of itaconate. Here we review how the immune response gene 1-itaconate pathway is activated during infection and its role in host defense and pathogenesis in a context-dependent manner. Certain pathogens can use itaconate to establish infections. Finally, we briefly discuss the major mechanisms by which itaconate family members exert antimicrobial effects. To thoroughly comprehend how itaconate exerts its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, additional research on the actual mechanism of action is necessary. This review examines the current state of itaconate research in infection and identifies the key challenges and opportunities for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Yuk
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Infection Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Park
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - In Soo Kim
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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8
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Kim YJ, Park EJ, Lee SH, Silwal P, Kim JK, Yang JS, Whang J, Jang J, Kim JM, Jo EK. Dimethyl itaconate is effective in host-directed antimicrobial responses against mycobacterial infections through multifaceted innate immune pathways. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:49. [PMID: 36882813 PMCID: PMC9993662 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-00992-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Itaconate, a crucial immunometabolite, plays a critical role in linking immune and metabolic functions to influence host defense and inflammation. Due to its polar structure, the esterified cell-permeable derivatives of itaconate are being developed to provide therapeutic opportunities in infectious and inflammatory diseases. Yet, it remains largely uncharacterized whether itaconate derivatives have potentials in promoting host-directed therapeutics (HDT) against mycobacterial infections. Here, we report dimethyl itaconate (DMI) as the promising candidate for HDT against both Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and nontuberculous mycobacteria by orchestrating multiple innate immune programs. RESULTS DMI per se has low bactericidal activity against Mtb, M. bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), and M. avium (Mav). However, DMI robustly activated intracellular elimination of multiple mycobacterial strains (Mtb, BCG, Mav, and even to multidrug-resistant Mtb) in macrophages and in vivo. DMI significantly suppressed the production of interleukin-6 and -10, whereas it enhanced autophagy and phagosomal maturation, during Mtb infection. DMI-mediated autophagy partly contributed to antimicrobial host defenses in macrophages. Moreover, DMI significantly downregulated the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling during infection with Mtb, BCG, and Mav. CONCLUSION Together, DMI has potent anti-mycobacterial activities in macrophages and in vivo through promoting multifaceted ways for innate host defenses. DMI may bring light to new candidate for HDT against Mtb and nontuberculous mycobacteria, both of which infections are often intractable with antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jae Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Park
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Lee
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Prashanta Silwal
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jin Kyung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jeong Seong Yang
- Department of Research and Development, Korea Mycobacterium Resource Center (KMRC), The Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Osong, 28158, South Korea
| | - Jake Whang
- Department of Research and Development, Korea Mycobacterium Resource Center (KMRC), The Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Osong, 28158, South Korea
| | - Jichan Jang
- Division of Life Science, Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK21 Four Program), Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Jin-Man Kim
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Pathology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea. .,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea. .,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.
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9
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Gupta SK, Wilson T, Maclean PH, Rehm BHA, Heiser A, Buddle BM, Wedlock DN. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens induce cellular immune responses in cattle without causing reactivity to tuberculin in the tuberculosis skin test. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1087015. [PMID: 36741398 PMCID: PMC9889921 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1087015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes chronic progressive granulomatous enteritis leading to diarrhea, weight-loss, and eventual death in ruminants. Commercially available vaccine provides only partial protection against MAP infection and can interfere with the use of current diagnostic tests for bovine tuberculosis in cattle. Here, we characterized immune responses in calves to vaccines containing four truncated MAP antigens as a fusion (Ag85A202-347-SOD1-72-Ag85B173-330-74F1-148+669-786), either displayed on protein particles, or expressed as a soluble recombinant MAP (rMAP) fusion protein as well as to commercially available Silirum® vaccine. The rMAP fusion protein elicited the strongest antigen-specific antibody responses to both PPDA and recombinant antigen and strong and long-lasting T-cell immune responses to these antigens, as indicated by increased production of IFN-γ and IL-17A in antigen-stimulated whole blood cultures. The MAP fusion protein particle vaccine induced minimal antibody responses and weak IFN-γ responses but stimulated IL-17A responses to recombinant antigen. The immune response profile of Silirum® vaccine was characterized by weak antibodies and strong IFN-γ and IL-17A responses to PPDA. Transcription analysis on antigen-stimulated leukocytes from cattle vaccinated with rMAP fusion protein showed differential expression of several immune response genes and genes involved in costimulatory signaling, TLR4, TLR2, PTX3, PTGS2, PD-L1, IL1B, IL2, IL6, IL12B, IL17A, IL22, IFNG, CD40, and CD86. Moreover, the expression of several genes of immune pathways correlated with cellular immune responses in the rMAP fusion protein vaccinated group. These genes have key roles in pathways of mycobacterial immunity, including autophagy, manipulation of macrophage-mediated killing, Th17- and regulatory T cells- (Treg) mediated responses. Calves vaccinated with either the rMAP fusion protein or MAP fusion protein particle vaccine did not induce reactivity to PPDA and PPDB in a comparative cervical skin test, whereas Silirum® induced reactivity to these tuberculins in most of the vaccinated animals. Overall, our results suggest that a combination of recombinant MAP antigens in the form of a soluble fusion protein vaccine are capable of inducing strong antigen-specific humoral and a balanced Th1/Th17-cell immune response. These findings, together with the absence of reactivity to tuberculin, suggest this subunit vaccine could provide protective immunity against intracellular MAP infection in cattle without compromising the use of current bovine tuberculosis surveillance test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K. Gupta
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand,*Correspondence: Sandeep K. Gupta,
| | - Tania Wilson
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Bernd H. A. Rehm
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,Menzies Health Institute Queensland (MHIQ), Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Axel Heiser
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Bryce M. Buddle
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - D. Neil Wedlock
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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10
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Jeong EK, Lee HJ, Jung YJ. Host-Directed Therapies for Tuberculosis. Pathogens 2022; 11:1291. [PMID: 36365041 PMCID: PMC9697779 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, consistently threatening public health. Conventional tuberculosis treatment requires a long-term treatment regimen and is associated with side effects. The efficacy of antitubercular drugs has decreased with the emergence of drug-resistant TB; therefore, the development of new TB treatment strategies is urgently needed. In this context, we present host-directed therapy (HDT) as an alternative to current tuberculosis therapy. Unlike antitubercular drugs that directly target Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of TB, HDT is an approach for treating TB that appropriately modulates host immune responses. HDT primarily aims to enhance the antimicrobial activity of the host in order to control Mtb infection and attenuate excessive inflammation in order to minimize tissue damage. Recently, research based on the repositioning of drugs for use in HDT has been in progress. Based on the overall immune responses against Mtb infection and the immune-evasion mechanisms of Mtb, this review examines the repositioned drugs available for HDT and their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Kwon Jeong
- BIT Medical Convergence Graduate Program, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Hyo-Ji Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Kangwon Radiation Convergence Research Support Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- BIT Medical Convergence Graduate Program, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Kangwon Radiation Convergence Research Support Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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11
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Seto S, Nakamura H, Guo TC, Hikichi H, Wakabayashi K, Miyabayashi A, Nagata T, Hijikata M, Keicho N. Spatial multiomic profiling reveals the novel polarization of foamy macrophages within necrotic granulomatous lesions developed in lungs of C3HeB/FeJ mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:968543. [PMID: 36237431 PMCID: PMC9551193 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.968543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis leads to the development of tuberculosis (TB) with the formation of granulomatous lesions. Foamy macrophages (FM) are a hallmark of TB granulomas, because they provide the primary platform of M. tuberculosis proliferation and the main source of caseous necrosis. In this study, we applied spatial multiomic profiling to identify the signatures of FM within the necrotic granulomas developed in a mouse model resembling human TB histopathology. C3HeB/FeJ mice were infected with M. tuberculosis to induce the formation of necrotic granulomas in the lungs. Using laser microdissection, necrotic granulomas were fractionated into three distinct regions, including the central caseous necrosis, the rim containing FM, and the peripheral layer of macrophages and lymphocytes, and subjected to proteomic and transcriptomic analyses. Comparison of proteomic and transcriptomic analyses of three distinct granulomatous regions revealed that four proteins/genes are commonly enriched in the rim region. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the localization of identified signatures to the rim of necrotic granulomas. We also investigated the localization of the representative markers for M1 macrophages in granulomas because the signatures of the rim included M2 macrophage markers. The localization of both macrophage markers suggests that FM in necrotic granulomas possessed the features of M1 or M2 macrophages. Gene set enrichment analysis of transcriptomic profiling revealed the upregulation of genes related to M2 macrophage activation and mTORC1 signaling in the rim. These results will provide new insights into the process of FM biogenesis, leading to further understanding of the pathophysiology of TB granulomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Seto
- Department of Pathophysiology and Host Defense, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Shintaro Seto,
| | - Hajime Nakamura
- Department of Pathophysiology and Host Defense, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tz-Chun Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology and Host Defense, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruka Hikichi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Host Defense, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Wakabayashi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Host Defense, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Miyabayashi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Host Defense, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshi Nagata
- Department of Health Science, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Minako Hijikata
- Department of Pathophysiology and Host Defense, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Keicho
- Vice Director, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Gonzalez-Orozco M, Strong EJ, Paroha R, Lee S. Reversing BCG-mediated autophagy inhibition and mycobacterial survival to improve vaccine efficacy. BMC Immunol 2022; 23:43. [PMID: 36104771 PMCID: PMC9472362 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-022-00518-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy is an important mechanism for promoting Mycobacterium clearance from macrophages. Pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycobacterium can activate the mTOR pathway while simultaneously inducing autophagy. M. tuberculosis and M. bovis BCG inhibit autophagy and favor intracellular bacteria survival. Results We observed that pre-infection of live or heat-killed BCG could prevent autophagy induced by pharmacological activators or M. smegmatis, a strong autophagy-inducing mycobacterium. BCG-derived lipids are responsible for autophagy inhibition. However, post-infection with BCG could not stop the autophagy initiated by M. smegmatis, which increases further autophagy induction and mycobacteria clearance. Coinfection with BCG and heat killed M. smegmatis enhanced antigen specific CD4+ T cell responses and reduced mycobacterial survival. Conclusion These results suggest that autophagy-inducing M. smegmatis could be used to promote better innate and consequential adaptive immune responses, improving BCG vaccine efficacy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12865-022-00518-z.
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13
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Silwal P, Kim IS, Jo EK. Autophagy and Host Defense in Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:728742. [PMID: 34552591 PMCID: PMC8450401 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.728742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is critically involved in host defense pathways through targeting and elimination of numerous pathogens via autophagic machinery. Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTMs) are ubiquitous microbes, have become increasingly prevalent, and are emerging as clinically important strains due to drug-resistant issues. Compared to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causal pathogen for human tuberculosis, the roles of autophagy remain largely uncharacterized in the context of a variety of NTM infections. Compelling evidence suggests that host autophagy activation plays an essential role in the enhancement of antimicrobial immune responses and controlling pathological inflammation against various NTM infections. As similar to Mtb, it is believed that NTM bacteria evolve multiple strategies to manipulate and hijack host autophagy pathways. Despite this, we are just beginning to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between pathogen and the host autophagy system in a battle with NTM bacteria. In this review, we will explore the function of autophagy, which is involved in shaping host–pathogen interaction and disease outcomes during NTM infections. These efforts will lead to the development of autophagy-based host-directed therapeutics against NTM infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanta Silwal
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - In Soo Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
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