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Wacka E, Nicikowski J, Jarmuzek P, Zembron-Lacny A. Anemia and Its Connections to Inflammation in Older Adults: A Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2049. [PMID: 38610814 PMCID: PMC11012269 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13072049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Anemia is a common hematological disorder that affects 12% of the community-dwelling population, 40% of hospitalized patients, and 47% of nursing home residents. Our understanding of the impact of inflammation on iron metabolism and erythropoiesis is still lacking. In older adults, anemia can be divided into nutritional deficiency anemia, bleeding anemia, and unexplained anemia. The last type of anemia might be caused by reduced erythropoietin (EPO) activity, progressive EPO resistance of bone marrow erythroid progenitors, and the chronic subclinical pro-inflammatory state. Overall, one-third of older patients with anemia demonstrate a nutritional deficiency, one-third have a chronic subclinical pro-inflammatory state and chronic kidney disease, and one-third suffer from anemia of unknown etiology. Understanding anemia's pathophysiology in people aged 65 and over is crucial because it contributes to frailty, falls, cognitive decline, decreased functional ability, and higher mortality risk. Inflammation produces adverse effects on the cells of the hematological system. These effects include iron deficiency (hypoferremia), reduced EPO production, and the elevated phagocytosis of erythrocytes by hepatic and splenic macrophages. Additionally, inflammation causes enhanced eryptosis due to oxidative stress in the circulation. Identifying mechanisms behind age-related inflammation is essential for a better understanding and preventing anemia in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eryk Wacka
- Department of Applied and Clinical Physiology, Collegium Medicum University of Zielona Gora, 65-417 Zielona Gora, Poland; (J.N.); (A.Z.-L.)
| | - Jan Nicikowski
- Department of Applied and Clinical Physiology, Collegium Medicum University of Zielona Gora, 65-417 Zielona Gora, Poland; (J.N.); (A.Z.-L.)
| | - Pawel Jarmuzek
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Collegium Medicum University of Zielona Gora, 65-417 Zielona Gora, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Zembron-Lacny
- Department of Applied and Clinical Physiology, Collegium Medicum University of Zielona Gora, 65-417 Zielona Gora, Poland; (J.N.); (A.Z.-L.)
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Arkew M, Asmerom H, Gemechu K, Tesfa T. Global Prevalence of Anemia Among Type 2 Diabetic Adult Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:2243-2254. [PMID: 37545742 PMCID: PMC10402722 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s421851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anemia is a common and often overlooked hematological change observed in patients with diabetes mellitus. However, there is no global survey or health registry that estimates the pooled prevalence of anemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the global pooled prevalence of anemia among adult patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods This study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines. The study protocol was registered on PROSPERO with the reference number (CRD42022327135), and the link provided (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022327135) display the published methodology. Previously published articles were searched in PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Library, WHO Global Index Medicus, African Journals Online, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Google from October 26 to November 09, 2022. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tool. Random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of anemia. The degree of heterogeneity among the included studies was assessed using I2 statistics. Publication bias was detected using funnel plot symmetry analysis supplemented by Egger's and Begg's tests. Results Twenty-four studies with a total number of 19,118 participants were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of anemia among type 2 diabetic adult patients was 27.0% (95% CI: 24.0, 31.0, I2 = 96.45%; P< 0.001). Geographical and time-based subgroup analysis showed that higher prevalence of anemia was observed in Africa region 28.0% (95% CI: 17.0, 39.0) and from 2015 to 2022, 28.0% (95% CI: 24.0, 33.0), respectively. Conclusion Anemia is a moderate public health problem among adult patients with type 2 diabetes. Nearly one in four patients with type 2 diabetes develops anemia. Therefore, considering the negative impact of anemia, it is important to include anemia screening in the routine assessment of diabetes-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesay Arkew
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Haftu Asmerom
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Kabtamu Gemechu
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Tewodros Tesfa
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
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Fadah K, Gopi G, Lingireddy A, Blumer V, Dewald T, Mentz RJ. Anabolic androgenic steroids and cardiomyopathy: an update. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1214374. [PMID: 37564909 PMCID: PMC10412093 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1214374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) include endogenously produced androgens like testosterone and their synthetic derivatives. Their influence on multiple metabolic pathways across organ systems results in an extensive side effect profile. From creating an atherogenic and prothrombotic milieu to direct myocardial injury, the effects of AAS on the heart may culminate with patients requiring thorough cardiac evaluation and multi-disciplinary medical management related to cardiomyopathy and heart failure (HF). Supraphysiological doses of AAS have been shown to induce cardiomyopathy via biventricular dysfunction. Advancement in imaging including cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and additional diagnostic testing have facilitated the identification of AAS-induced left ventricular dysfunction, but data regarding the impact on right ventricular function remains limited. Emerging studies showed conflicting data regarding the reversibility of AAS-induced cardiomyopathy. There is an unmet need for a systematic long-term outcomes study to empirically evaluate the clinical course of cardiomyopathy and to assess potential targeted therapy as appropriate. In this review, we provide an overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology and management considerations related to AAS and cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahtan Fadah
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Gokul Gopi
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Ajay Lingireddy
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Vanessa Blumer
- Department of Cardiovascular, Heart and Vascular Institute, Kaufman Center For Heart Failure, OH, United States
| | - Tracy Dewald
- Department of Cardiovascular, Duke University Medical Center and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Robert J. Mentz
- Department of Cardiovascular, Duke University Medical Center and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, United States
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Nassani M, Fakih RE, Passweg J, Cesaro S, Alzahrani H, Alahmari A, Bonfim C, Iftikhar R, Albeihany A, Halkes C, Ahmed SO, Dufour C, Aljurf M. The role of androgen therapy in acquired aplastic anemia and other bone marrow failure syndromes. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1135160. [PMID: 37223686 PMCID: PMC10200973 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1135160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow failure syndromes are a heterogeneous group of diseases. With the major advancements in diagnostic tools and sequencing techniques, these diseases may be better classified and therapies may be further tailored. Androgens, a historic group of drugs, were found to stimulate hematopoiesis by enhancing the responsiveness of progenitors. These agents have been used for decades to treat different forms of bone marrow failure. With the availability of more effective pathways to treat BMF, androgens are less used currently. Nevertheless, this group of drugs may serve BMF patients where standard therapy is contraindicated or not available. In this article, we review the published literature addressing the use of androgens in BMF patients and we make recommendations on how to best use this class of drugs within the current therapeutic landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momen Nassani
- Department of Hematology, Stem Cell Transplant & Cellular Therapy, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riad El Fakih
- Department of Hematology, Stem Cell Transplant & Cellular Therapy, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jakob Passweg
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simone Cesaro
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Hazzaa Alzahrani
- Department of Hematology, Stem Cell Transplant & Cellular Therapy, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alahmari
- Department of Hematology, Stem Cell Transplant & Cellular Therapy, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carmem Bonfim
- Transplantation Unit, Department of Hematology, Hospital de Clinicas, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Raheel Iftikhar
- Department of Hematology, Armed Forces Bone Marrow Transplant Centre, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Amal Albeihany
- Department of Hematology, Stem Cell Transplant & Cellular Therapy, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Constantijn Halkes
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Syed Osman Ahmed
- Department of Hematology, Stem Cell Transplant & Cellular Therapy, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carlo Dufour
- Hematology Unit, Hemato.Oncology Department, IRCCS, G. Gaslini Children Research Institute, Genova, Italy
| | - Mahmoud Aljurf
- Department of Hematology, Stem Cell Transplant & Cellular Therapy, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Chen C, Xiangwei C. ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSOR FOR ANTI-DOPING IN ATHLETES. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202329012022_0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Several athletes use steroids such as nandrolone aiming at muscle hypertrophy and performance gain. The current research focused on developing a GO-TiO2 nanostructure as an electrochemical sensor for detecting Nandrolone (ND) like doping agents. Objective: Develop a graphene oxide and carbon paste-modified TiO2 nanocomposite electrode (TiO2-GO/CPE) as an electrochemical biosensor for the detection of anabolic steroids in the urine of athletes. Methods: The hydrothermal approach was employed to make GO-TiO2 nanocomposites, while the modified Hummers approach was used to make GO nanofilaments. Results: The interaction of TiO2 nanostructures with GOES resulted in the anchoring of TiO2 nanoparticles on the surface of GO nanowires, as demonstrated by structural investigations of the generated nanocomposite using SEM. The DPV approach was used to investigate the electrochemical properties of an anabolic steroid sensor, which revealed a stable and selective response to anabolic steroids and superior performance to previously reported anabolic steroid sensors. Conclusion: RSD values ranged from 3.20% to 4.45%, indicating that the developed electrochemical anabolic steroid sensor can be used as a viable detection technique to identify anabolic steroids in human biological fluids. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.
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Passamonti F, Harrison CN, Mesa RA, Kiladjian JJ, Vannucchi AM, Verstovsek S. Anemia in myelofibrosis: current and emerging treatment options. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 180:103862. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Abstract
Cachexia is a complex wasting syndrome, accompanying a variety of end-stage chronic diseases, such as cancer, heart failure and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It significantly affects patients' quality of life and survival. Multiple therapeutic approaches have been studied over time. However, despite promising results, no drug has been approved to date. In this review, we examine and discuss the available data on the therapeutic effects of androgens and selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) for cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Giovanelli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20100, Milan, Italy; Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Medicine, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20100, Milan, Italy; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals, NE1 4LP, UK.
| | - Richard Quinton
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals, NE1 4LP, UK; Translational & Clinical Research Institute, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK.
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8
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Role of Nuclear Receptors in Controlling Erythropoiesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052800. [PMID: 35269942 PMCID: PMC8911257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs), are a wide family of ligand-regulated transcription factors sharing a common modular structure composed by an N-terminal domain and a ligand-binding domain connected by a short hinge linker to a DNA-binding domain. NRs are involved in many physiological processes, including metabolism, reproduction and development. Most of them respond to small lipophilic ligands, such as steroids, retinoids, and phospholipids, which act as conformational switches. Some NRs are still "orphan" and the search for their ligands is still ongoing. Upon DNA binding, NRs can act both as transcriptional activators or repressors of their target genes. Theoretically, the possibility to modulate NRs activity with small molecules makes them ideal therapeutic targets, although the complexity of their signaling makes drug design challenging. In this review, we discuss the role of NRs in erythropoiesis, in both homeostatic and stress conditions. This knowledge is important in view of modulating red blood cells production in disease conditions, such as anemias, and for the expansion of erythroid cells in culture for research purposes and for reaching the long-term goal of cultured blood for transfusion.
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Lunenfeld B, Mskhalaya G, Zitzmann M, Corona G, Arver S, Kalinchenko S, Tishova Y, Morgentaler A. Recommendations on the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of testosterone deficiency in men. Aging Male 2021; 24:119-138. [PMID: 34396893 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2021.1962840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The relative proportional increase of the elderly population within many countries will become one of the most significant social transformations of the twenty-first century and, for the first time in history, persons aged 65 or above outnumbered children under five years of age globally. One in four persons living in Europe and Northern America will be aged 65 or over. One of the goals of ISSAM is to raise awareness of the special health needs of older men. Since a significant number of aging men will eventually become testosterone deficient, the Hypogonadism panel of ISSAM updates its guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lunenfeld
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Michael Zitzmann
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology/Clinical and Surgical Andrology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Giovanni Corona
- Medical Department, Endocrinology Unit, Maggiore Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefan Arver
- Department of Medicine/Huddinge Karolinska Institutet and ANOVA, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Svetlana Kalinchenko
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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Valancy D, Blachman-Braun R, Kuchakulla M, Nackeeran S, Ramasamy R. Association between low testosterone and anaemia: Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Andrologia 2021; 53:e14210. [PMID: 34374113 DOI: 10.1111/and.14210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an androgen effect on haematopoiesis; however, the effect of low testosterone in anaemia has not been fully studied. In this study, we aim to explore the association of total serum testosterone, low testosterone (≤300 ng/dl), haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of anaemia in a nationally representative sample of men. We analysed data from the NHANES III database, and men between the age of 18-80 years of age were selected. We defined anaemia as haemoglobin ≤13.5 ng/dl and low serum testosterone as ≤300 ng/dl. After analysing 5,888 men, it was shown that those with anaemia had a higher prevalence of low serum testosterone (32.3%) compared to those without anaemia (24.1%) (p < .001), and in multivariable-adjusted analysis, it was shown that low testosterone was significantly associated with anaemia (OR = 1.44; 95% CI: 1.17-1.78; p = .001). Our findings suggest that men with low serum testosterone have a higher risk of anaemia, and there is a positive association between serum testosterone and serum Hb. Further prospective studies need to be performed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Valancy
- Department of Urology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ruben Blachman-Braun
- Department of Urology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Manish Kuchakulla
- Department of Urology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sirpi Nackeeran
- Department of Urology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ranjith Ramasamy
- Department of Urology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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Walczak J, Bunn C, Saini P, Liu YM, Baldea AJ, Muthumalaiappan K. Transient Improvement in Erythropoiesis Is Achieved Via the Chaperone AHSP With Early Administration of Propranolol in Burn Patients. J Burn Care Res 2021; 42:311-322. [PMID: 32842148 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/iraa150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Burn patients experience erythropoietin resistant anemia in which early commitment and late maturation of erythroblasts are defective. The authors previously showed that propranolol (Prop) treatment restores erythroid committed progenitors, but terminal maturation remains impaired. Hemoglobinization and maturation occur during terminal erythropoiesis and these processes are aided by an erythroblast intrinsic functional protein called alpha-hemoglobin stabilizing protein (AHSP). The authors evaluated the role of AHSP in PBMC- (peripheral blood mono nuclear cell) derived erythroblasts and the implications of Prop in burn patients. Blood samples were collected at three time points from 17 patients receiving standard burn care (SBC) or Prop. Five healthy volunteers provided control plasma (CP). PBMCs were placed in biphasic cultures with 5% autologous plasma (BP) or CP. Erythroblasts were harvested during mid and late maturation stages; the percentage of AHSP+ erythroblasts, AHSP expression, and relative distribution of reticulocytes and polychromatophilic erythroblasts (PolyE) were determined by cytometry. During the second time point (7-10 days postburn), Prop cohort required 35% less transfusions. At mid maturation, PBMCs from Prop-treated patients cultured in BP had 33% more AHSP+ erythroblasts and 40% more AHSP expression compared with SBC. Furthermore, at late maturation, Prop had 50% more reticulocytes and 30% less PolyEs in CP vs BP compared with SBC (11% and 6%, respectively). AHSP is positively associated with late-stage maturation of PBMC-derived erythroblasts in the presence of CP. Albeit transiently, this is more pronounced in Prop than SBC. Early administration of propranolol in burn patients supports erythropoiesis via the chaperone AHSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Walczak
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Corinne Bunn
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Maywood, Illinois.,Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Pravesh Saini
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Yuk Ming Liu
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Anthony J Baldea
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Kuzhali Muthumalaiappan
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Maywood, Illinois.,Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
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Abdullah N, Ismail N, Abd Jalal N, Mohd Radin F, Othman R, Kamalul Arifin AS, Kamaruddin MA, Jamal R. Prevalence of anaemia and associated risk factors amongst The Malaysian Cohort participants. Ann Hematol 2020; 99:2521-2527. [PMID: 32975589 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-020-04279-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of anaemia amongst the Malaysian Cohort participants and the associated risk factors. This was a cross-sectional study that involved 102,388 participants from The Malaysian Cohort (TMC) aged between 35 and 70 years old recruited from April 2006 to September 2012. Venous blood was taken for the full blood count. The prevalence of anaemia was 13.8% with majority having the microcytic-hypochromic type (59.7%). Comparison between the ethnic groups showed that Indians have the highest prevalence of anaemia (19.9%), followed by Malays (13.1%), and Chinese (12.0%). The prevalence of anaemia was substantially higher in females (20.1%) compared to males (4.9%). Amongst the female participants, the prevalence of anaemia was highest amongst those who were younger than 49 years old and decreased as the age increased. In contrast, the prevalence of anaemia in males increased with age. Gender, ethnicity, age, marital status, presence of platelet disorders and kidney disease were significant risk factors associated with anaemia and contributed to 14.9% of the risk of developing anaemia in this population. The prevalence of anaemia amongst the Malaysian Cohort participants is 13.8% with the majority having the microcytic and hypochromic type implying iron deficiency as the main cause. It is important that those who have anaemia be further investigated and treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noraidatulakma Abdullah
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norliza Ismail
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nazihah Abd Jalal
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Farazela Mohd Radin
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Raihannah Othman
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azwa Shazwani Kamalul Arifin
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Arman Kamaruddin
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rahman Jamal
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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