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Berrino C, Omar A. Unravelling the Mysteries of the Sonic Hedgehog Pathway in Cancer Stem Cells: Activity, Crosstalk and Regulation. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:5397-5419. [PMID: 38920995 PMCID: PMC11202538 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46060323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signalling pathway plays a critical role in normal development and tissue homeostasis, guiding cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival. Aberrant activation of this pathway, however, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various cancers, largely due to its role in regulating cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are a subpopulation of cancer cells with the ability to self-renew, differentiate, and initiate tumour growth, contributing significantly to tumorigenesis, recurrence, and resistance to therapy. This review focuses on the intricate activity of the Shh pathway within the context of CSCs, detailing the molecular mechanisms through which Shh signalling influences CSC properties, including self-renewal, differentiation, and survival. It further explores the regulatory crosstalk between the Shh pathway and other signalling pathways in CSCs, highlighting the complexity of this regulatory network. Here, we delve into the upstream regulators and downstream effectors that modulate Shh pathway activity in CSCs. This review aims to cast a specific focus on the role of the Shh pathway in CSCs, provide a detailed exploration of molecular mechanisms and regulatory crosstalk, and discuss current and developing inhibitors. By summarising key findings and insights gained, we wish to emphasise the importance of further elucidating the interplay between the Shh pathway and CSCs to develop more effective cancer therapies.
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Cui H, Liang X, Zhu Y, Elayah SA, Qi H, Xie L, Guo Z, Siya F, Ming Y, Yuxin G, Tu J, Na S. Mena as a key enhancer factor of EMT to promote metastasis of human tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Dis 2024; 30:2084-2096. [PMID: 37203597 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mammalian-enabled (Mena) on tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) metastasis and its mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunochemistry was performed to investigate the Mena and tumor-related markers expression, and its clinicopathological characteristics in 46 TSCC specimens. TSCC cell SCC9 and Cal27 untransfected or stable transfected with Mena overexpression and small interfering RNA were used to determine the role of Mena in cell proliferation, cell migration, invasion and metastasis, and EMT-related markers in vitro, and the effect of Mena on TSCC growth and metastasis through tumor-bearing and tumor metastasis immunodeficient mice models in vivo. RESULTS Immunochemistry showed that the expression of Mena was significantly correlated with lymphatic metastasis and TNM stage, E-cadherin, Vimentin, and MMP2. Mena did not affect cell proliferation and colony formation in vitro, and tumor growth in vivo. However, it promoted cell migration and invasion in vitro, and TSCC metastasis in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Mena expression is associated with lymphatic metastasis and tumor stage and promotes TSCC invasion and metastasis by inducing the EMT process. Thus, Mena may be a biomarker for prognosis and targeted therapy in TSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yifei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sadam Ahmed Elayah
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Pathology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Linyang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhichen Guo
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fang Siya
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Ming
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gong Yuxin
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junbo Tu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sijia Na
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Oh JM, Rajendran RL, Gangadaran P, Hong CM, Jeong JH, Lee J, Ahn BC. Targeting GLI1 Transcription Factor for Restoring Iodine Avidity with Redifferentiation in Radioactive-Iodine Refractory Thyroid Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071782. [PMID: 35406554 PMCID: PMC8997411 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Thyroid cancers have an excellent prognosis by standard therapy of surgery followed by radioactive-iodine therapy. However, metastatic thyroid cancers do not response to radioactive-iodine therapy by losing iodine avidity. Therefore, reversing iodine avidity to metastatic thyroid cancers gives a new chance of applying radioactive-iodine therapy to the cancers. In the current study, we found that GLI1 knockdown can revert iodine non-avid thyroid cancers to iodine avid cancers by increasing expression of thyroid-specific proteins. Restoration of iodine avidity in thyroid cancers makes the cancers sensitive to radioactive-iodine therapy again. Therefore, the GLI1 can be a potential therapeutic target of radioactive-iodine resistant thyroid cancers. Abstract Radioactive-iodine (RAI) therapy is the mainstay for patients with recurrent and metastatic thyroid cancer. However, many patients exhibit dedifferentiation characteristics along with lack of sodium iodide symporter (NIS) functionality, low expression of thyroid-specific proteins, and poor RAI uptake, leading to poor prognosis. Previous studies have demonstrated the effect of GLI family zinc finger 1 (GLI1) inhibition on tumor growth and apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the role of GLI1 in the context of redifferentiation and improvement in the efficacy of RAI therapy for thyroid cancer. We evaluated GLI1 expression in several thyroid cancer cell lines and selected TPC-1 and SW1736 cell lines showing the high expression of GLI. We performed GLI1 knockdown and evaluated the changes of thyroid-specific proteins expression, RAI uptake and I-131-mediated cytotoxicity. The effect of GANT61 (GLI1 inhibitor) on endogenous NIS expression was also assessed. Endogenous NIS expression upregulated by inhibiting GLI1, in addition, increased expression level in plasma membrane. Also, GLI1 knockdown increased expression of thyroid-specific proteins. Restoration of thyroid-specific proteins increased RAI uptake and I-131-mediated cytotoxic effect. Treatment with GANT61 also increased expression of endogenous NIS. Targeting GLI1 can be a potential strategy with redifferentiation for restoring RAI avidity in dedifferentiated thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Min Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (J.M.O.); (R.L.R.); (P.G.); (C.M.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (J.M.O.); (R.L.R.); (P.G.); (C.M.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Prakash Gangadaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (J.M.O.); (R.L.R.); (P.G.); (C.M.H.); (J.L.)
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Chae Moon Hong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (J.M.O.); (R.L.R.); (P.G.); (C.M.H.); (J.L.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea; zzu--@hanmail.net
| | - Ju Hye Jeong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea; zzu--@hanmail.net
| | - Jaetae Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (J.M.O.); (R.L.R.); (P.G.); (C.M.H.); (J.L.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea; zzu--@hanmail.net
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (J.M.O.); (R.L.R.); (P.G.); (C.M.H.); (J.L.)
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea; zzu--@hanmail.net
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-420-5583
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Gupta S, Kumar A, Tejavath KK. A pharmacognostic approach for mitigating pancreatic cancer: emphasis on herbal extracts and phytoconstituents. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00246-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Pancreatic cancer is studied as one of the most lethal cancers with currently no control of its lethality, mainly due to its late diagnosis and lack of foolproof treatment processes. Despite continuous efforts being made in looking for therapies to deal with cancer, it keeps on being a labyrinth for the researchers. Efforts like discovering new treatment options, repurposing existing drugs, are continuously made to deal with this cancer.
Main body
With the urge to get answers and the fact that nature has all roots of therapeutics, efforts are made in the direction of finding those answers for providing ministrations for pancreatic cancer from plant products. Plant products are used as treatment options either directly in the form of extracts or an alternative to them is individual phytochemicals that are either isolated from the plants or are commercially synthesized for various purposes. In this review, we put forward such pharmacognostic initiatives made in combating pancreatic cancer, focusing mainly on plant extracts and various phytochemicals; along with the mechanisms which they triggered to fulfill the need for cytotoxicity to pancreatic cancer cells (in vitro and in vivo).
Conclusion
This study will thus provide insights into new combination therapy that can be used and also give a clue on which plant product and phytoconstituent can be used in dealing with pancreatic cancer.
Graphical abstract
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Inhibition of the sonic hedgehog pathway activates TGF-β-activated kinase (TAK1) to induce autophagy and suppress apoptosis in thyroid tumor cells. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:459. [PMID: 33966040 PMCID: PMC8106679 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03744-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway is highly activated in a variety of malignancies and plays important roles in tumorigenesis, tumor growth, drug resistance, and metastasis. Our recent study showed that the inhibitors of the Shh pathway such as cyclopamine (CP), a Smothened (SMO) inhibitor, and GANT61, a Gli1 inhibitor, have modest inhibitory effects on thyroid tumor cell proliferation and tumor growth. The objective of this study was to determine whether autophagy was induced by inhibition of the Shh pathway and could negatively regulate GANT61-induced apoptosis. Here we report that inhibition of the Shh pathway by Gli1 siRNA or by cyclopamine and GANT61 induced autophagy in SW1736 and KAT-18 cells, two anaplastic thyroid cancer cell lines; whereas Gli1 overexpression suppressed autophagy. Mechanistic investigation revealed that inhibition of the Shh pathway activated TAK1 and its two downstream kinases, the c-Jun-terminal kinase (JNK) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). GANT61-induced autophagy was blocked by TAK1 siRNA and the inhibitors of TAK1 (5Z-7-oxozeaenol, 5Z), JNK (SP600125), and AMPK (Compound C, CC). Inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine and 5Z and by TAK1 and Beclin-1 siRNA enhanced GANT61-induced apoptosis and its antiproliferative activity. Our study has shown that inhibition of the Shh pathway induces autophagy by activating TAK1, whereas autophagy in turn suppresses GANT61-induced apoptosis. We have uncovered a previously unrecognized role of TAK1 in Shh pathway inhibition-induced autophagy and apoptosis.
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Ruan T, Sun J, Liu W, Prinz RA, Peng D, Liu X, Xu X. H1N1 Influenza Virus Cross-Activates Gli1 to Disrupt the Intercellular Junctions of Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107801. [PMID: 32610119 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) primarily infects the airway and alveolar epithelial cells and disrupts the intercellular junctions, leading to increased paracellular permeability. Although this pathological change plays a critical role in lung tissue injury and secondary infection, the molecular mechanism of IAV-induced damage to the alveolar barrier remains obscure. Here, we report that Gli1, a transcription factor in the sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway, is cross-activated by the MAP and PI3 kinase pathways in H1N1 virus (PR8)-infected A549 cells and in the lungs of H1N1 virus-infected mice. Gli1 activation induces Snail expression, which downregulates the expression of intercellular junction proteins, including E-cadherin, ZO-1, and Occludin, and increases paracellular permeability. Inhibition of the Shh pathway restores the levels of Snail and intercellular junction proteins in H1N1-infected cells. Our study suggests that Gli1 activation plays an important role in disrupting the intercellular junctions and in promoting the pathogenesis of H1N1 virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ruan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PRC
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PRC; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PRC
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PRC; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PRC
| | - Richard A Prinz
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Daxin Peng
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PRC; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PRC
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PRC; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PRC
| | - Xiulong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PRC; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PRC; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PRC; Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PRC.
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Angrisani A, Di Fiore A, Di Trani CA, Fonte S, Petroni M, Lospinoso Severini L, Bordin F, Belloni L, Ferretti E, Canettieri G, Moretti M, De Smaele E. Specific Protein 1 and p53 Interplay Modulates the Expression of the KCTD-Containing Cullin3 Adaptor Suppressor of Hedgehog 2. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:638508. [PMID: 33898425 PMCID: PMC8060498 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.638508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in normal embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. On the other end, dysregulated Hh signaling triggers a prolonged mitogenic response that may prompt abnormal cell proliferation, favoring tumorigenesis. Indeed, about 30% of medulloblastomas (MBs), the most common malignant childhood cerebellar tumors, exhibit improper activation of the Hh signaling. The oncosuppressor KCASH2 has been described as a suppressor of the Hh signaling pathway, and low KCASH2 expression was observed in Hh-dependent MB tumor. Therefore, the study of the modulation of KCASH2 expression may provide fundamental information for the development of new therapeutic approaches, aimed to restore physiological KCASH2 levels and Hh inhibition. To this end, we have analyzed the TATA-less KCASH2 proximal promoter and identified key transcriptional regulators of this gene: Sp1, a TF frequently overexpressed in tumors, and the tumor suppressor p53. Here, we show that in WT cells, Sp1 binds KCASH2 promoter on several putative binding sites, leading to increase in KCASH2 expression. On the other hand, p53 is involved in negative regulation of KCASH2. In this context, the balance between p53 and Sp1 expression, and the interplay between these two proteins determine whether Sp1 acts as an activator or a repressor of KCASH2 transcription. Indeed, in p53–/– MEF and p53 mutated tumor cells, we hypothesize that Sp1 drives promoter methylation through increased expression of the DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and reduces KCASH2 transcription, which can be reversed by Sp1 inhibition or use of demethylating agents. We suggest therefore that downregulation of KCASH2 expression in tumors could be mediated by gain of Sp1 activity and epigenetic silencing events in cells where p53 functionality is lost. This work may open new venues for novel therapeutic multidrug approaches in the treatment of Hh-dependent tumors carrying p53 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Simone Fonte
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Fabio Bordin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Belloni
- Department of Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Clinical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ferretti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Canettieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Moretti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico De Smaele
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Lu Y, Zhu Y, Deng S, Chen Y, Li W, Sun J, Xu X. Targeting the Sonic Hedgehog Pathway to Suppress the Expression of the Cancer Stem Cell (CSC)-Related Transcription Factors and CSC-Driven Thyroid Tumor Growth. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030418. [PMID: 33499351 PMCID: PMC7866109 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancers respond poorly to surgery, radiation, and hormone therapy. Cancer stem cells play an important role in tumor growth, drug resistance, and recurrence. This study focuses on how the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway maintains thyroid cancer stem cell self-renewal and whether it can be targeted for anticancer therapy. The authors report that the Shh pathway regulates the expression of BMI1 and SOX2, two genes involved in stem cell self-renewal, and that targeting the Shh pathway has little effect on thyroid tumor xenografts but can inhibit the growth of tumor xenografts derived from thyroid cancer stem cells. This study advances the knowledge on how thyroid cancer stem cells regenerate and highlights the potential therapeutic values of targeting the Shh pathway. Abstract The sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway plays important roles in tumorigenesis, tumor growth, drug resistance, and metastasis. We and others have reported earlier that this pathway is highly activated in thyroid cancer. However, its role in thyroid cancer stem cell (CSC) self-renewal and tumor development remains incompletely understood. B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog (BMI1) and SRY-Box Transcription Factor 2 (SOX2) are two CSC-related transcription factors that have been implicated in promoting CSC self-renewal. The objective of our current investigation was to determine the role of the Shh pathway in regulating BMI1 and SOX2 expression in thyroid cancer and promoting thyroid tumor growth and development. Here we report that inhibition of the Shh pathway by Gli1 siRNA or by cyclopamine and GANT61 reduced BMI1 and SOX2 expression in SW1736 and KAT-18 cells, two anaplastic thyroid cancer cell lines. The opposite results were obtained in cells overexpressing Gli1 or its downstream transcription factor Snail. The Shh pathway regulated SOX2 and BMI1 expression at a transcriptional and post-transcriptional level, respectively. GANT61 treatment suppressed the growth of SW1736 CSC-derived tumor xenografts but did not significantly inhibit the growth of tumors grown from bulk tumor cells. Clinicopathological analyses of thyroid tumor specimens by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining revealed that BMI1 and SOX2 were highly expressed in thyroid cancer and correlated with Gli1 expression. Our study provides evidence that activation of the Shh pathway leads to increased BMI1 and SOX2 expression in thyroid cancer and promotes thyroid CSC-driven tumor initiation. Targeting the Shh pathway may have therapeutic value for treating thyroid cancer and preventing recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Lu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Yiwen Zhu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Shihan Deng
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Yuhuang Chen
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Wei Li
- College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China;
| | - Jing Sun
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Xiulong Xu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.C.); (J.S.)
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-514-8797-7382; Fax: +86-514-8797-7046
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Romanelli K, Wells J, Patel A, Mendonca Torres M, Costello J, Jensen K, Vasko V. Clinical and molecular characterization of thyroid cancer when seen as a second malignant neoplasm. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2021; 12:20420188211058327. [PMID: 35154635 PMCID: PMC8832328 DOI: 10.1177/20420188211058327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Second malignant neoplasms (SMN) are among the most serious long-term adverse health conditions in cancer survivors. The aim of this study was to characterize clinical findings of patients who developed thyroid cancers as SMN, and to examine genomic alterations in thyroid cancer tissue. METHODS Retrospective analysis of medical records from patients seen for management of thyroid cancer over 10-year period was performed. Clinical and pathologic data were retrieved from their medical charts. Tumor DNA and RNA were extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue and subjected to next-generation sequencing (NGS) using Ion Torrent Oncomine Focus Assay. Microfluidic digital polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) were performed using QIAcuity Digital PCR System to identify BRAF V600E mutations and RET/PTC fusions. RESULTS Sixteen of 620 patients operated for thyroid cancer had history of previously diagnosed malignancy. Eight patients were male and eight patients were female, with a median age at diagnosis of 58.5 years (range, 4-78). Four patients had history of pediatric malignancy (PedCa), and 12 patients had a history of prior malignancy as an adult (AdCa). The latency periods for development of SMN in PedCa and AdCa patients were 10.8 (±5.2) years and 9.5 (±5.2) years, respectively. Histopathology revealed papillary thyroid cancers in 15 cases, and follicular thyroid cancer in 1 case. All tumors were classified as T1 or T2, and there were no patients presenting with metastases at the time of surgery. Genomic alterations were detected in 13/16 (81.2%) tumors including eight gene mutations (BRAF V600E (N = 4), RAS (N = 2), PI3CA (N = 2) and five gene fusions (RET/PTC1 (N = 4) and STRN/ALK (N = 1). In patients with PedCa and AdCa, mutations were detected in 1/4 (25%) and 7/12 (58.3%), respectively, p = 0.56; and fusions were detected in 3/4 (75%) and 2/12 (16.6%), respectively, p = 0.06. In patients with and without history of therapeutic irradiation, mutations were detected with the same frequencies (5/10 (50%), and 3/6 (50%), respectively, p = 1.0). Gene fusions were detected in patients with and without history of irradiation in 5/10 (55.5%) and 0/6 (0%), respectively, p = 0.09. CONCLUSIONS Monitoring of cancer survivors for thyroid disorders allowed diagnosis of second thyroid cancers at early stages. Second thyroid cancers harbor genomic alterations that are typical for sporadic as well as for radio-induced thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Romanelli
- Department of Pediatric, Hematology/Oncology,
Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Justin Wells
- Department of Pathology, Walter Reed National
Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aneeta Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services
University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maria Mendonca Torres
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services
University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John Costello
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services
University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kirk Jensen
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services
University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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Yi W, Liu J, Qu S, Fan H, Lv Z. An 8 miRNA-Based Risk Score System for Predicting the Prognosis of Patients With Papillary Thyroid Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 19:1533033820965594. [PMID: 33054579 PMCID: PMC7570775 DOI: 10.1177/1533033820965594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) might influence prognosis of PTC. This study is aimed to develop a risk score system for predicting prognosis of PTC. Methods: The miRNA and gene expression profiles of PTC were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. PTC samples were randomly separated into training set (n = 248) and validation set (n = 248). The differentially expressed miRNAs (DE-miRNAs) in the training set were screened using limma package. The independent prognosis-associated DE-miRNAs were identified for building a risk score system. Risk score of PTC samples in the training set was calculated and samples were divided into high risk group and low risk group. Kaplan-Meier curves and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used to assess the accuracy of the risk score system in the training set, validation set and entire set. Finally, a miRNA-gene regulatory network was visualized by Cytoscape software, followed by enrichment analysis. Results: Totally, 162 DE-miRNAs between tumor and control groups in the training set were identified. An 8 independent prognosis-associated DE-miRNAs, (including miR-1179, miR-133b, miR-3194, miR-3912, miR-548j, miR-6720, miR-6734, and miR-6843) based risk score system was developed. The area under ROC curve in the training set, validation set and entire set was all above 0.93. A miRNA-gene regulatory network involving the 8 DE-miRNAs were built and functional enrichment analysis suggested the genes in the network were significantly enriched into 13 pathways, including calcium signaling pathway and hedgehog signaling pathway. Conclusion: The risk score system developed this study might be used for predicting the prognosis of PTC. Besides, the 8 miRNAs might affect the prognosis of PTC via hedgehog signaling pathway and calcium signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwan Yi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Wanwan Yi, Jin Liu and Shuping Qu are co-first authors
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Wanwan Yi, Jin Liu and Shuping Qu are co-first authors
| | - Shuping Qu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Navy Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China.,Wanwan Yi, Jin Liu and Shuping Qu are co-first authors
| | - Hengwei Fan
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Navy Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China.,Hengwei Fan and Zhongwei Lv are co-corresponding authors
| | - Zhongwei Lv
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Hengwei Fan and Zhongwei Lv are co-corresponding authors
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11
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Najafzadeh B, Asadzadeh Z, Motafakker Azad R, Mokhtarzadeh A, Baghbanzadeh A, Alemohammad H, Abdoli Shadbad M, Vasefifar P, Najafi S, Baradaran B. The oncogenic potential of NANOG: An important cancer induction mediator. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2443-2458. [PMID: 32960465 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a unique population in the tumor, but they only comprise 2%-5% of the tumor bulk. Although CSCs share several features with embryonic stem cells, CSCs can give rise to the tumor cells. CSCs overexpress embryonic transcription factor NANOG, which is downregulated in differentiated tissues. This transcription factor confers CSC's stemness, unlimited self-renewal, metastasis, invasiveness, angiogenesis, and drug-resistance with the assistance of WNT, OCT4, SOX2, Hedgehog, BMI-1, and other complexes. NANOG facilitates CSCs development via multiple pathways, like angiogenesis and lessening E-cadherin expression levels, which paves the road for metastasis. Moreover, NANOG represses apoptosis and leads to drug-resistance. This review aims to highlight the pivotal role of NANOG and the pertained pathways in CSCs. Also, this current study intends to demonstrate that targeting NANOG can dimmish the CSCs, sensitize the tumor to chemotherapy, and eradicate the cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basira Najafzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hajar Alemohammad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Parisa Vasefifar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Souzan Najafi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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12
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Sun H, Zhang T, Liu R, Cao W, Zhang Z, Liu Z, Qian W, Wang D, Yu D, Zhong C. Resveratrol Inhibition of Renal Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics and Modulation of the Sonic Hedgehog Pathway. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:1157-1167. [PMID: 32586140 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1784966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Renal cell cancers typically exhibit high metastasis and recurrence, and this is thought to be due to renal cancer stem cells (CSCs). Meanwhile, aberrant activation of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is linked with CSCs. Resveratrol has direct or indirect impacts on the pathological activities of CSCs. However, the effects of resveratrol on renal CSCs remain to be elucidated. METHODS We cultured renal CSCs in serum-free medium. Western blotting was used to analyze the expression levels of related proteins. The mRNA changes were detected by qRT-PCR after resveratrol treatment. The CD133+ cells were quantified by flow cytometry analysis. Immunofluorescence staining images showed the changes in CD44 and Smoothened expression in the cell spheres. RESULTS Renal CSCs were enriched by tumorsphere formation assays of ACHN and 786-O cells. Resveratrol treatments markedly decreased the size and number of cell spheres and downregulated the expression of the Shh pathway-related proteins and CSCs markers. Moreover, we observed that resveratrol inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis, while purmorphamine upregulated the Shh pathway and weakened the effects of resveratrol on renal CSCs. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that resveratrol is a potential novel therapeutic agent that targets inactivation of renal CSCs by affecting the function of the Shh pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Sun
- Department of Urology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Taotao Zhang
- Department of Urology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Urology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wanshuang Cao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Urology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhiqi Liu
- Department of Urology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Weiwei Qian
- Department of Urology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Dengdian Wang
- Department of Urology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Dexin Yu
- Department of Urology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Caiyun Zhong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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13
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Liu W, Ruan T, Ji X, Ran D, Sun J, Shi H, Prinz RA, Sun J, Pan Z, Jiao X, Xu X. The Gli1-Snail axis contributes to Salmonella Typhimurium-induced disruption of intercellular junctions of intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13211. [PMID: 32329192 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a facultative intracellular pathogen that damages gastrointestinal tissue and causes severe diarrhoea. The mechanisms by which Salmonella disrupts epithelial barrier and increases the paracellular permeability are incompletely understood. Our present study aims to determine the role of Gli1, a transcription factor activated in the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway, in decreasing the levels of apical junction proteins in a Salmonella-infected human colonic epithelial cancer cell line, Caco-2, and in the intestinal tissue of Salmonella-infected mice. Here, we report that S. Typhimurium increased the mRNA and protein levels of Gli1 and Snail, a downstream transcription factor that plays an important role in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). S. Typhimurium also decreased the levels of E-cadherin and three tight junction proteins (ZO-1, claudin-1, and occludin). Gli1 siRNA and GANT61, a Gli1-specific inhibitor, blocked S. Typhimurium-induced Snail expression, restored the levels of E-cadherin and tight junction proteins, and prevented S. Typhimurium-increased paracellular permeability. Further study showed that Gli1 was cross-activated by the MAP and PI-3 kinase pathways. S. Typhimurium devoid of sopB, an effector of the Type 3 secretion system (T3SS) responsible for AKT activation, was unable to induce Snail expression and to decrease the expression of apical junction proteins. Our study uncovered a novel role of Gli1 in mediating the Salmonella-induced disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tao Ruan
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyue Ji
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Di Ran
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Huoying Shi
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Richard A Prinz
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiulong Xu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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14
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Liao CW, Zheng C, Wang L. Down-regulation of FOXR2 inhibits hypoxia-driven ROS-induced migration and invasion of thyroid cancer cells via regulation of the hedgehog pathway. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:1076-1082. [PMID: 32068268 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box R2 (FOXR2), a new member of the FOX family, is involved in a wide range of biological processes such as embryogenesis, differentiation, transformation and metabolic homeostasis. Recently, FOXR2 has been reported to be aberrantly expressed in a variety of cancers and correlated with cancer development. However, the specific role of FOXR2 in thyroid cancer (TC) remains unclear. In this study, we showed that FOXR2 was highly expressed in TC tissues and cell lines. Moreover, down-regulation of FOXR2 inhibited hypoxia-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and migration/invasion of TC cells. We also found that the hedgehog pathway was responsible for the partial mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effect. Taken together, these findings indicated that down-regulation of FOXR2 inhibits hypoxia-driven ROS-induced migration and invasion of TC cells via regulation of the hedgehog pathway. Thus, FOXR2 may hold great potential for TC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Wu Liao
- First Department of General Surgery, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Chen Zheng
- First Department of General Surgery, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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15
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Pu P, Qingyuan M, Weishan W, Fei H, Tengyang M, Weiping Z, Zhoujun Z, Mengyu W, Chao W, Chong S. Protein-Degrading Enzymes in Osteoarthritis. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ORTHOPADIE UND UNFALLCHIRURGIE 2019; 159:54-66. [PMID: 31746442 DOI: 10.1055/a-1019-8117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE TGFβ1 plays an important role in the metabolism of articular cartilage and bone; however, the pathological mechanism and targets of TGFβ1 in cartilage degradation and uncoupling of subchondral bone remodeling remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the relationship between TGFβ1 and major protein-degrading enzymes, and evaluated the role of high levels of active TGFβ1 in the thickening of subchondral bone and calcification of articular cartilage. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of TGFβ1 and protein-degrading enzymes in clinical samples of articular cartilage and subchondral bone obtained from the knee joint of patients with osteoarthritis was detected by immunohistochemistry. The expression levels of TGFβ1, MMP-3, MMP-13 and IL-1β in cartilage and subchondral bone tissues were detected by absolute real-time quantitative RT-PCR. The expression of TGFβ1, nestin and osterix in subchondral bone was detected by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. The degree of subchondral bone thickening was determined by micro-computed tomography (CT) imaging. RESULTS Expression of TGFβ1 and cartilage-degrading enzymes was higher in the cartilage-disrupted group than that in the intact group. Furthermore, expression of TGFβ1, nestin and osterix was significantly higher in the OA group than that in the control group. Micro-CT imaging showed that in the OA group, the subchondral bone plate is thickened and the density is increased. The trabecular bone structure is thick plate-like structure, the thickness of the trabecular bone is increased and the gap is small. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that highly active TGFβ1 activates the expression of cartilage-degrading enzymes. Abnormally activated TGFβ1 may induce formation of the subchondral bone and expansion of the calcified cartilage area, eventually leading to degradation of the cartilage tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peidong Pu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China
| | - Ma Qingyuan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China
| | - Wang Weishan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China
| | - Han Fei
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China
| | - Ma Tengyang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China
| | - Zhou Weiping
- Xinjiang Military Region 69337 Unit Health Center, China
| | - Zhu Zhoujun
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China
| | - Wang Mengyu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China
| | - Wang Chao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China
| | - Shi Chong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China
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16
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Loh CY, Chai JY, Tang TF, Wong WF, Sethi G, Shanmugam MK, Chong PP, Looi CY. The E-Cadherin and N-Cadherin Switch in Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition: Signaling, Therapeutic Implications, and Challenges. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101118. [PMID: 31547193 PMCID: PMC6830116 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 664] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) has been shown to be crucial in tumorigenesis where the EMT program enhances metastasis, chemoresistance and tumor stemness. Due to its emerging role as a pivotal driver of tumorigenesis, targeting EMT is of great therapeutic interest in counteracting metastasis and chemoresistance in cancer patients. The hallmark of EMT is the upregulation of N-cadherin followed by the downregulation of E-cadherin, and this process is regulated by a complex network of signaling pathways and transcription factors. In this review, we summarized the recent understanding of the roles of E- and N-cadherins in cancer invasion and metastasis as well as the crosstalk with other signaling pathways involved in EMT. We also highlighted a few natural compounds with potential anti-EMT property and outlined the future directions in the development of novel intervention in human cancer treatments. We have reviewed 287 published papers related to this topic and identified some of the challenges faced in translating the discovery work from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Yap Loh
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Jian Yi Chai
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Ting Fang Tang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
| | - Muthu Kumaraswamy Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
| | - Pei Pei Chong
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia.
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17
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Zheng F, Xiao X, Wang C. Retracted: The Effect of PTCH1 on Ovarian Cancer Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2019; 34:103-109. [DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2018.2626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zheng
- Department of Gynaecology, Huangshi Aikang Hospital, Huangshi, China
| | - Xinyi Xiao
- Department of Gynaecology, Huangshi Aikang Hospital, Huangshi, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Department of Gynaecology, Huangshi Aikang Hospital, Huangshi, China
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18
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Gupta P, Gupta N, Fofaria NM, Ranjan A, Srivastava SK. HER2-mediated GLI2 stabilization promotes anoikis resistance and metastasis of breast cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2018; 442:68-81. [PMID: 30409762 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer metastasis is a multi-step process and requires cells to overcome anoikis. Anoikis is defined as cell-death that occurs due to loss of cell adhesion. During the course of cancer progression, tumor cells acquire resistance to anoikis. However, mechanisms of anoikis resistance are not clear. Human epidermal growth receptor 2 (HER2) overexpressing breast tumors are known to be highly aggressive and metastatic. The mechanisms correlating HER2 with metastasis are poorly understood. We observed increased anoikis resistance in HER2 overexpressing breast cancer cells. In addition, we identified that HER2 overexpression was also associated with increased sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling especially GLI2, and that inhibition of SHH pathway suppressed anoikis resistance. GSK3β is known to facilitate proteasome-mediated degradation of GLI2. Moreover, we observed that silencing of GLI2 resulted in reduced migration and invasion of HER2 overexpressing cells. Anoikis resistant HER2 overexpressing cells also showed increased rate and extent of metastasis in vivo, as compared to wild type anoikis resistant cells. Taken together, this study indicates a novel role of HER2/GSK3β/GLI2 axis in anoikis resistance and metastasis, and that GLI2 could be a potential target for anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Nehal Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Neel M Fofaria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Alok Ranjan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Sanjay K Srivastava
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA; Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, 79601, USA.
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19
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Hedgehog signalling in the tumourigenesis and metastasis of osteosarcoma, and its potential value in the clinical therapy of osteosarcoma. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:701. [PMID: 29899399 PMCID: PMC5999604 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0647-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway is involved in cell differentiation, growth and tissue polarity. This pathway is also involved in the progression and invasion of various human cancers. Osteosarcoma, a subtype of bone cancer, is commonly seen in children and adolescents. Typically, pulmonary osteosarcoma metastases are especially difficult to control. In the present paper, we summarise recent studies on the regulation of osteosarcoma progression and metastasis by downregulating Hh signalling. We also summarise the crosstalk between the Hh pathway and other cancer-related pathways in the tumourigenesis of various cancers. We further summarise and highlight the therapeutic value of potential inhibitors of Hh signalling in the clinical therapy of human cancers.
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