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Owolabi US, Amraotkar AR, Coulter AR, Singam NSV, Aladili BN, Singh A, Trainor PJ, Mitra R, DeFilippis AP. Change in matrix metalloproteinase 2, 3, and 9 levels at the time of and after acute atherothrombotic myocardial infarction. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2020; 49:235-244. [PMID: 31808123 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-019-02004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Elevated measures of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are associated with acute myocardial infarction (MI), but it is not known how long these changes persist post-MI or if these measures differ between atherothrombotic versus non-atherothrombotic MI. MMPs-2, 3, and 9 were measured in 80 subjects with acute MI (atherothrombotic and non-atherothrombotic MI) or stable coronary artery disease (CAD). Measurements were made at, the time of acute MI, and > 3-month following acute MI (quiescent phase). Outcome measures were compared between groups and between time of acute MI and quiescent post-MI follow-up using Wilcoxon's and repeated measures analysis of variance. Forty-nine subjects met the criteria for acute MI with clearly defined atherothrombotic (n = 22) and non-atherothrombotic (n = 12) subsets. Fifteen subjects met criteria for stable CAD. MMP-3 was higher in acute MI versus stable CAD subjects at the time of acute MI: (453 vs. 217 pg/mL, p = 0.010) but not at quiescent phase follow-up (p > 0.05). MMP-9 was higher in acute MI versus stable CAD subjects at the time of acute MI: (412 vs. 168 pg/mL, p = 0.002) but not at the quiescent phase follow-up (p > 0.05). MMP-9 was higher at the time of acute MI versus quiescent phase follow-up in acute MI (412 vs. 213 pg/mL, p = 0.001) and atherothrombotic MI specifically (458 vs. 212 pg/mL, p = 0.001). No difference in MMP-2, 3, or 9 was observed between atherothrombotic versus non-atherothrombotic MI subgroups. MMPs-3 and 9 are significantly elevated in acute MI verses stable CAD subjects at time of acute MI but not different at quiescent phase follow-up. MMP-9 is elevated at the time of acute MI and specifically in acute atherothrombotic MI at time of MI versus quiescent phase follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugochukwu Shola Owolabi
- Diabetes & Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Alok Ravindra Amraotkar
- Diabetes & Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Amanda R Coulter
- Diabetes & Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | - Bahjat N Aladili
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Ayesha Singh
- School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Patrick James Trainor
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Applied Statistics, EASIB Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Riten Mitra
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Andrew Paul DeFilippis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA. .,Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Current Understanding of the Emerging Role of Prolidase in Cellular Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165906. [PMID: 32824561 PMCID: PMC7460564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolidase [EC 3.4.13.9], known as PEPD, cleaves di- and tripeptides containing carboxyl-terminal proline or hydroxyproline. For decades, prolidase has been thoroughly investigated, and several mechanisms regulating its activity are known, including the activation of the β1-integrin receptor, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1) receptor, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 receptor. This process may result in increased availability of proline in the mitochondrial proline cycle, thus making proline serve as a substrate for the resynthesis of collagen, an intracellular signaling molecule. However, as a ligand, PEPD can bind directly to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)) and regulate cellular metabolism. Recent reports have indicated that PEPD protects p53 from uncontrolled p53 subcellular activation and its translocation between cellular compartments. PEPD also participates in the maturation of the interferon α/β receptor by regulating its expression. In addition to the biological effects, prolidase demonstrates clinical significance reflected in the disease known as prolidase deficiency. It is also known that prolidase activity is affected in collagen metabolism disorders, metabolic, and oncological conditions. In this article, we review the latest knowledge about prolidase and highlight its biological function, and thus provide an in-depth understanding of prolidase as a dipeptidase and protein regulating the function of key biomolecules in cellular metabolism.
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Singh A, Coulter AR, Trainor PJ, Singam NSV, Aladili BN, Amraotkar AR, Owolabi US, DeFilippis AP. Flow cytometric evaluation of platelet-leukocyte conjugate stability over time: methodological implications of sample handling and processing. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2020; 51:120-128. [PMID: 32557223 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-020-02186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Platelet activation and subsequent aggregation is a vital component of atherothrombosis resulting in acute myocardial infarction. Therefore, quantifying platelet aggregation is a valuable measure for elucidating the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Circulating platelet-monocyte conjugates (PMC) as determined by flow cytometry (FCM) are an important measure of in vivo platelet aggregation. However, the influence of sample handling on FCM measurement of PMC is not well-studied. The changes in FCM measurement of PMC with variation in sample handling techniques were evaluated. The stability of PMC concentrations over time with changes in fixation and immunolabeling intervals was assessed. The effect of Time-to-Fix and Time-to-Stain on FCM PMC measurements was investigated in five healthy volunteers. Time-to-Fix (i.e., interval between phlebotomy and sample fixation) was performed at 3, 30, and 60 min. Time-to-Stain (i.e., time of fixed sample storage to staining) was performed at 1, 24, and 48 h. Increasing Time-to-Stain from 1 to 24 or 48 h resulted in lower PMC measures (p < 0.0001). A statistically significant difference in PMC measurement with increasing Time-to-Fix was not observed (p < 0.41). Postponement of sample staining has deleterious effects on the measurement of PMC via FCM. Delays in immunolabeling of fixed samples compromised measurement of PMC by 30% over the first 24 h. Staining/FCM should be completed within an hour of collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Singh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA. .,University of Louisville, Delia Baxter Biomedical Research Building, 580 South Preston Street, Rm. 307, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Amanda R Coulter
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Patrick J Trainor
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.,Applied Statistics, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Narayana Sarma V Singam
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Bahjat N Aladili
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Alok R Amraotkar
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Ugochukwu S Owolabi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Andrew P DeFilippis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.,Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Jewish Hospital Rudd Heart & Lung Center, University of Louisville, 550 South Jackson Street, ACB 3rd Floor, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
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Albayrak L, Sogut O, Çakmak S, Gökdemir MT, Kaya H. Plasma oxidative-stress parameters and prolidase activity in patients with various causes of abdominal pain. Am J Emerg Med 2020; 38:99-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2019.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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