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Li S, Liu M, Cao S, Liu B, Li D, Wang Z, Sun H, Cui Y, Shi Y. The Mechanism of the Gut-Brain Axis in Regulating Food Intake. Nutrients 2023; 15:3728. [PMID: 37686760 PMCID: PMC10490484 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of energy metabolism disorders such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and anorexia, the regulation of feeding has become the focus of global attention. The gastrointestinal tract is not only the site of food digestion and absorption but also contains a variety of appetite-regulating signals such as gut-brain peptides, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs), bacterial proteins, and cellular components produced by gut microbes. While the central nervous system (CNS), as the core of appetite regulation, can receive and integrate these appetite signals and send instructions to downstream effector organs to promote or inhibit the body's feeding behaviour. This review will focus on the gut-brain axis mechanism of feeding behaviour, discussing how the peripheral appetite signal is sensed by the CNS via the gut-brain axis and the role of the central "first order neural nuclei" in the process of appetite regulation. Here, elucidation of the gut-brain axis mechanism of feeding regulation may provide new strategies for future production practises and the treatment of diseases such as anorexia and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouren Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Mengqi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Shixi Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Boshuai Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Defeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhichang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yalei Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yinghua Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Pocheron AL, Le Dréan G, Billard H, Moyon T, Pagniez A, Heberden C, Le Chatelier E, Darmaun D, Michel C, Parnet P. Maternal Microbiota Transfer Programs Offspring Eating Behavior. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:672224. [PMID: 34211445 PMCID: PMC8239415 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.672224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the link between mother's obesity and regulation of the child's appetite is a prerequisite for the design of successful preventive strategies. Beyond the possible contributions of genetic heritage, family culture, and hormonal and metabolic environment during pregnancy, we investigate in the present paper the causal role of the transmission of the maternal microbiotas in obesity as microbiotas differ between lean and obese mothers, maternal microbiotas are the main determinants of a baby's gut colonization, and the intestinal microbiota resulting from the early colonization could impact the feeding behavior of the offspring with short- and long-term consequences on body weight. We thus investigated the potential role of vertical transfers of maternal microbiotas in programming the eating behavior of the offspring. Selectively bred obese-prone (OP)/obese-resistant (OR) Sprague-Dawley dams were used since differences in the cecal microbiota have been evidenced from males of that strain. Microbiota collected from vagina (at the end of gestation), feces, and milk (at postnatal days 1, 5, 10, and 15) of OP/OR dams were orally inoculated to conventional Fischer F344 recipient pups from birth to 15 days of age to create three groups of pups: F-OP, F-OR, and F-Sham group (that received the vehicle). We first checked microbiotal differences between inoculas. We then assessed the impact of transfer (from birth to adulthood) onto the intestinal microbiota of recipients rats, their growth, and their eating behavior by measuring their caloric intake, their anticipatory food reward responses, their preference for sweet and fat tastes in solutions, and the sensations that extend after food ingestion. Finally, we searched for correlation between microbiota composition and food intake parameters. We found that maternal transfer of microbiota differing in composition led to alterations in pups' gut microbiota composition that did not last until adulthood but were associated with specific eating behavior characteristics that were predisposing F-OP rats to higher risk of over consuming at subsequent periods of their life. These findings support the view that neonatal gut microbiotal transfer can program eating behavior, even without a significant long-lasting impact on adulthood microbiota composition.
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Le Dréan G, Pocheron AL, Billard H, Grit I, Pagniez A, Parnet P, Chappuis E, Rolli-Derkinderen M, Michel C. Neonatal Consumption of Oligosaccharides Greatly Increases L-Cell Density without Significant Consequence for Adult Eating Behavior. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11091967. [PMID: 31438620 PMCID: PMC6769936 DOI: 10.3390/nu11091967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligosaccharides (OS) are commonly added to infant formulas, however, their physiological impact, particularly on adult health programming, is poorly described. In adult animals, OS modify microbiota and stimulate colonic fermentation and enteroendocrine cell (EEC) activity. Since neonatal changes in microbiota and/or EEC density could be long-lasting and EEC-derived peptides do regulate short-term food intake, we hypothesized that neonatal OS consumption could modulate early EECs, with possible consequences for adult eating behavior. Suckling rats were supplemented with fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), beta-galacto-oligosaccharides/inulin (GOS/In) mix, alpha-galacto-oligosaccharides (αGOS) at 3.2 g/kg, or a control solution (CTL) between postnatal day (PND) 5 and 14/15. Pups were either sacrificed at PND14/15 or weaned at PND21 onto standard chow. The effects on both microbiota and EEC were characterized at PND14/15, and eating behavior at adulthood. Very early OS supplementation drastically impacted the intestinal environment, endocrine lineage proliferation/differentiation particularly in the ileum, and the density of GLP-1 cells and production of satiety-related peptides (GLP-1 and PYY) in the neonatal period. However, it failed to induce any significant lasting changes on intestinal microbiota, enteropeptide secretion or eating behavior later in life. Overall, the results did not demonstrate any OS programming effect on satiety peptides secreted by L-cells or on food consumption, an observation which is a reassuring outlook from a human perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenola Le Dréan
- Nantes Université, INRA, UMR1280, PhAN, F-44000 Nantes, France.
- IMAD, F-44000 Nantes, France.
- CRNH-Ouest, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Anne-Lise Pocheron
- Nantes Université, INRA, UMR1280, PhAN, F-44000 Nantes, France
- IMAD, F-44000 Nantes, France
- CRNH-Ouest, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Hélène Billard
- Nantes Université, INRA, UMR1280, PhAN, F-44000 Nantes, France
- IMAD, F-44000 Nantes, France
- CRNH-Ouest, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Isabelle Grit
- Nantes Université, INRA, UMR1280, PhAN, F-44000 Nantes, France
- IMAD, F-44000 Nantes, France
- CRNH-Ouest, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Anthony Pagniez
- Nantes Université, INRA, UMR1280, PhAN, F-44000 Nantes, France
- IMAD, F-44000 Nantes, France
- CRNH-Ouest, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Patricia Parnet
- Nantes Université, INRA, UMR1280, PhAN, F-44000 Nantes, France
- IMAD, F-44000 Nantes, France
- CRNH-Ouest, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Eric Chappuis
- Olygose, parc Technologique des Rives de l'Oise, F 60280 Venette, France
| | - Malvyne Rolli-Derkinderen
- IMAD, F-44000 Nantes, France
- CRNH-Ouest, F-44000 Nantes, France
- Nantes Université, INSERM, UMR 1235, TENS, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Michel
- Nantes Université, INRA, UMR1280, PhAN, F-44000 Nantes, France
- IMAD, F-44000 Nantes, France
- CRNH-Ouest, F-44000 Nantes, France
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