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Орешкина ЕМ, Болотова НВ, Пылаев ТЕ, Аверьянов АП, Райгородская НЮ. [Hormonal and genetic causes of cryptorchidism]. PROBLEMY ENDOKRINOLOGII 2023; 69:99-106. [PMID: 37968957 PMCID: PMC10680546 DOI: 10.14341/probl13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Cryptorchidism is the most frequent congenital disorders of the reproductive system, is present in 2-3% of term newborn boys. Genes involved in embryonic testicular migration are known but their role in cryptorchidism development are not investigated enough. Genetical causes of cryptorchidism are identified in 5-7% of patients. The article contains data on the role of insulin-like peptide 3 and its receptor, anti-Müllerian hormone, gonadotropins, androgens in embryonic testicular migration. INSL3 and AMH are presented as markers of testicular dysfunction associated with cryptorchidism. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is also associated with cryptorchidism and can be diagnosed based on it. Results of modern investigations determine the necessary of hormonal and genetical examination of patients with isolated cryptorchidism to detect causes of cryptorchidism and manage of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Е. М. Орешкина
- Саратовский государственный медицинский университет им. В.И. Разумовского
| | - Н. В. Болотова
- Саратовский государственный медицинский университет им. В.И. Разумовского
| | - Т. Е. Пылаев
- Саратовский государственный медицинский университет им. В.И. Разумовского
| | - А. П. Аверьянов
- Саратовский государственный медицинский университет им. В.И. Разумовского
| | - Н. Ю. Райгородская
- Саратовский государственный медицинский университет им. В.И. Разумовского
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Mukherjee A, Nongthomba U. To RNA-binding and beyond: Emerging facets of the role of Rbfox proteins in development and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2023:e1813. [PMID: 37661850 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The RNA-binding Fox-1 homologue (Rbfox) proteins represent an ancient family of splicing factors, conserved through evolution. All members share an RNA recognition motif (RRM), and a particular affinity for the GCAUG signature in target RNA molecules. The role of Rbfox, as a splice factor, deciding the tissue-specific inclusion/exclusion of an exon, depending on its binding position on the flanking introns, is well known. Rbfox often acts in concert with other splicing factors, and forms splicing regulatory networks. Apart from this canonical role, recent studies show that Rbfox can also function as a transcription co-factor, and affects mRNA stability and translation. The repertoire of Rbfox targets is vast, including genes involved in the development of tissue lineages, such as neurogenesis, myogenesis, and erythropoeiesis, and molecular processes, including cytoskeletal dynamics, and calcium handling. A second layer of complexity is added by the fact that Rbfox expression itself is regulated by multiple mechanisms, and, in vertebrates, exhibits tissue-specific expression. The optimum dosage of Rbfox is critical, and its misexpression is etiological to various disease conditions. In this review, we discuss the contextual roles played by Rbfox as a tissue-specific regulator for the expression of many important genes with diverse functions, through the lens of the emerging data which highlights its involvement in many human diseases. Furthermore, we explore the mechanistic details provided by studies in model organisms, with emphasis on the work with Drosophila. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > Splicing Mechanisms RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Interactions: Functional Implications RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amartya Mukherjee
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Upendra Nongthomba
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Lăptoiu AR, Spoială EL, Stanciu GD, Hanganu E, Lupu VV, Ciongradi CI, Gavrilovici C. New Insights into the Role of INSL-3 in the Development of Cryptorchidism. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10040737. [PMID: 37189986 DOI: 10.3390/children10040737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cryptorchidism, defined as the failure of at least one or both testicles to descend into the scrotal pouches, is the most frequent (1.6-9% at birth, 1/20 males at birth) congenital anomaly encountered in newborn males, resulting in one of the most frequent causes of non-obstructive azoospermia in men. Similar to other congenital malformations, cryptorchidism is thought to be caused by endocrine and genetic factors, combined with maternal and environmental influences. The etiology of cryptorchidism is unknown, as it involves complex mechanisms aiming to control the testicular development and descent from their initial intra-abdominal location in scrotal pouches. The implication of insulin-like 3 (INSL-3) associated with its receptor (LGR8) is critical. Genetic analysis discloses functionally deleterious mutations in INSL3 and GREAT/LGR8 genes. In this literature review, we discuss and analyze the implication of INSL3 and the INSL3/LGR8 mutation in the occurrence of cryptorchidism in both human and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma-Raluca Lăptoiu
- Pediatrics Department, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Elena-Lia Spoială
- Pediatrics Department, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gabriela Dumitrita Stanciu
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Elena Hanganu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Pediatric and Orthopaedic Surgery, "Sfânta Maria" Emergency Children Hospital, 700309 Iași, Romania
| | - Vasile Valeriu Lupu
- Pediatrics Department, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Carmen-Iulia Ciongradi
- Department of Pediatric and Orthopaedic Surgery, "Sfânta Maria" Emergency Children Hospital, 700309 Iași, Romania
- 2nd Department of Surgery and Ortophedics, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristina Gavrilovici
- Pediatrics Department, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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Ivell R, Mamsen LS, Andersen CY, Anand-Ivell R. Expression and Role of INSL3 in the Fetal Testis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:868313. [PMID: 35464060 PMCID: PMC9019166 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.868313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) is a small peptide hormone of the insulin-relaxin family which is produced and secreted by the fetal Leydig cells in the testes only. It appears to be undetectable in female fetuses. In the human fetus INSL3 synthesis begins immediately following gonadal sex determination at weeks 7 to 8 post coitum and the peptide can be detected in amniotic fluid 1 to 2 weeks later. INSL3 acts through a unique G-protein-coupled receptor, called RelaXin-like Family Peptide receptor 2 (RXFP2), which is expressed by the mesenchymal cells of the gubernacular ligament linking the testes to the inguinal wall. The role of INSL3 in the male fetus is to cause a thickening of the gubernaculum which then retains the testes in the inguinal region, while the remainder of the abdominal organs grow away in an antero-dorsal direction. This represents the first phase of testis descent and is followed later in pregnancy by the second inguino-scrotal phase whereby the testes pass into the scrotum through the inguinal canal. INSL3 acts as a significant biomarker for Leydig cell differentiation in the fetus and may be reduced by maternal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals, such as xenoestrogens or phthalates, leading to cryptorchidism. INSL3 may have other roles within the fetus, but as a Leydig cell biomarker its reduction acts also as a surrogate for anti-androgen action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ivell
- School of Bioscience, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Linn Salto Mamsen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Section 5712, Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Yding Andersen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Section 5712, Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ravinder Anand-Ivell
- School of Bioscience, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Cryptorchidism, i.e., undescended testis, is one of the most common genital malformations in newborn male babies. The birth rate of cryptorchidism varies from 1.6 to 9.0 %. Etiology of disrupted testicular descent is complex and predisposing causes include genetic, hormonal, environmental, lifestyle and maternal factors. Testicular descent occurs in two major steps and testicular hormones and normal function of hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis are important for normal descent. Several gene mutations are associated with syndromic cryptorchidism but they are rarely found in boys with isolated undescended testis. Testicular regression can also cause an empty scrotum. Normal male genital phenotype indicates that the boy has had functioning testis during development. Torsion of the testis can cause testicular regression but in many cases the reason for vanishing testis remains elusive. In this narrative review we discuss genetics of cryptorchidism and testicular regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi P Elamo
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| | - Helena E Virtanen
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
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Landero-Huerta DA, Vigueras-Villaseñor RM, Taja-Chayeb L, García-Andrade F, Aréchaga-Ocampo E, Yokoyama-Rebollar E, Díaz-Chávez J, Herrera LA, Chávez-Saldaña MD. Analysis of the CAG tract length in the Androgen Receptor gene in Mexican patients with nonsyndromic cryptorchidism. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2021; 34:843-849. [PMID: 33838085 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2020-0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cryptorchidism is the most common genitourinary birth defect in live newborn males and is considered as an important risk factor for testicular germ cell tumors and infertility. The Androgen Receptor gene is important in this pathology due to its participation, mainly, in the inguinoscrotal phase of testicular descent. We determine the length of the CAG tract in the Androgen Receptor (AR) gene in Mexican patients with nonsyndromic cryptorchidism. METHODS One hundred and 15 males were included; of these, 62 had nonsyndromic cryptorchidism and 53 were healthy volunteers. DNA was extracted from a peripheral blood samples, subsequently, the CAG tract in exon 1 of AR gene was amplified by PCR and sequenced. RESULTS Mexican patients with nonsyndromic cryptorchidism presented 25.03 ± 2.58 repeats of CAG tract in the AR gene compared to 22.72 ± 3.17 repeats of CAG tract in Mexican healthy individuals (p≤0.0001; t value of 4.3). Furthermore, the deletion of codon 57 that corresponds to the deletion of a leucine residue at position 57 (Del L57) in the AR gene was found for the first time in a nonsyndromic cryptorchidism patient. This molecular alteration has been related previously to testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT). CONCLUSIONS The CAG tract in the AR gene is longer in patients with nonsyndromic cryptorchidism than in healthy individuals, supporting the association between this polymorphism of the AR gene and nonsyndromic cryptorchidism in the Mexican population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Landero-Huerta
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, México.,Posgrado en Ciencias Naturales e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Lucía Taja-Chayeb
- Laboratorio de Epigenética, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Fabiola García-Andrade
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Elena Aréchaga-Ocampo
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Emiy Yokoyama-Rebollar
- Departmento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Luis A Herrera
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.,Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, México
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de Vasconcelos RAL, Ximenes RAA, Calado AA, Martelli CMT, Gonçalves AV, Brickley EB, de Araújo TVB, Wanderley Rocha MA, Miranda-Filho DDB. Cryptorchidism in Children with Zika-Related Microcephaly. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:982-984. [PMID: 32157994 PMCID: PMC7204599 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The genitourinary tract was recently identified as a potential site of complications related to the congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). We provide the first report of a series of cryptorchidism cases in 3-year-old children with Zika-related microcephaly who underwent consultations between October 2018 and April 2019 as part of the follow-up of the children cohort of the Microcephaly Epidemic Research Group, Pernambuco, Brazil. Of the 22 males examined, eight (36.4%) presented with cryptorchidism. Among 14 undescended testis cases, 11 (78.6%) could be palpated in the inguinal region. Seven of the eight children had severe microcephaly. Conventional risk factors for cryptorchidism were relatively infrequent in these children. We hypothesize that cryptorchidism is an additional manifestation of CZS present in children with severe microcephaly. As in our cases, for most of the children, the testes were located in the inguinal region, and the possible mechanisms for cryptorchidism were gubernaculum disturbance or cremasteric abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo A A Ximenes
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | - Andreia V Gonçalves
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Sinopidis X, Mourelatou R, Kostopoulou E, Karvela A, Rojas-Gil AP, Tsekoura E, Georgiou G, Spiliotis BE. Novel combined insulin-like 3 variations of a single nucleotide in cryptorchidism. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2019; 32:987-994. [PMID: 31444964 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2018-0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Insulin-like 3 hormone (INSL3) is involved in the process of testicular descent, and has been thoroughly studied in cryptorchidism. However, INSL3 allelic variations found in the human genome were heterozygous and only a few of them were found exclusively in patients with cryptorchidism. Under this perspective, we aimed to study the presence of INSL3 allelic variations in a cohort of patients with cryptorchidism and to estimate their potential consequences. Methods Blood samples were collected from 46 male patients with non-syndromic cryptorchidism and from 43 age-matched controls. DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed for exons 1 and 2 of the INSL3 gene in all subjects. Sequencing analysis was carried out on the PCR products. All data were grouped according to testicular location. Results Seven variations of a single nucleotide (SNVs) were identified both in patients with cryptorchidism and in controls: rs2286663 (c.27G > A), rs1047233 (c.126A > G) and rs6523 (c.178A > G) at exon 1, rs74531687 (c.191-30C > T) at the intron, rs121912556 (c.305G > A) at exon 2 and rs17750642 (c.*101C > A) and rs1003887 (c.*263G > A) at the untranslated region (UTR). The allelic variants rs74531687 and rs121912556 were found for the first time in the Greek population. The novel homozygotic combination of the three allelic variants rs1047233-rs6523-rs1003887 seemed to present a stronger correlation with more severe forms of cryptorchidism. Conclusions The combination of specific INSL3 SNVs rather than the existence of each one of them alone may offer a new insight into the involvement of allelic variants in phenotypic variability and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenophon Sinopidis
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatric Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rion, Patras, Greece
| | - Roza Mourelatou
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Laboratory of the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Eirini Kostopoulou
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Laboratory of the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Alexia Karvela
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Laboratory of the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Andrea-Paola Rojas-Gil
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Laboratory of the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Efstathia Tsekoura
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Laboratory of the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital, Patras, Greece
| | - Bessie E Spiliotis
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Laboratory of the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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Assisi L, Pelagalli A, Squillacioti C, Liguori G, Annunziata C, Mirabella N. Orexin A-Mediated Modulation of Reproductive Activities in Testis of Normal and Cryptorchid Dogs: Possible Model for Studying Relationships Between Energy Metabolism and Reproductive Control. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:816. [PMID: 31824429 PMCID: PMC6882921 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexin A (OxA) is a neuropeptide produced in the lateral hypothalamus that performs pleiotropic functions in different tissues, including involvement in energy homeostasis and reproductive neuroendocrine functions. The role of OxA is particularly important given the well-studied relationships between physiological mechanisms controlling energy balance and reproduction. The enzyme P450 aromatase (ARO) helps convert androgens to estrogens and has roles in steroidogenesis, spermatogenesis, and energy metabolism in several organs. The goal of this study was thus to investigate the role of OxA in ARO activity and the effects of this regulation on reproductive homeostasis in male gonads from healthy and cryptorchid dogs. The cryptorchidism is a specific condition characterized by altered reproductive and metabolic activities, the latter of which emerge from impaired glycolysis. OxA helps to stimulate testosterone (T) synthesis in the dog testis. We aimed to investigate OxA-mediated modulation of 17β-estradiol (17β-E) synthesis, ARO expression and metabolic indicators in testis of normal and cryptorchid dogs. Our results indicate putative effects of OxA on estrogen biosynthesis and ARO activity based on western blotting analysis and immunohistochemistry for ARO detection and in vitro tests. OxA triggered decrease in estrogen production and ARO activity inhibition; reduced ARO activity thus prevented the conversion of T to estrogens and increasing OxA-mediated synthesis of T. Furthermore, we characterized some metabolic and oxidative modulations in normal and cryptorchid dog's testis. The steroidogenic regulation by OxA and its modulation of ARO activity led us to hypothesize that OxA is a potential therapeutic target in pathological conditions associated with steroidogenic alterations and OxA possible involvement in metabolic processes in the male gonad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Assisi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pelagalli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Squillacioti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Caterina Squillacioti
| | - Giovanna Liguori
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Annunziata
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Mirabella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Mao BP, Li L, Yan M, Lian Q, Ge R, Cheng CY. Environmental toxicants and cell polarity in the testis. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 81:253-258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Fénichel P, Chevalier N, Lahlou N, Coquillard P, Wagner-Mahler K, Pugeat M, Panaïa-Ferrari P, Brucker-Davis F. Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals Interfere With Leydig Cell Hormone Pathways During Testicular Descent in Idiopathic Cryptorchidism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:786. [PMID: 30687232 PMCID: PMC6335363 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptorchidism, a frequent genital malformation in male newborn, remains in most cases idiopathic. On the basis of experimental, epidemiological, and clinical data, it has been included in the testicular dysgenesis syndrome and believed to be influenced, together with genetic and anatomic factors, by maternal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Here, we analyze how EDCs may interfere with the control of testicular descent, which is regulated by two Leydig cell hormones, testosterone, and insulin like peptide 3 (INSL3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Fénichel
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital of Nice, Nice, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Médicale, UMR U1065, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
- *Correspondence: Patrick Fénichel
| | - Nicolas Chevalier
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital of Nice, Nice, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Médicale, UMR U1065, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Najiba Lahlou
- Department of Hormonology and Metabolic Disorders, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Michel Pugeat
- Institut National de la Recherche Médicale, U1060 CaRMen, Fédération d'Endocrinologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon-1, Bron, France
| | | | - Françoise Brucker-Davis
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital of Nice, Nice, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Médicale, UMR U1065, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
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