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Fang L, Zhang Y, Cheng L, Zheng H, Wang Y, Qin L, Cai Y, Cheng L, Zhou W, Liu F, Wang S. Silica nanoparticles containing nano-silver and chlorhexidine to suppress Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilm and modulate multispecies biofilms toward healthy tendency. J Oral Microbiol 2024; 16:2361403. [PMID: 38847000 PMCID: PMC11155433 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2024.2361403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives This research first investigated the effect of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (nMS) carrying chlorhexidine and silver (nMS-nAg-Chx) on periodontitis-related biofilms. This study aimed to investigate (1) the antibacterial activity on Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) biofilm; (2) the suppressing effect on virulence of P. gingivalis biofilm; (3) the regulating effect on periodontitis-related multispecies biofilm. Methods Silver nanoparticles (nAg) and chlorhexidine (Chx) were co-loaded into nMS to form nMS-nAg-Chx. Inhibitory zone test and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against P. gingivalis were tested. Growth curves, crystal violet (CV) staining, live/dead staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation were performed. Biofilm virulence was assessed. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and Quantitative Real Time-PCR (qPCR) were performed to validate the activity and composition changes of multispecies biofilm (P. gingivalis, Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus sanguinis). Results nMS-nAg-Chx inhibited P. gingivalis biofilm dose-dependently (p<0.05), with MIC of 18.75 µg/mL. There were fewer live bacteria, less biomass and less virulence in nMS-nAg-Chx groups (p<0.05). nMS-nAg-Chx inhibited and modified periodontitis-related biofilms. The proportion of pathogenic bacteria decreased from 16.08 to 1.07% and that of helpful bacteria increased from 82.65 to 94.31% in 25 μg/mL nMS-nAg-Chx group for 72 h. Conclusions nMS-nAg-Chx inhibited P. gingivalis growth, decreased biofilm virulence and modulated periodontitis-related multispecies biofilms toward healthy tendency. pH-sensitive nMS-nAg-Chx inhibit the pathogens and regulate oral microecology, showing great potential in periodontitis adjunctive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Fang
- Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yishuang Zhang
- Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Long Cheng
- Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yiyi Wang
- Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lu Qin
- Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingchun Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Suping Wang
- Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Kurnia D, Padilah R, Apriyanti E, Dharsono HDA. Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-Biofilm Potential That Cause Dental Caries from Black Cumin Seeds ( Nigella sativa Linn.). Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:1917-1932. [PMID: 38828022 PMCID: PMC11144408 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s454217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is an excellent place for various microorganisms to grow. Spectrococcus mutans and Spectrococcus sanguinis are Gram-negative bacteria found in the oral cavity as pioneer biofilm formers on the tooth surface that cause caries. Caries treatment has been done with antibiotics and therapeutics, but the resistance level of S. mutans and S. sanguinis bacteria necessitates the exploration of new drug compounds. Black cumin (Nigella sativa Linn.) is known to contain secondary metabolites that have antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-biofilm, anti-inflammatory and antifungal activities. The purpose of this review article is to present data on the potential of Nigella sativa Linn seeds as anti-biofilm. This article will discuss biofilm-forming bacteria, the resistance mechanism of antibiotics, the bioactivity of N. sativa extracts and seed isolates together with the Structure Activity Relationship (SAR) review of N. sativa compound isolates. We collected data from reliable references that will illustrate the potential of N. sativa seeds as anti-biofilm drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikdik Kurnia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Rizal Padilah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Eti Apriyanti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Hendra Dian Adhita Dharsono
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
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Lamont RJ, Hajishengallis G, Koo H. Social networking at the microbiome-host interface. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0012423. [PMID: 37594277 PMCID: PMC10501221 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00124-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial species colonizing host ecosystems in health or disease rarely do so alone. Organisms conglomerate into dynamic heterotypic communities or biofilms in which interspecies and interkingdom interactions drive functional specialization of constituent species and shape community properties, including nososymbiocity or pathogenic potential. Cell-to-cell binding, exchange of signaling molecules, and nutritional codependencies can all contribute to the emergent properties of these communities. Spatial constraints defined by community architecture also determine overall community function. Multilayered interactions thus occur between individual pairs of organisms, and the relative impact can be determined by contextual cues. Host responses to heterotypic communities and impact on host surfaces are also driven by the collective action of the community. Additionally, the range of interspecies interactions can be extended by bacteria utilizing host cells or host diet to indirectly or directly influence the properties of other organisms and the community microenvironment. In contexts where communities transition to a dysbiotic state, their quasi-organismal nature imparts adaptability to nutritional availability and facilitates resistance to immune effectors and, moreover, exploits inflammatory and acidic microenvironments for their persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - George Hajishengallis
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Inflammation, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hyun Koo
- Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Helliwell E, Choi D, Merritt J, Kreth J. Environmental influences on Streptococcus sanguinis membrane vesicle biogenesis. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:1430-1444. [PMID: 37355741 PMCID: PMC10432417 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01456-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Membrane vesicles are produced by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. While membrane vesicles are potent elicitors of eukaryotic cells and involved in cell-cell communication, information is scarce about their general biology in the context of community members and the environment. Streptococcus sanguinis, a Gram-positive oral commensal, is prevalent in the oral cavity and well-characterized for its ability to antagonize oral pathobionts. We have found that production and dissemination of membrane vesicles by S. sanguinis is dependent on environmental and community factors. Co-culture with interacting commensal Corynebacterium durum, as well as with the periodontal pathobiont Filifactor alocis had no effect on S. sanguinis vesicle number and size, whereas the periodontal pathobiont Porphyromonas gingivalis abolished S. sanguinis vesicle production. Using both correlation and differential expression analyses to examine the transcriptomic changes underlying vesicle production, we found that differential expression of genes encoding proteins related to the cytoplasmic membrane and peptidoglycan correlate with the abundance of membrane vesicles. Proteomic characterizations of the vesicle cargo identified a variety of proteins, including those predicted to influence host interactions or host immune responses. Cell culture studies of gingival epithelial cells demonstrated that both crude and highly purified membrane vesicles could induce the expression of IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1β, and Gro-α within 6 hours of inoculation at levels comparable to whole cells. Our findings suggest that production of membrane vesicles by S. sanguinis is heavily influenced by community and environmental factors and plays an important role in communication with host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Helliwell
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Dongseok Choi
- Department of Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Justin Merritt
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jens Kreth
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA.
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Stoy S, McMillan A, Ericsson AC, Brooks AE. The effect of physical and psychological stress on the oral microbiome. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1166168. [PMID: 37476093 PMCID: PMC10354664 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1166168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The oral microbiome is incredibly complex, containing a diverse complement of microbiota that has previously been categorized into 6 broad phyla. While techniques such as next-generation sequencing have contributed to a better understanding of the composition of the oral microbiome, the role it plays in human health and disease is still under investigation. Previous studies have identified that a more diverse microbiome is advantageous for health. Therefore, alterations to the physical or mental health that are of interest in this study, such as stress, are the factors that decrease microbial diversity, leading to the potential for dysbiosis and disease disposition. Intensive Surgical Skills Week (ISSW) is a hyper-realistic simulation training week for military medical students that takes place at the Strategic Operations (STOPS) facility in San Diego, CA. This training week puts students through mass causality simulations and requires them to work through distinct roles within the healthcare team, providing an almost ideal environment to assess the impact of acute stress on oral microbiome diversity. Based on the literature on stress and microbiota, we hypothesized that the high stress simulation events at ISSW will impact the composition and diversity of the oral microbiome. Methods To investigate this hypothesis, thirty-seven (n = 37) second-or third-year medical students who are enlisted in a branch of the military and who attended ISSW in July of 2021 were included in the study. Student participants were divided into 7 teams to complete the hyper-realistic simulations (SIMs) at ISSW. A pilot of sixty-four buccal samples (n = 64) from three of the seven teams were sent for analysis at the University of Missouri Metagenomic Center. Results We saw an overall increase in species richness at the end of ISSW when looking at all samples (n = 64). Fourteen significantly different bacteria were identified from the beginning to the end of data collection. Additionally, third year medical students appear to have a greater species richness compared to second year medical students. Further, third year medical students had a statically significant difference in their oral microbiome richness from beginning to end of data collection (p = 0.008). Conclusion Our preliminary data indicates that physical and psychological stress can impact the composition of the oral microbiome. The analyses in this study show that using the oral microbiome as an indicator of stress is promising and may provide evidence to support stress management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savanna Stoy
- Office of Research and Scholarly Activity, Rocky Vista University, Parker, CO, United States
| | - Alexandra McMillan
- Office of Research and Scholarly Activity, Rocky Vista University, Parker, CO, United States
| | - Aaron C. Ericsson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri Metagenomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Amanda E. Brooks
- Office of Research and Scholarly Activity, Rocky Vista University, Parker, CO, United States
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Lima A, França A, Muzny CA, Taylor CM, Cerca N. DNA extraction leads to bias in bacterial quantification by qPCR. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:7993-8006. [PMID: 36374332 PMCID: PMC10493044 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12276-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative PCR (qPCR) has become a widely used technique for bacterial quantification. The affordability, ease of experimental design, reproducibility, and robustness of qPCR experiments contribute to its success. The establishment of guidelines for minimum information for publication of qPCR experiments, now more than 10 years ago, aimed to mitigate the publication of contradictory data. Unfortunately, there are still a significant number of recent research articles that do not consider the main pitfalls of qPCR for quantification of biological samples, which undoubtedly leads to biased experimental conclusions. qPCR experiments have two main issues that need to be properly tackled: those related to the extraction and purification of genomic DNA and those related to the thermal amplification process. This mini-review provides an updated literature survey that critically analyzes the following key aspects of bacterial quantification by qPCR: (i) the normalization of qPCR results by using exogenous controls, (ii) the construction of adequate calibration curves, and (iii) the determination of qPCR reaction efficiency. It is primarily focused on original papers published last year, where qPCR was applied to quantify bacterial species in different types of biological samples, including multi-species biofilms, human fluids, and water and soil samples. KEY POINTS: • qPCR is a widely used technique used for absolute bacterial quantification. • Recently published papers lack proper qPCR methodologies. • Not including proper qPCR controls significantly affect experimental conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lima
- Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS -Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Angela França
- Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS -Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Christina A Muzny
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Christopher M Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology & Microbial Genomics Resource Group, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA
| | - Nuno Cerca
- Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
- LABBELS -Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
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Abstract
Oral commensal streptococci are primary colonizers of the oral cavity. These streptococci produce many adhesins, metabolites, and antimicrobials that modulate microbial succession and diversity within the oral cavity. Often, oral commensal streptococci antagonize cariogenic and periodontal pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, respectively. Mechanisms of antagonism are varied and range from the generation of hydrogen peroxide, competitive metabolite scavenging, the generation of reactive nitrogen intermediates, and bacteriocin production. Furthermore, several oral commensal streptococci have been shown to alter the host immune response at steady state and in response to oral pathogens. Collectively, these features highlight the remarkable ability of oral commensal streptococci to regulate the structure and function of the oral microbiome. In this review, we discuss mechanisms used by oral commensal streptococci to interact with diverse oral pathogens, both physically and through the production of antimicrobials. Finally, we conclude by exploring the critical roles of oral commensal streptococci in modulating the host immune response and maintaining health and homeostasis.
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Treerat P, McGuire B, Palmer E, Dahl EM, Karstens L, Merritt J, Kreth J. Oral microbiome diversity: The curious case of Corynebacterium sp. isolation. Mol Oral Microbiol 2022; 37:167-179. [PMID: 35859343 PMCID: PMC9578355 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Oral microbiome sequencing efforts revealed the presence of hundreds of different microbes. Interindividual differences at strain and species resolution suggest that microbiome diversity could lead to mechanistically distinct gene regulation as well as species-related differences in phenotypes. Commonly, gene regulation and related phenotypes are studied in a few selected strains of a particular species with conclusions that are mostly generalized. The aim of this study was to isolate several species of Corynebacterium using an established protocol that led to the previous isolation of C. durum. Characterization of C. durum interspecies interactions revealed a specific mechanism for chain elongation in Streptococcus sanguinis that was the result of corynebacterial fatty acid production and secretion. While the protocol was successfully applied to isolate what we presumed to be additional Corynebacterium based on several phenotypic traits that seem to be identical to C. durum, genome sequencing of the newly isolated strains placed them closer to Actinomyces. Both Corynebacterium and Actinomyces are suborders of the Actinobacteridae and related species. Our study suggests to take several comprehensive strategies into consideration when taxonomically identifying closely related microorganisms. Furthermore, it seems to be important to test common core phenotypes in bacterial ecology to understand the behavior of specific groups of microbes, rather than simply relying upon genome sequence homology to establish relationships in the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puthayalai Treerat
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Brian McGuire
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Portsmouth Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, 150 Griffin Rd #1, Portsmouth, NH 03801, USA
| | - Elizabeth Palmer
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Erin M. Dahl
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biomedicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Lisa Karstens
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biomedicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Justin Merritt
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jens Kreth
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Morillo-Lopez V, Sjaarda A, Islam I, Borisy GG, Mark Welch JL. Corncob structures in dental plaque reveal microhabitat taxon specificity. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:145. [PMID: 36064650 PMCID: PMC9446765 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01323-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human mouth is a natural laboratory for studying how bacterial communities differ across habitats. Different bacteria colonize different surfaces in the mouth-teeth, tongue dorsum, and keratinized and non-keratinized epithelia-despite the short physical distance between these habitats and their connection through saliva. We sought to determine whether more tightly defined microhabitats might have more tightly defined sets of resident bacteria. A microhabitat may be characterized, for example, as the space adjacent to a particular species of bacterium. Corncob structures of dental plaque, consisting of coccoid bacteria bound to filaments of Corynebacterium cells, present an opportunity to analyze the community structure of one such well-defined microhabitat within a complex natural biofilm. Here, we investigate by fluorescence in situ hybridization and spectral imaging the composition of the cocci decorating the filaments. RESULTS The range of taxa observed in corncobs was limited to a small subset of the taxa present in dental plaque. Among four major groups of dental plaque streptococci, two were the major constituents of corncobs, including one that was the most abundant Streptococcus species in corncobs despite being relatively rare in dental plaque overall. Images showed both Streptococcus types in corncobs in all individual donors, suggesting that the taxa have different ecological roles or that mechanisms exist for stabilizing the persistence of functionally redundant taxa in the population. Direct taxon-taxon interactions were observed not only between the Streptococcus cells and the central corncob filament but also between Streptococcus cells and the limited subset of other plaque bacteria detected in the corncobs, indicating species ensembles involving these taxa as well. CONCLUSIONS The spatial organization we observed in corncobs suggests that each of the microbial participants can interact with multiple, albeit limited, potential partners, a feature that may encourage the long-term stability of the community. Additionally, our results suggest the general principle that a precisely defined microhabitat will be inhabited by a small and well-defined set of microbial taxa. Thus, our results are important for understanding the structure and organizing principles of natural biofilms and lay the groundwork for future work to modulate and control biofilms for human health. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Morillo-Lopez
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA
| | - Alexandra Sjaarda
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA
| | - Imon Islam
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA
| | - Gary G. Borisy
- Present Address: Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Jessica L. Mark Welch
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA
- Present Address: Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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Advances in Experimental Research About Periodontitis: Lessons from the Past, Ideas for the Future. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1373:1-15. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-96881-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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