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Boudry G, Cahu A, Romé V, Janvier R, Louvois M, Catheline D, Rioux V, Le Huërou-Luron I, Blat S. The ghrelin system follows a precise post-natal development in mini-pigs that is not impacted by dietary medium chain fatty-acids. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1010586. [PMID: 36225304 PMCID: PMC9549131 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1010586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ghrelin-ghrelin receptor (GHSR1) system is one of the most important mechanisms regulating food intake and energy balance. To be fully active, ghrelin is acylated with medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) through the ghrelin-O-acetyl transferase (GOAT). Several studies reported an impact of dietary MCFA on ghrelin acylation in adults. Our study aimed at describing early post-natal development of the ghrelin system in mini-pigs as a model of human neonates and evaluating the impact of dietary MCFA. Suckled mini-pigs were sacrificed at post-natal day (PND) 0, 2, 5, and 10 or at adult stage. In parallel, other mini-pigs were fed from birth to PND10 a standard or a dairy lipid-enriched formula with increased MCFA concentration (DL-IF). Plasma ghrelin transiently peaked at PND2, with no variation of the acylated fraction except in adults where it was greater than during the neonatal period. Levels of mRNA coding pre-proghrelin (GHRL) and GOAT in the antrum did not vary during the post-natal period but dropped in adults. Levels of antral pcsk1/3 (cleaving GHRL into ghrelin) mRNA decreased significantly with age and was negatively correlated with plasma acylated, but not total, ghrelin. Hypothalamic ghsr1 mRNA did not vary in neonates but increased in adults. The DL-IF formula enriched antral tissue with MCFA but did not impact the ghrelin system. In conclusion, the ghrelin maturation enzyme PCSK1/3 gene expression exhibited post-natal modifications parallel to transient variations in circulating plasma ghrelin level in suckling piglets but dietary MCFA did not impact this post-natal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Boudry
- Institut Numecan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles-Rennes, France
- *Correspondence: Gaëlle Boudry,
| | - Armelle Cahu
- Institut Numecan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles-Rennes, France
| | - Véronique Romé
- Institut Numecan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles-Rennes, France
| | - Régis Janvier
- Institut Numecan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles-Rennes, France
| | - Margaux Louvois
- Institut Numecan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles-Rennes, France
| | - Daniel Catheline
- Institut Numecan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles-Rennes, France
- Institut Agro, Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Rioux
- Institut Numecan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles-Rennes, France
- Institut Agro, Rennes, France
| | | | - Sophie Blat
- Institut Numecan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles-Rennes, France
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Okuhara Y, Kaiya H, Teraoka H, Kitazawa T. Structural determination, distribution, and physiological actions of ghrelin in the guinea pig. Peptides 2018; 99:70-81. [PMID: 29183755 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We identified guinea pig ghrelin (gp-ghrelin), and examined its distribution and physiological actions in the guinea-pig. Gp-ghrelin is a 28-amino acid peptide (GASFR SPEHH SAQQR KESRK LPAKI QPR); seven amino acids are different from that of rat ghrelin at positions 2, 5, 10, 11, 19, 21, and 25, which include the conserved region known in mammals. The third serine residue is mainly modified by n-decanoyl acid. Both gp-ghrelin and rat ghrelin increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration of HEK293 cells expressing guinea pig growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a), and the affinity of gp-ghrelin was slightly higher than that of rat ghrelin. In addition, gp-ghrelin was also effective in CHO cells expressing rat GHS-R1a with similar affinity to that of rat ghrelin. Gp-ghrelin mRNA was predominantly expressed in the stomach, whereas the expression levels in other organs was low. High levels of GHS-R1a mRNA expression were observed in the pituitary, medulla oblongata, and kidney, while medium levels were noted in the thalamus, pons, olfactory bulb, and heart. Immunohistochemistry identified gp-ghrelin-immunopositive cells in the gastric mucosa and pancreas. Intraperitoneal injection of gp-ghrelin increased food intake in the guinea pig. Gp-ghrelin did not cause any mechanical responses in isolated gastrointestinal smooth muscles in vitro, similar to rat ghrelin. In conclusion, the N-terminal structures that are conserved in mammals were different in gp-ghrelin. Moreover, the functional characteristics of gp-ghrelin, other than its distribution, were dissimilar from those in other Rodentia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Okuhara
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan; Pathology Research, Safety Research Laboratory, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2320-1, Maki, Hotaka, Azumino, Nagano 399-8305, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroki Teraoka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Takio Kitazawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
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Satou M, Kaiya H, Nishi Y, Shinohara A, Kawada SI, Miyazato M, Kangawa K, Sugimoto H. Mole ghrelin: cDNA cloning, gene expression, and diverse molecular forms in Mogera imaizumii. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 232:199-210. [PMID: 27102942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe cDNA cloning and purification of the ghrelin gene sequences and ghrelin peptides from the Japanese true mole, Mogera imaizumii. The gene spans >2.9kbp, has four exons and three introns, and shares structural similarity with those of terrestrial animals. Mature mole ghrelin peptide was predicted to be 28 amino acids long (GSSFLSPEHQKVQQRKESKKPPSKPQPR) and processed from a prepropeptide of 116 amino acids. To further elucidate molecular characteristics, we purified ghrelin peptides from mole stomach. By mass spectrometry, we found that the mole ghrelin peptides had higher ratios of the odd-number fatty acids (C9 and C11 as much as C8) attached to the third serine residue than other vertebrate ghrelin. Truncated forms of ghrelins such as [1-27], [1-19], [1-16] and [1-15], and that lacked the 14th glutamine residue (des-Gln14 ghrelin) were produced in the stomach. Marked expression of ghrelin mRNA in lung was observed as in stomach and brain. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the branch of M. imaizumii has slightly higher dN/dS ratios (the nucleotide substitution rates at non-synonymous and synonymous sites) than did other eulipotyphlans. Peptide length was positively correlated with human ghrelin receptor activation, whereas the length of fatty-acyl chains showed no obvious functional correlation. The basal higher luciferase activities of the 5'-proximal promoter region of mole ghrelin were detected in ghrelin-negative C2C12 cells and hypoxic culture conditions impaired transcriptional activity. These results indicated that moles have acquired diverse species of ghrelin probably through distinctive fatty acid metabolism because of their food preferences. The results provide a gateway to understanding ghrelin metabolism in fossorial animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyasu Satou
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishi
- Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Akio Shinohara
- Division of Bio-resources, Department of Biotechnology, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Kihara 5200, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kawada
- Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan
| | - Mikiya Miyazato
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sugimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan.
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Blanco AM, Bertucci JI, Delgado MJ, Valenciano AI, Unniappan S. Tissue-specific expression of ghrelinergic and NUCB2/nesfatin-1 systems in goldfish (Carassius auratus) is modulated by macronutrient composition of diets. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 195:1-9. [PMID: 26805937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The macronutrient composition of diets is a very important factor in the regulation of body weight and metabolism. Several lines of research in mammals have shown that macronutrients differentially regulate metabolic hormones, including ghrelin and nesfatin-1 that have opposing effects on energy balance. This study aimed to determine whether macronutrients modulate the expression of ghrelin and the nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2) encoded nesfatin-1 in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Fish were fed once daily on control, high-carbohydrate, high-protein, high-fat and very high-fat diets for 7 (short-term) or 28 (long-term) days. The expression of preproghrelin, ghrelin O-acyl transferase (goat), growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1 (ghs-r1) and nucb2/nesfatin-1 mRNAs was quantified in the hypothalamus, pituitary, gut and liver. Short-term feeding with fat-enriched diets significantly increased nucb2 mRNA levels in hypothalamus and liver, preproghrelin, goat and ghs-r1 expression in pituitary, and ghs-r1 expression in gut. Fish fed on a high-protein diet exhibited a significant reduction in preproghrelin and ghs-r1 mRNAs in the liver. After long-term feeding, fish fed on high-carbohydrate and very high-fat diets had significantly increased preproghrelin, goat and ghs-r1 expression in pituitary. Feeding on a high-carbohydrate diet also upregulated goat and ghs-r1 transcripts in gut, while feeding on a high-fat diet elicited the same effect only for ghs-r1 in liver. Nucb2 expression increased in pituitary, while it decreased in gut after long-term feeding of a high-protein diet. Collectively, these results show for the first time in fish that macronutrients differentially regulate the expression of ghrelinergic and NUCB2/nesfatin-1 systems in central and peripheral tissues of goldfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelén M Blanco
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada; Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan I Bertucci
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada; Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), 7130 Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María J Delgado
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I Valenciano
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Suraj Unniappan
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada.
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Volkoff H. Cloning, tissue distribution and effects of fasting on mRNA expression levels of leptin and ghrelin in red-bellied piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 217-218:20-7. [PMID: 25980684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
cDNAs encoding the appetite regulating peptides leptin and ghrelin were isolated in red-bellied piranha (Characiforme, Serrasalmidae) and their mRNA tissue and brain distributions examined. When compared to other fish, the sequences obtained for all peptides were most similar to that of other Characiforme fish and Siluriformes. All peptides were widely expressed within the brain and in several peripheral tissues, including gastrointestinal tract. In order to better understand the role of these peptides in the regulation of feeding of red-bellied piranha, the mRNA expression levels of leptin and ghrelin were examined in both brain and intestine, in fed and 7-day fasted fish. No significant differences in expression were seen in whole brain for either peptide. Within the intestine, there was a decrease in leptin mRNA expression and an increase in ghrelin mRNA expression in fasted fish, compared to fed fish. The results suggest that leptin and ghrelin might play a major role in the regulation of feeding and energy homeostasis of red-bellied piranha and this role might be more prominent in the intestine than in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Volkoff
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.
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Khatib N, Gaidhane S, Gaidhane AM, Khatib M, Simkhada P, Gode D, Zahiruddin QS. Ghrelin: ghrelin as a regulatory Peptide in growth hormone secretion. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8:MC13-7. [PMID: 25302229 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/9863.4767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin is a type of growth hormone (GH) secretagogue that stimulates the release of GH. It is a first hormone linking gastrointestinal-pituitary axis. OBJECTIVE This review highlights the interaction of ghrelin with GHRH and somatostatin to regulate the secretion of GH and intends to explore the possible physiological role of the ghrelin-pituitary-GH axis linkage system. OBSERVATION Ghrelin is highly conserved among species and is classified into octanoylated (C8:0), decanoylated (C10:0), decenoylated (C10:1) and nonacylated,ghrelin. Acylated ghrelin is the major active form of human ghrelin. The primary production site of ghrelin is the stomach, and it interacts with stomach ghrelin as well as hypothalamic GHRH and somatostatin in the regulation of pituitary GH secretion. Ghrelin stimulate GH release through the GHS receptor to increase intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+] levels via IP3 signal transduction pathway. Ghrelin is a specific endogenous ligand for the GHS receptor and provides a definitive proof of the occurance of a GHS-GHS receptor signalling system in the regulation of GH secretion. CONCLUSION Studies suggests that ghrelin is a powerful pharmacological agent that exerts a potent, time-dependent stimulation of pulsatile secretion of GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazli Khatib
- Associate Professor, Department of Physiology, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences , Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, India
| | - Shilpa Gaidhane
- Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences , Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, India
| | - Abhay M Gaidhane
- Professor, Department of Community Medicine, J N Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences , Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, India
| | - Mahanaaz Khatib
- Pharmacovigilance Co-ordinator, i3global , Pune Maharashtra, India
| | - Padam Simkhada
- Senior Lecturer, International Health School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR),University of Sheffield , UK
| | - Dilip Gode
- Vice Chancellor, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences , Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, India
| | - Quazi Syed Zahiruddin
- Associate Dean, Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences , Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, India
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Kakizawa S, Kaiya H, Takahashi A. Posttranslational modification of intercellular messenger systems. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:27. [PMID: 24634667 PMCID: PMC3942633 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sho Kakizawa
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- *Correspondence:
| | - Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
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