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Wu B, Liu Y, Li H, Zhu L, Zeng L, Zhang Z, Peng W. Liver as a new target organ in Alzheimer's disease: insight from cholesterol metabolism and its role in amyloid-beta clearance. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:695-714. [PMID: 38886936 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.391305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, the primary cause of dementia, is characterized by neuropathologies, such as amyloid plaques, synaptic and neuronal degeneration, and neurofibrillary tangles. Although amyloid plaques are the primary characteristic of Alzheimer's disease in the central nervous system and peripheral organs, targeting amyloid-beta clearance in the central nervous system has shown limited clinical efficacy in Alzheimer's disease treatment. Metabolic abnormalities are commonly observed in patients with Alzheimer's disease. The liver is the primary peripheral organ involved in amyloid-beta metabolism, playing a crucial role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. Notably, impaired cholesterol metabolism in the liver may exacerbate the development of Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we explore the underlying causes of Alzheimer's disease and elucidate the role of the liver in amyloid-beta clearance and cholesterol metabolism. Furthermore, we propose that restoring normal cholesterol metabolism in the liver could represent a promising therapeutic strategy for addressing Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Wu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hongli Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lemei Zhu
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lingfeng Zeng
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Yangsheng College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
- Qinhuangdao Shanhaiguan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, China
| | - Weijun Peng
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorder, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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2
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Chawra HS, Agarwal M, Mishra A, Chandel SS, Singh RP, Dubey G, Kukreti N, Singh M. MicroRNA-21's role in PTEN suppression and PI3K/AKT activation: Implications for cancer biology. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 254:155091. [PMID: 38194804 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) was recognized as a key figure in the intricate web of tumor biology, with a prominent role in regulating the PTEN tumor suppressor gene and the PI3K/AKT cascade. This review elucidates the multifaceted interactions between miR-21, PTEN, and the PI3K/AKT signaling, shedding light on their profound implications in cancer initiation, progression, and therapeutic strategies. The core of this review delves into the mechanical intricacies of miR-21-mediated PTEN suppression and its consequent impact on PI3K/AKT pathway activation. It explores how miR-21, as an oncogenic miRNA, targets PTEN directly or indirectly, resulting in uncontrolled activation of PI3K/AKT, fostering cancerous cell survival, proliferation, and evasion of apoptosis. Furthermore, the abstract emphasizes the clinical relevance of these molecular interactions, discussing their implications in various cancer types, prognostic significance, and potential as therapeutic targets. The review provides insights into ongoing research efforts to develop miR-21 inhibitors and strategies to restore PTEN function, offering new avenues for cancer treatment. This article illuminates the critical function of miR-21 in PTEN suppression and PI3K/AKT activation, offering profound insights into its implications for cancer biology and the potential for targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohit Agarwal
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Anurag Mishra
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | | | | | - Gaurav Dubey
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Neelima Kukreti
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Mithilesh Singh
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
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3
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Chen K, Yu G. Tetrahydroalstonine possesses protective potentials on palmitic acid stimulated SK-N-MC cells by suppression of Aβ1-42 and tau through regulation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 962:176251. [PMID: 38061471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease. The morbidity of Alzheimer's disease is currently on the rise worldwide, but no effective treatment is available. Cornus officinalis is an herb and edible plant used in traditional Chinese medicine, whose extract has neuroprotective properties. In this investigation, we endeavored to refine a systems pharmacology strategy combining bioinformatics analysis, drug prediction, network pharmacology, and molecular docking to screen tetrahydroalstonine (THA) from Cornus officinalis as a therapeutic component for AD. Subsequent in vitro experiments were validated using MTT assay, Annexin V-PI flow cytometry, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence analysis. In Palmitate acid-induced SK-N-MC cells, THA restored the impaired PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, regulated insulin resistance, and attenuated BACE1 and GSK3β activity. In addition, THA significantly reduced cell apoptosis rate, down-regulated relative levels of p-JNK/JNK, Bax/Bcl-2, cytochrome C, active caspase-3 and caspase-3, and attenuated Palmitate acid-induced Aβ1-42 and Tau generation. THA may regulate the phenotype of AD and reduce cell apoptosis by modulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. This systematic analysis provides new ramifications concerning the therapeutic utility of tetrahydroalstonine for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, PR China
| | - Guran Yu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, PR China.
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Ali MU, Anwar L, Ali MH, Iqubal MK, Iqubal A, Baboota S, Ali J. Signalling Pathways Involved in Microglial Activation in Alzheimer's Disease and Potential Neuroprotective Role of Phytoconstituents. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:819-840. [PMID: 36567300 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666221223091529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a commonly reported neurodegenerative disorder associated with dementia and cognitive impairment. The pathophysiology of AD comprises Aβ, hyperphosphorylated tau protein formation, abrupt cholinergic cascade, oxidative stress, neuronal apoptosis, and neuroinflammation. Recent findings have established the profound role of immunological dysfunction and microglial activation in the pathogenesis of AD. Microglial activation is a multifactorial cascade encompassing various signalling molecules and pathways such as Nrf2/NLRP3/NF-kB/p38 MAPKs/ GSK-3β. Additionally, deposited Aβ or tau protein triggers microglial activation and accelerates its pathogenesis. Currently, the FDA-approved therapeutic regimens are based on the modulation of the cholinergic system, and recently, one more drug, aducanumab, has been approved by the FDA. On the one hand, these drugs only offer symptomatic relief and not a cure for AD. Additionally, no targetedbased microglial medicines are available for treating and managing AD. On the other hand, various natural products have been explored for the possible anti-Alzheimer effect via targeting microglial activation or different targets of microglial activation. Therefore, the present review focuses on exploring the mechanism and associated signalling related to microglial activation and a detailed description of various natural products that have previously been reported with anti-Alzheimer's effect via mitigation of microglial activation. Additionally, we have discussed the various patents and clinical trials related to managing and treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Uzair Ali
- School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Laiba Anwar
- School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohd Humair Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohammad Kashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
- Sentiss Research Centre, Department of Product Development, Sentiss Pharma Pvt Ltd., Gurugram 122001, India
| | - Ashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Sanjula Baboota
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
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5
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Lei L, Peng G, Luo H, Li W. SRY-box transcription factor 21 antisense divergent transcript 1: Regulatory roles and clinical significance in neoplastic conditions and Alzheimer's Disease. J Cancer 2023; 14:3258-3274. [PMID: 37928430 PMCID: PMC10622988 DOI: 10.7150/jca.89619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SRY-box transcription factor 21 antisense divergent transcript 1 (SOX21-AS1) is a multifaceted long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) that plays diverse roles in both neoplastic conditions and Alzheimer's disease. Its aberrant expression intricately regulates a wide spectrum of cellular processes, spanning from epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), apoptosis, migration, metastasis, and stemness to drug resistance. SOX21-AS1 achieves these effects through its involvement in the competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network, modulation of downstream genes, and regulation of critical pathways, including PI3K/AKT, Hippo, Wnt/β-catenin, and ERK signaling. Of significant clinical relevance, SOX21-AS1 expression has shown robust correlations with various clinical-pathological features. Moreover, it has demonstrated promising prognostic and diagnostic potential across a spectrum of tumors, as evidenced by existing literature and TCGA pan-cancer analyses. In Alzheimer's disease, SOX21-AS1 assumes a distinctive role. It influences neuronal viability, apoptosis, and oxidative stress by interacting with miR-107 and miR-132, and affecting the PI3K/AKT and Wnt signaling pathways. This comprehensive review sheds light on the functions of SOX21-AS1 and the regulated mechanisms underpinning its impact on neoplastic conditions and Alzheimer's disease. It underscores the clinical significance of SOX21-AS1 and positions it as a promising therapeutic target in both the oncological and neurodegenerative domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330008, Jiangxi, China
- Department Prevention and Treatment Center, Jiujiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiujiang 332005, Jiangxi, China
| | - Guangxi Peng
- Wart 1 of General Surgery, Yingtan People's Hospital, Yingtan 335000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hongliang Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330008, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wugen Li
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330008, Jiangxi, China
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6
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Balmorez T, Sakazaki A, Murakami S. Genetic Networks of Alzheimer's Disease, Aging, and Longevity in Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065178. [PMID: 36982253 PMCID: PMC10049434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human genomic analysis and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genes that are risk factors for early and late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD genes). Although the genetics of aging and longevity have been extensively studied, previous studies have focused on a specific set of genes that have been shown to contribute to or are a risk factor for AD. Thus, the connections among the genes involved in AD, aging, and longevity are not well understood. Here, we identified the genetic interaction networks (referred to as pathways) of aging and longevity within the context of AD by using a gene set enrichment analysis by Reactome that cross-references more than 100 bioinformatic databases to allow interpretation of the biological functions of gene sets through a wide variety of gene networks. We validated the pathways with a threshold of p-value < 1.00 × 10-5 using the databases to extract lists of 356 AD genes, 307 aging-related (AR) genes, and 357 longevity genes. There was a broad range of biological pathways involved in AR and longevity genes shared with AD genes. AR genes identified 261 pathways within the threshold of p < 1.00 × 10-5, of which 26 pathways (10% of AR gene pathways) were further identified by overlapping genes among AD and AR genes. The overlapped pathways included gene expression (p = 4.05 × 10-11) including ApoE, SOD2, TP53, and TGFB1 (p = 2.84 × 10-10); protein metabolism and SUMOylation, including E3 ligases and target proteins (p = 1.08 × 10-7); ERBB4 signal transduction (p = 2.69 × 10-6); the immune system, including IL-3 and IL-13 (p = 3.83 × 10-6); programmed cell death (p = 4.36 × 10-6); and platelet degranulation (p = 8.16 × 10-6), among others. Longevity genes identified 49 pathways within the threshold, of which 12 pathways (24% of longevity gene pathways) were further identified by overlapping genes among AD and longevity genes. They include the immune system, including IL-3 and IL-13 (p = 7.64 × 10-8), plasma lipoprotein assembly, remodeling and clearance (p < 4.02 × 10-6), and the metabolism of fat-soluble vitamins (p = 1.96 × 10-5). Thus, this study provides shared genetic hallmarks of aging, longevity, and AD backed up by statistical significance. We discuss the significant genes involved in these pathways, including TP53, FOXO, SUMOylation, IL4, IL6, APOE, and CEPT, and suggest that mapping the gene network pathways provide a useful basis for further medical research on AD and healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Balmorez
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Amy Sakazaki
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Shin Murakami
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
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Bhardwaj A, Liyanage SI, Weaver DF. Cancer and Alzheimer's Inverse Correlation: an Immunogenetic Analysis. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:3086-3099. [PMID: 36797545 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated an inverse link between cancer and Alzheimer's disease (AD), with data suggesting that people with Alzheimer's have a decreased risk of cancer and vice versa. Although other studies have investigated mechanisms to explain this relationship, the connection between these two diseases remains largely unexplained. Processes seen in cancer, such as decreased apoptosis and increased cell proliferation, seem to be reversed in AD. Given the need for effective therapeutic strategies for AD, comparisons with cancer could yield valuable insights into the disease process and perhaps result in new treatments. Here, through a review of existing literature, we compared the expressions of genes involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis to establish a genetic basis for the reciprocal association between AD and cancer. We discuss an array of genes involved in the aforementioned processes, their relevance to both diseases, and how changes in those genes produce varying effects in either disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Bhardwaj
- Krembil Discovery Tower, Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - S Imindu Liyanage
- Krembil Discovery Tower, Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Donald F Weaver
- Krembil Discovery Tower, Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada.
- Departments of Medicine and Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Valentine D, Teerlink CC, Farnham JM, Rowe K, Kaddas H, Tschanz J, Kauwe JSK, Cannon-Albright LA. Comorbidity and Cancer Disease Rates among Those at High-Risk for Alzheimer's Disease: A Population Database Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192416419. [PMID: 36554301 PMCID: PMC9778263 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
(1) Importance: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is complex and only partially understood. Analyzing the relationship between other more treatable or preventable diseases and AD may help in the prevention and the eventual development of treatments for AD. Risk estimation in a high-risk population, rather than a population already affected with AD, may reduce some bias in risk estimates. (2) Objective: To examine the rates of various comorbidities and cancers in individuals at high-risk for AD, but without a clinical diagnosis, relative to individuals from the same population with normal AD risk. (3) Design, Setting, and Participants: We conducted a study using data from the Utah Population Database (UPDB). The UPDB contains linked data from the Utah Cancer Registry, Utah death certificates, the Intermountain Health patient population, and the University of Utah Health patient population. Subjects were selected based on the availability of ancestral data, linked health information, and self-reported biometrics. (4) Results: In total, 75,877 participants who were estimated to be at high risk for AD based on family history, but who did not have an active AD diagnosis, were analyzed. A lower incidence of diabetes (RR = 0.95, 95% CI [0.92,0.97], p < 0.001), hypertension (RR = 0.97, 95% CI [0.95,0.99], p < 0.001), and heart disease (RR = 0.95, 95% CI [0.93,0.98], p < 0.001) was found. There was no difference in rates of cerebrovascular disease or other forms of dementia. Of the 15 types of cancer analyzed: breast (RR = 1.23, 95% CI [1.16, 1.30], p < 0.001); colorectal (RR = 1.30, 95% CI [1.21, 1.39], p < 0.001); kidney (RR = 1.49, 95% CI (1.29, 1.72), p < 0.001); lung (RR = 1.25, 95% CI [1.13, 1.37], p < 0.001); non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (RR = 1.29, 95% CI [1.15, 1.44], p < 0.001); pancreas (RR = 1.34, 95% CI [1.16, 1.55], p < 0.001); stomach (RR = 1.59, 95% CI [1.36, 1.86], p < 0.001); and bladder (RR = 1.40, 95% CI [1.25, 1.56], p < 0.001), cancers were observed in significant excess among individuals at high-risk for AD after correction for multiple testing. (5) Conclusions and Relevance: Since age is the greatest risk factor for the development of AD, individuals who reach more advanced ages are at increased risk of developing AD. Consistent with this, people with fewer comorbidities earlier in life are more likely to reach an age where AD becomes a larger risk. Our findings show that individuals at high risk for AD have a decreased incidence of various other diseases. This is further supported by our finding that our high-risk group was also found to have an increased incidence of various cancers, which also increase in risk with age. There is the possibility that a more meaningful or etiological relationship exists among these various comorbidities. Further research into the etiological relationship between AD and these comorbidities may elucidate these possible interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Valentine
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Craig C. Teerlink
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - James M. Farnham
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Kerry Rowe
- National Oncology Program, Veterans Administration, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Heydon Kaddas
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - JoAnn Tschanz
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - John S. K. Kauwe
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Lisa A. Cannon-Albright
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Xu Z, Wu FW, Niu X, Lu XP, Li YR, Zhang ST, Ou JZ, Wang XM. Integrated strategy of RNA-sequencing and network pharmacology for exploring the protective mechanism of Shen-Shi-Jiang-Zhuo formula in rat with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:1819-1838. [PMID: 36124995 PMCID: PMC9518293 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2106250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Shen-Shi-Jiang-Zhuo formula (SSJZF) exhibits a definite curative effect in the clinical treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). OBJECTIVE To explore the therapeutic effect and mechanism of SSJZF on NAFLD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into control, NAFLD, positive drug (12 mg/kg/day), SSJZF high-dose (200 mg/kg/day), SSJZF middle-dose (100 mg/kg/day), and SSJZF low-dose (50 mg/kg/day) groups. After daily intragastric administration of NAFLD rats for 8 weeks, lipid metabolism and hepatic fibrosis were evaluated by biochemical indices and histopathology. Then we uncovered the main active compounds and mechanism of SSJZF against NAFLD by integrating RNA-sequencing and network pharmacology, and PI3K/AKT pathway activity was verified by western blot. RESULTS High dose SSJZF had the best inhibitory effect on hepatic lipid accumulation and fibrosis in rats with NAFLD, which significantly down-regulated total triglycerides (58%), cholesterol (62%), aspartate aminotransferase (57%), alanine aminotransferase (41%) andγ-glutamyl transpeptidase (36%), as well as the expression of ACC (5.3-fold), FAS (12.1-fold), SREBP1C (2.3-fold), and CD36 (4.4-fold), and significantly reduced collagen deposition (67%). Then we identified 23 compounds of SSJZF that acted on 25 key therapeutic targets of NAFLD by integrating RNA-sequencing and network pharmacology. Finally, we also confirmed that high dose SSJZF increased p-PI3K/PI3K (1.6-fold) and p-AKT/AKT (1.6-fold) in NAFLD rats. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION We found for first time that SSJZF improved NAFLD in rats by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway. These findings provide scientific support for SSJZF in the clinical treatment of NAFLD and contribute to the development of new NAFLD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xu
- Liu Pai Chinese Medical Center, The Seventh Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan-Wei Wu
- Liu Pai Chinese Medical Center, The Seventh Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuan Niu
- Liu Pai Chinese Medical Center, The Seventh Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Lu
- Liu Pai Chinese Medical Center, The Seventh Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan-Rong Li
- Liu Pai Chinese Medical Center, The Seventh Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Graduate School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Ting Zhang
- Liu Pai Chinese Medical Center, The Seventh Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Agriculture and Reclamation Central Hospital, Zhanjiang, Guangdong
| | - Jun-Zhao Ou
- Liu Pai Chinese Medical Center, The Seventh Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Graduate School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Mei Wang
- Liu Pai Chinese Medical Center, The Seventh Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Graduate School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Zheng F, Li Y, Zhang F, Sun Y, Zheng C, Luo Z, Wang YL, Aschner M, Zheng H, Lin L, Cai P, Shao W, Guo Z, Zheng M, Zhou XZ, Lu KP, Wu S, Li H. Cobalt induces neurodegenerative damages through Pin1 inactivation in mice and human neuroglioma cells. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126378. [PMID: 34175703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt is a hazardous material that has harmful effects on neurotoxicity. Excessive exposure to cobalt or inactivation of the unique proline isomerase Pin1 contributes to age-dependent neurodegeneration. However, nothing is known about the role of Pin1 in cobalt-induced neurodegeneration. Here we find that out of several hazardous materials, only cobalt dose-dependently decreased Pin1 expression and alterations in its substrates, including cis and trans phosphorylated Tau in human neuronal cells, concomitant with neurotoxicity. Cobalt-induced neurotoxicity was aggravated by Pin1 genetic or chemical inhibition, but rescued by Pin1 upregulation. Furthermore, less than 4 μg/l of blood cobalt induced dose- and age-dependent Pin1 downregulation in murine brains, ensuing neurodegenerative changes. These defects were corroborated by changes in Pin1 substrates, including cis and trans phosphorylated Tau, amyloid precursor protein, β amyloid and GSK3β. Moreover, blood Pin1 was downregulated in human hip replacement patients with median blood cobalt level of 2.514 μg/l, which is significantly less than the safety threshold of 10 μg/l, suggesting an early role Pin1 played in neurodegenerative damages. Thus, Pin1 inactivation by cobalt contributes to age-dependent neurodegeneration, revealing that cobalt is a hazardous material triggering AD-like neurodegenerative damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Fengshun Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Chunyan Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Zhousong Luo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Yuan-Liang Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Hong Zheng
- Fuzhou Second Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Liqiong Lin
- Fuzhou Second Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Ping Cai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Wenya Shao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Zhenkun Guo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Xiao Zhen Zhou
- Division of Translational Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kun Ping Lu
- Division of Translational Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Siying Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Huangyuan Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.
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11
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Yamamotoya T, Nakatsu Y, Kanna M, Hasei S, Ohata Y, Encinas J, Ito H, Okabe T, Asano T, Sakaguchi T. Prolyl isomerase Pin1 plays an essential role in SARS-CoV-2 proliferation, indicating its possibility as a novel therapeutic target. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18581. [PMID: 34535740 PMCID: PMC8448864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97972-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a global pandemic with far-reaching societal impact. Here we demonstrate that Pin1 is a key cellular molecule necessary for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) propagation. In this study, siRNA-mediated silencing of Pin1 expression markedly suppressed the proliferation of SARS-CoV-2 in VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells. In addition, several recently generated Pin1 inhibitors showed strong inhibitory effects on SARS-CoV-2 proliferation, measured by both viral mRNA and protein synthesis, and alleviated the cytopathic effect (CPE) on VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells. One compound, termed H-77, was found to block SARS-CoV-2 proliferation at an EC50 below 5 μM regardless of whether it was added to the culture medium prior to or after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The inhibition of viral N protein mRNA synthesis by H-77 implies that the molecular mechanism underlying SARS-CoV-2 inhibition is likely to be associated with viral gene transcription or earlier steps. Another Pin1 inhibitor, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)—a commercially available drug used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and which both activates the retinoic acid receptor and inhibits the activity of Pin1—similarly reduced the proliferation of SARS-CoV-2. Taken together, the results indicate that Pin1 inhibitors could serve as potential therapeutic agents for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yamamotoya
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakatsu
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Machi Kanna
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Shun Hasei
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yukino Ohata
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Jeffrey Encinas
- Anenti Therapeutics Japan, Inc., 4-3 Yamaashiya-cho, Ashiya, 659-0082, Japan
| | - Hisanaka Ito
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Okabe
- Drug Discovery Initiative, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomoichiro Asano
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.
| | - Takemasa Sakaguchi
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.
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12
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Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 Is Involved in the Phycocyanin-Mediated Antineoplastic Function of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164711. [PMID: 34443299 PMCID: PMC8401963 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycocyanin, derived from marine algae, is known to have noteworthy antineoplastic properties. However, the underlying mechanism involved in phycocyanin-mediated anti-growth function on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells is still ambiguous. Here, we investigated the mechanism of action of phycocyanin on H1299, A549, and LTEP-a2 cells. According to the results obtained, insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) expression was reduced by phycocyanin. Cell phenotype tests showed that siRNA knockdown of IRS-1 expression significantly inhibited the growth, migration, colony formation, but promoted the apoptosis of NSCLC cells. Meanwhile, phycocyanin and IRS-1 siRNA treatment both reduced the PI3K-AKT activities in NSCLC cells. Moreover, overexpression of IRS-1 accelerated the proliferation, colony formation, and migration rate of H1299, A549, and LTEP-a2 cells, which was contradicting to the knockdown results. Overall, this study uncovered a regulatory mechanism by which phycocyanin inhibited the growth of NSCLC cells via IRS-1/AKT pathway, laying the foundation for the potential target treatment of NSCLC.
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13
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Gu F, Ji D, Ni H, Chen D. SRY-Box 21 Antisense RNA 1 Knockdown Diminishes Amyloid Beta 25-35-Induced Neuronal Damage by miR-132/PI3K/AKT Pathway. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2376-2386. [PMID: 34146195 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Our study aimed to explore the function and mechanism of action of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) SRY-Box 21 antisense RNA 1 (SOX21-AS1) in amyloid beta25-35 (Aβ25-35)-induced neuronal damage. To induce neuronal damage, neuronal cells and differentiated IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells were challenged by Aβ25-35. SOX21-AS1 and miR-132 quantities were detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Cell damage was evaluated by detecting the changes of cell viability, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Cell viability was measured using cell counting kit-8. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry and caspase-3 activity. The oxidative stress was analyzed by reactive oxygen species level. The expression of proteins associated with the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway was examined by western blot. SOX21-AS1 abundance was up-regulated in Aβ25-35-challenged neuronal cells. Silencing of SOX21-AS1 attenuated Aβ25-35-induced viability reduction and promotion of apoptosis and oxidative stress, suggesting that silencing of SOX21-AS1 repressed Aβ25-35-induced neuronal damage. miR-132 quantity was reduced in Aβ25-35-challenged neuronal cells, and negatively controlled by SOX21-AS1. miR-132 knockdown abolished the effect of SOX21-AS1 silencing on Aβ25-35-induced neuronal damage, indicating that SOX21-AS1 controls Aβ25-35-induced neuronal damage via regulating miR-132. The PI3K/AKT signaling was repressed in Aβ25-35-challenged cells, but this effect was counteracted upon overexpression of miR-132. In conclusion, SOX21-AS1 knockdown mitigated Aβ25-35-dependent neuronal cell damage by promoting miR-132/PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengming Gu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, 223002, China
| | - Daofei Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221006, China
| | - Hongzao Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, 223002, China
| | - Depeng Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, People's Hospital of Huai'an Hongze District, 102 Dongfeng Road, Huai'an, 223100, China.
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14
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Yoo JY, Kim HB, Baik TK, Lee JH, Woo RS. Neuregulin 1/ErbB4/Akt signaling attenuates cytotoxicity mediated by the APP-CT31 fragment of amyloid precursor protein. Exp Mol Pathol 2021; 120:104622. [PMID: 33684392 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2021.104622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by neuronal and synaptic loss. The cytoplasmic tail of amyloid precursor protein (APP) undergoes sequential cleavage at a specific intracellular caspase site to generate the cytoplasmic terminal 31 (CT31) fragment. The APP-CT31 fragment is a potent inducer of apoptosis. The cytotoxicity of APP-CT31 in SH-SY5Y cells was evaluated by the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. TUNEL staining was used to detect apoptotic signals in SH-SY5Y cells and primary cortical neurons. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins, such as p53, PUMA (p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis), and cleaved was investigated by immunofluorescence analysis and Western blotting. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of neuregulin 1 (NRG1) against cytotoxicity induced by APP-CT31. Our data showed that CT31 induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells and primary cortical neurons. NRG1 attenuated the neurotoxicity induced by the expression of APP-CT31. We also showed that APP-CT31 altered the expression of p53 and cleaved caspase 3. However, treatment with NRG1 rescued the APP-CT31-induced upregulation of p53 and cleaved caspase 3 expression. The protective effect of NRG1 was abrogated by inhibition of the ErbB4 receptor and Akt. These results indicate an important role of ErbB4/Akt signaling in NRG1-mediated neuroprotection, suggesting that endogenous NRG1/ErbB4 signaling represents a valuable therapeutic target in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon 301-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Byeol Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon 301-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai-Kyoung Baik
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon 301-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Lee
- Department of Emergency Medical Technology, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ran-Sook Woo
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon 301-746, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Sun T, Liu Z, Yang Q. The role of ubiquitination and deubiquitination in cancer metabolism. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:146. [PMID: 33004065 PMCID: PMC7529510 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01262-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming, including enhanced biosynthesis of macromolecules, altered energy metabolism, and maintenance of redox homeostasis, is considered a hallmark of cancer, sustaining cancer cell growth. Multiple signaling pathways, transcription factors and metabolic enzymes participate in the modulation of cancer metabolism and thus, metabolic reprogramming is a highly complex process. Recent studies have observed that ubiquitination and deubiquitination are involved in the regulation of metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells. As one of the most important type of post-translational modifications, ubiquitination is a multistep enzymatic process, involved in diverse cellular biological activities. Dysregulation of ubiquitination and deubiquitination contributes to various disease, including cancer. Here, we discuss the role of ubiquitination and deubiquitination in the regulation of cancer metabolism, which is aimed at highlighting the importance of this post-translational modification in metabolic reprogramming and supporting the development of new therapeutic approaches for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshui Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Zhuonan Liu
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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