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Li JX, Huang YY, Huang ZM, Cao XJ, Xie LM, Guo XG. Screening of potential hub genes involved in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis infection via bioinformatics analysis. Acta Trop 2022; 236:106645. [PMID: 36063903 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common clinical form of leishmaniasis. Despite its low mortality, CL deserves further attention because its pathogenesis is currently no well-known or well-researched. METHODS We downloaded the gene expression datasets of GSE55664 and GSE63931 with respect to leishmaniasis from the Gene Expression Synthesis (GEO) database. Additionally, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the infection and control groups were identified by packages of R software. The Gene Ontology (GO) function, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) pathway were utilized for the biological functional analysis. Subsequently, we identified the top ten hub genes from protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks based on STRING and Cytoscape software. The hub genes were validated in GraphPad Prism 8.0 using the GSE162760 dataset. Further, CIBERSORT was used to evaluate the immune cell infiltration proportions between the CL infection samples and the control samples based on the GSE43880 and GSE55664 datasets. RESULTS The enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs were significantly involved in cell-mediated immune responses, such as leukocyte cell-cell adhesion and T-cell activation. STAT1, CCR7, CCR2, and CXCL10 were identified as hub genes with statistical significance. These hub genes showed close correlations with various immune cells, such as M1 cells and CD4-activated memory T-cells. CONCLUSIONS In our research, we used bioinformatics analysis to identify some molecular biomarkers and significant pathways in CL infection. These hub genes may provide new options for future diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xin Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, The First Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yuan-Yi Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, The First Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Ze-Min Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Xun-Jie Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Li-Min Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Xu-Guang Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Jain S, Sahu U, Kumar A, Khare P. Metabolic Pathways of Leishmania Parasite: Source of Pertinent Drug Targets and Potent Drug Candidates. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081590. [PMID: 36015216 PMCID: PMC9416627 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a tropical disease caused by a protozoan parasite Leishmania that is transmitted via infected female sandflies. At present, leishmaniasis treatment mainly counts on chemotherapy. The currently available drugs against leishmaniasis are costly, toxic, with multiple side effects, and limitations in the administration route. The rapid emergence of drug resistance has severely reduced the potency of anti-leishmanial drugs. As a result, there is a pressing need for the development of novel anti-leishmanial drugs with high potency, low cost, acceptable toxicity, and good pharmacokinetics features. Due to the availability of preclinical data, drug repurposing is a valuable approach for speeding up the development of effective anti-leishmanial through pointing to new drug targets in less time, having low costs and risk. Metabolic pathways of this parasite play a crucial role in the growth and proliferation of Leishmania species during the various stages of their life cycle. Based on available genomics/proteomics information, known pathways-based (sterol biosynthetic pathway, purine salvage pathway, glycolysis, GPI biosynthesis, hypusine, polyamine biosynthesis) Leishmania-specific proteins could be targeted with known drugs that were used in other diseases, resulting in finding new promising anti-leishmanial therapeutics. The present review discusses various metabolic pathways of the Leishmania parasite and some drug candidates targeting these pathways effectively that could be potent drugs against leishmaniasis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Jain
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India; (S.J.); (U.S.)
| | - Utkarsha Sahu
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India; (S.J.); (U.S.)
- Division of Synthetic Biology, Absolute Foods, Plot 68, Sector 44, Gurugram 122003, Haryana, India
| | - Awanish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, India
- Correspondence: or (A.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Prashant Khare
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India; (S.J.); (U.S.)
- Division of Synthetic Biology, Absolute Foods, Plot 68, Sector 44, Gurugram 122003, Haryana, India
- Correspondence: or (A.K.); (P.K.)
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Lage DP, Vale DL, Linhares FP, Freitas CS, Machado AS, Cardoso JMO, de Oliveira D, Galvani NC, de Oliveira MP, Oliveira-da-Silva JA, Ramos FF, Tavares GSV, Ludolf F, Bandeira RS, Pereira IAG, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Roatt BM, Machado-de-Ávila RA, Christodoulides M, Coelho EAF, Martins VT. A Recombinant Chimeric Protein-Based Vaccine Containing T-Cell Epitopes from Amastigote Proteins and Combined with Distinct Adjuvants, Induces Immunogenicity and Protection against Leishmania infantum Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071146. [PMID: 35891310 PMCID: PMC9317424 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no licensed vaccine to protect against human visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a potentially fatal disease caused by infection with Leishmania parasites. In the current study, a recombinant chimeric protein ChimT was developed based on T-cell epitopes identified from the immunogenic Leishmania amastigote proteins LiHyp1, LiHyV, LiHyC and LiHyG. ChimT was associated with the adjuvants saponin (Sap) or monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and used to immunize mice, and their immunogenicity and protective efficacy were evaluated. Both ChimT/Sap and ChimT/MPLA induced the development of a specific Th1-type immune response, with significantly high levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12, TNF-α and GM-CSF cytokines produced by CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subtypes (p < 0.05), with correspondingly low production of anti-leishmanial IL-4 and IL-10 cytokines. Significantly increased (p < 0.05) levels of nitrite, a proxy for nitric oxide, and IFN-γ expression (p < 0.05) were detected in stimulated spleen cell cultures from immunized and infected mice, as was significant production of parasite-specific IgG2a isotype antibodies. Significant reductions in the parasite load in the internal organs of the immunized and infected mice (p < 0.05) were quantified with a limiting dilution technique and quantitative PCR and correlated with the immunological findings. ChimT/MPLA showed marginally superior immunogenicity than ChimT/Sap, and although this was not statistically significant (p > 0.05), ChimT/MPLA was preferred since ChimT/Sap induced transient edema in the inoculation site. ChimT also induced high IFN-γ and low IL-10 levels from human PBMCs isolated from healthy individuals and from VL-treated patients. In conclusion, the experimental T-cell multi-epitope amastigote stage Leishmania vaccine administered with adjuvants appears to be a promising vaccine candidate to protect against VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela P. Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil; (D.P.L.); (D.L.V.); (F.P.L.); (C.S.F.); (A.S.M.); (N.C.G.); (M.P.d.O.); (J.A.O.-d.-S.); (F.F.R.); (G.S.V.T.); (F.L.); (R.S.B.); (I.A.G.P.); (E.A.F.C.); (V.T.M.)
| | - Danniele L. Vale
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil; (D.P.L.); (D.L.V.); (F.P.L.); (C.S.F.); (A.S.M.); (N.C.G.); (M.P.d.O.); (J.A.O.-d.-S.); (F.F.R.); (G.S.V.T.); (F.L.); (R.S.B.); (I.A.G.P.); (E.A.F.C.); (V.T.M.)
| | - Flávia P. Linhares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil; (D.P.L.); (D.L.V.); (F.P.L.); (C.S.F.); (A.S.M.); (N.C.G.); (M.P.d.O.); (J.A.O.-d.-S.); (F.F.R.); (G.S.V.T.); (F.L.); (R.S.B.); (I.A.G.P.); (E.A.F.C.); (V.T.M.)
| | - Camila S. Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil; (D.P.L.); (D.L.V.); (F.P.L.); (C.S.F.); (A.S.M.); (N.C.G.); (M.P.d.O.); (J.A.O.-d.-S.); (F.F.R.); (G.S.V.T.); (F.L.); (R.S.B.); (I.A.G.P.); (E.A.F.C.); (V.T.M.)
| | - Amanda S. Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil; (D.P.L.); (D.L.V.); (F.P.L.); (C.S.F.); (A.S.M.); (N.C.G.); (M.P.d.O.); (J.A.O.-d.-S.); (F.F.R.); (G.S.V.T.); (F.L.); (R.S.B.); (I.A.G.P.); (E.A.F.C.); (V.T.M.)
| | - Jamille M. O. Cardoso
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Insituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto CEP 35400-000, MG, Brazil; (J.M.O.C.); (B.M.R.)
| | - Daysiane de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma 88806-000, SC, Brazil; (D.d.O.); (R.A.M.-d.-Á.)
| | - Nathália C. Galvani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil; (D.P.L.); (D.L.V.); (F.P.L.); (C.S.F.); (A.S.M.); (N.C.G.); (M.P.d.O.); (J.A.O.-d.-S.); (F.F.R.); (G.S.V.T.); (F.L.); (R.S.B.); (I.A.G.P.); (E.A.F.C.); (V.T.M.)
| | - Marcelo P. de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil; (D.P.L.); (D.L.V.); (F.P.L.); (C.S.F.); (A.S.M.); (N.C.G.); (M.P.d.O.); (J.A.O.-d.-S.); (F.F.R.); (G.S.V.T.); (F.L.); (R.S.B.); (I.A.G.P.); (E.A.F.C.); (V.T.M.)
| | - João A. Oliveira-da-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil; (D.P.L.); (D.L.V.); (F.P.L.); (C.S.F.); (A.S.M.); (N.C.G.); (M.P.d.O.); (J.A.O.-d.-S.); (F.F.R.); (G.S.V.T.); (F.L.); (R.S.B.); (I.A.G.P.); (E.A.F.C.); (V.T.M.)
| | - Fernanda F. Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil; (D.P.L.); (D.L.V.); (F.P.L.); (C.S.F.); (A.S.M.); (N.C.G.); (M.P.d.O.); (J.A.O.-d.-S.); (F.F.R.); (G.S.V.T.); (F.L.); (R.S.B.); (I.A.G.P.); (E.A.F.C.); (V.T.M.)
| | - Grasiele S. V. Tavares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil; (D.P.L.); (D.L.V.); (F.P.L.); (C.S.F.); (A.S.M.); (N.C.G.); (M.P.d.O.); (J.A.O.-d.-S.); (F.F.R.); (G.S.V.T.); (F.L.); (R.S.B.); (I.A.G.P.); (E.A.F.C.); (V.T.M.)
| | - Fernanda Ludolf
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil; (D.P.L.); (D.L.V.); (F.P.L.); (C.S.F.); (A.S.M.); (N.C.G.); (M.P.d.O.); (J.A.O.-d.-S.); (F.F.R.); (G.S.V.T.); (F.L.); (R.S.B.); (I.A.G.P.); (E.A.F.C.); (V.T.M.)
| | - Raquel S. Bandeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil; (D.P.L.); (D.L.V.); (F.P.L.); (C.S.F.); (A.S.M.); (N.C.G.); (M.P.d.O.); (J.A.O.-d.-S.); (F.F.R.); (G.S.V.T.); (F.L.); (R.S.B.); (I.A.G.P.); (E.A.F.C.); (V.T.M.)
| | - Isabela A. G. Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil; (D.P.L.); (D.L.V.); (F.P.L.); (C.S.F.); (A.S.M.); (N.C.G.); (M.P.d.O.); (J.A.O.-d.-S.); (F.F.R.); (G.S.V.T.); (F.L.); (R.S.B.); (I.A.G.P.); (E.A.F.C.); (V.T.M.)
| | - Miguel A. Chávez-Fumagalli
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José S/N, Umacollo, Arequipa 04000, Peru;
| | - Bruno M. Roatt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Insituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto CEP 35400-000, MG, Brazil; (J.M.O.C.); (B.M.R.)
| | - Ricardo A. Machado-de-Ávila
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma 88806-000, SC, Brazil; (D.d.O.); (R.A.M.-d.-Á.)
| | - Myron Christodoulides
- Neisseria Research Group, Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-02381-205120
| | - Eduardo A. F. Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil; (D.P.L.); (D.L.V.); (F.P.L.); (C.S.F.); (A.S.M.); (N.C.G.); (M.P.d.O.); (J.A.O.-d.-S.); (F.F.R.); (G.S.V.T.); (F.L.); (R.S.B.); (I.A.G.P.); (E.A.F.C.); (V.T.M.)
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Colégio Técnico (COLTEC), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Vívian T. Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil; (D.P.L.); (D.L.V.); (F.P.L.); (C.S.F.); (A.S.M.); (N.C.G.); (M.P.d.O.); (J.A.O.-d.-S.); (F.F.R.); (G.S.V.T.); (F.L.); (R.S.B.); (I.A.G.P.); (E.A.F.C.); (V.T.M.)
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Liao C, Mao F, Qian M, Wang X. Pathogen-Derived Nucleases: An Effective Weapon for Escaping Extracellular Traps. Front Immunol 2022; 13:899890. [PMID: 35865526 PMCID: PMC9294136 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.899890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 2004 publication of the first study describing extracellular traps (ETs) from human neutrophils, several reports have shown the presence of ETs in a variety of different animals and plants. ETs perform two important functions of immobilizing and killing invading microbes and are considered a novel part of the phagocytosis-independent, innate immune extracellular defense system. However, several pathogens can release nucleases that degrade the DNA backbone of ETs, reducing their effectiveness and resulting in increased pathogenicity. In this review, we examined the relevant literature and summarized the results on bacterial and fungal pathogens and parasites that produce nucleases to evade the ET-mediated host antimicrobial mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengshui Liao
- College of Animal Science and Technology/Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- *Correspondence: Chengshui Liao, ; Xiaoli Wang,
| | - Fuchao Mao
- College of Animal Science and Technology/Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Animal Diseases and Public Health Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Luoyang Vocational and Technical College, Luoyang, China
| | - Man Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology/Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- *Correspondence: Chengshui Liao, ; Xiaoli Wang,
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