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Tian Q, Yan Z, Guo Y, Chen Z, Li M. Inflammatory Role of CCR1 in the Central Nervous System. Neuroimmunomodulation 2024; 31:173-182. [PMID: 39116843 DOI: 10.1159/000540460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokine ligands and their corresponding receptors are essential for regulating inflammatory responses. Chemokine receptors can stimulate immune activation or inhibit/promote signaling pathways by binding to specific chemokine ligands. Among these receptors, CC chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1) is extensively studied as a G protein-linked receptor target, predominantly expressed in various leukocytes, and is considered a promising target for anti-inflammatory therapy. Furthermore, CCR1 is essential for monocyte extravasation and transportation in inflammatory conditions. Its involvement in inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke, has been extensively studied along with its ligands. Animal models have demonstrated the beneficial effects resulting from inhibiting CCR1 or its ligands. SUMMARY This review demonstrates the significance of CCR1 in CNS inflammatory diseases, the molecules implicated in the inflammatory pathway, and potential drugs or molecules for treating CNS diseases. This evidence may offer new targets or strategies for treating inflammatory CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziang Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yujia Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhibiao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingchang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Shen S, Wang C, Gu J, Song F, Wu X, Qian F, Chen X, Wang L, Peng Q, Xing Z, Gu L, Wang F, Cheng X. A Predictive Model for Initial Platinum-Based Chemotherapy Efficacy in Patients with Postoperative Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Using Tissue-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12486. [PMID: 39104279 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is an often-fatal malignancy marked by the development of resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy. Thus, accurate prediction of platinum drug efficacy is crucial for strategically selecting postoperative interventions to mitigate the risks associated with suboptimal therapeutic outcomes and adverse effects. Tissue-derived extracellular vesicles (tsEVs), in contrast to their plasma counterparts, have emerged as a powerful tool for examining distinctive attributes of EOC tissues. In this study, 4D data-independent acquisition (DIA) proteomic sequencing was performed on tsEVs obtained from 58 platinum-sensitive and 30 platinum-resistant patients with EOC. The analysis revealed a notable enrichment of differentially expressed proteins that were predominantly associated with immune-related pathways. Moreover, pivotal immune-related proteins (IRPs) were identified by LASSO regression. These factors, combined with clinical parameters selected through univariate logistic regression, were used for the construction of a model employing multivariate logistic regression. This model integrated three tsEV IRPs, CCR1, IGHV_35 and CD72, with one clinical parameter, the presence of postoperative residual lesions. Thus, this model could predict the efficacy of initial platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with EOC post-surgery, providing prognostic insights even before the initiation of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, School of Medicine, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Conghui Wang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, School of Medicine, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaxin Gu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feifei Song
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, School of Medicine, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangfang Qian
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaojing Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingfang Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiaohua Peng
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, School of Medicine, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ziyu Xing
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingkai Gu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fenfen Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, School of Medicine, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, School of Medicine, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Huang Y, Liu Z, Li M, Wang D, Ye J, Hu Q, Zhang Q, Lin Y, Chen R, Liang X, Li X, Lin X. Deciphering the impact of aging on splenic endothelial cell heterogeneity and immunosenescence through single-cell RNA sequencing analysis. Immun Ageing 2024; 21:48. [PMID: 39026350 PMCID: PMC11256597 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-024-00452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is associated with significant structural and functional changes in the spleen, leading to immunosenescence, yet the detailed effects on splenic vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and their immunomodulatory roles are not fully understood. In this study, a single-cell RNA (scRNA) atlas of EC transcriptomes from young and aged mouse spleens was constructed to reveal age-related molecular changes, including increased inflammation and reduced vascular development and also the potential interaction between splenic endothelial cells and immune cells. RESULTS Ten clusters of splenic endothelial cells were identified. DEGs analysis across different EC clusters revealed the molecular changes with aging, showing the increase in the overall inflammatory microenvironment and the loss in vascular development function of aged ECs. Notably, four EC clusters with immunological functions were identified, suggesting an Endothelial-to-Immune-like Cell Transition (EndICLT) potentially driven by aging. Pseudotime analysis of the Immunology4 cluster further indicated a possible aging-induced transitional state, potentially initiated by Ctss gene activation. Finally, the effects of aging on cell signaling communication between different EC clusters and immune cells were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS This comprehensive atlas elucidates the complex interplay between ECs and immune cells in the aging spleen, offering new insights into endothelial heterogeneity, reprogramming, and the mechanisms of immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Zhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Mengke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Dongliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jinguo Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Qiuling Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Qikai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yuheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Rongxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xuanwei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xingyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Xianchai Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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Toy L, Huber ME, Lee M, Bartolomé AA, Ortiz Zacarías NV, Nasser S, Scholl S, Zlotos DP, Mandour YM, Heitman LH, Szpakowska M, Chevigné A, Schiedel M. Fluorophore-Labeled Pyrrolones Targeting the Intracellular Allosteric Binding Site of the Chemokine Receptor CCR1. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:2080-2092. [PMID: 39022357 PMCID: PMC11249626 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we describe the structure-based development of the first fluorescent ligands targeting the intracellular allosteric binding site (IABS) of the CC chemokine receptor type 1 (CCR1), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that has been pursued as a drug target in inflammation and immune diseases. Starting from previously reported intracellular allosteric modulators of CCR1, tetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA)-labeled ligands were designed, synthesized, and tested for their suitability as fluorescent tracers to probe binding to the IABS of CCR1. In the course of these studies, we developed LT166 (12) as a highly versatile fluorescent CCR1 ligand, enabling cell-free as well as cellular NanoBRET-based binding studies in a nonradioactive and high-throughput manner. Besides the detection of intracellular allosteric ligands by direct competition with 12, we were also able to monitor the binding of extracellular antagonists due to their positive cooperative binding with 12. Thereby, we provide a straightforward and nonradioactive method to easily distinguish between ligands binding to the IABS of CCR1 and extracellular negative modulators. Further, we applied 12 for the identification of novel chemotypes for intracellular CCR1 inhibition that feature high binding selectivity for CCR1 over CCR2. For one of the newly identified intracellular CCR1 ligands (i.e., 23), we were able to show CCR1 over CCR2 selectivity also on a functional level and demonstrated that this compound inhibits basal β-arrestin recruitment to CCR1, thereby acting as an inverse agonist. Thus, our fluorescent CCR1 ligand 12 represents a highly promising tool for future studies of CCR1-targeted pharmacology and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Toy
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Max E. Huber
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Minhee Lee
- Institute
of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 55, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Ana Alonso Bartolomé
- Immuno-Pharmacology
and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Rue Henri Koch 29, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4354, Luxembourg
- Faculty
of Science, Technology and Medicine, University
of Luxembourg, 2 Avenue
de l’Université, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4365, Luxembourg
| | - Natalia V. Ortiz Zacarías
- Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Division of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, Netherlands
| | - Sherif Nasser
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, the German University in Cairo, New Cairo City 11835, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Stephan Scholl
- Institute
for Chemical and Thermal Process Engineering (ICTV), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 7, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Darius P. Zlotos
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, the German University in Cairo, New Cairo City 11835, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasmine M. Mandour
- School
of Life and Medical Sciences, University
of Hertfordshire Hosted by Global Academic Foundation, New Administrative Capital, Cairo 11578, Egypt
| | - Laura H. Heitman
- Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Division of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, Netherlands
- Oncode
Institute, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, Netherlands
| | - Martyna Szpakowska
- Immuno-Pharmacology
and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Rue Henri Koch 29, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4354, Luxembourg
| | - Andy Chevigné
- Immuno-Pharmacology
and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Rue Henri Koch 29, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4354, Luxembourg
| | - Matthias Schiedel
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Institute
of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 55, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
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Luo H, Pan C, Wang L, Zheng L, Cao S, Hu X, Hu T, Zhao N, Shang Q, Wang J. Low TYROBP expression predicts poor prognosis in multiple myeloma. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:117. [PMID: 38549127 PMCID: PMC10979612 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common refractory hematologic cancer. Searching for new targets and prognostic markers for MM is significant. METHODS GSE39754, GSE6477 and GSE24080 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in MM versus healthy people from GSE39754 and GSE6477 were screened using limma package, and MM-related module genes were chosen with the use of Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and the two were intersected using ggVennDiagram for obtaining MM-related DEGs. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were carried out. Then, protein-protein interactions (PPI) analysis in String database was used to obtain hub genes, while prognosis was analyzed by survival package in GSE24080. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was adopted for evaluating diagnostic value of hub genes. Besides, univariable/multivariable Cox regression were employed to screen independent prognostic biomarkers. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to find possible mechanism. Finally, western-blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) verify TYROBP expression within MM and healthy people. We performed cell adhesion and transwell assays for investigating TYROBP function in MM cell adhesion and migration. RESULTS Through differential analyses, 92 MM-related DEGs were obtained. 10 hub genes were identified by PPI and CytoHubba. Their diagnostic and prognostic significance was analyzed. Down-regulation of genes like TYROBP, ELANE, MNDA, and MPO related to dismal MM prognosis. Upon univariable/multivariable Cox regression, TYROBP independently predicted MM prognosis. GSEA pathway was enriched, indicating that TYROBP expression affected MM development via cell adhesion molecular pathway. Upon Western-blotting and RT-PCR assays, TYROBP expression among MM patients decreased relative to healthy donors. Cell adhesion and transwell migration assays revealed increased MM cell adhesion and decreased migration upon TYROBP up-regulation. CONCLUSION In summary, TYROBP is a potential prognostic marker for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Luo
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
- Department of Clinical Medical School, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Chengyun Pan
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
- Department of Clinical Medical School, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
- Department of Clinical Medical School, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Shuyun Cao
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
- Department of Clinical Medical School, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Xiuying Hu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Tianzhen Hu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Naiqin Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Qin Shang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Jishi Wang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
- Department of Clinical Medical School, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, 215006, China.
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6
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Du J, Lin Z, Fu XH, Gu XR, Lu G, Hou J. Research progress of the chemokine/chemokine receptor axes in the oncobiology of multiple myeloma (MM). Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:177. [PMID: 38475811 PMCID: PMC10935833 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of multiple myeloma (MM), a type of blood cancer affecting monoclonal plasma cells, is rising. Although new drugs and therapies have improved patient outcomes, MM remains incurable. Recent studies have highlighted the crucial role of the chemokine network in MM's pathological mechanism. Gaining a better understanding of this network and creating an overview of chemokines in MM could aid in identifying potential biomarkers and developing new therapeutic strategies and targets. PURPOSE To summarize the complicated role of chemokines in MM, discuss their potential as biomarkers, and introduce several treatments based on chemokines. METHODS Pubmed, Web of Science, ICTRP, and Clinical Trials were searched for articles and research related to chemokines. Publications published within the last 5 years are selected. RESULTS Malignant cells can utilize chemokines, including CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL7, CXCL8, CXCL12, and CXCL13 to evade apoptosis triggered by immune cells or medication, escape from bone marrow and escalate bone lesions. Other chemokines, including CXCL4, CCL19, and CXCL10, may aid in recruiting immune cells, increasing their cytotoxicity against cancer cells, and inducing apoptosis of malignant cells. CONCLUSION Utilizing anti-tumor chemokines or blocking pro-tumor chemokines may provide new therapeutic strategies for managing MM. Inspired by developed CXCR4 antagonists, including plerixafor, ulocuplumab, and motixafortide, more small molecular antagonists or antibodies for pro-tumor chemokine ligands and their receptors can be developed and used in clinical practice. Along with inhibiting pro-tumor chemokines, studies suggest combining chemokines with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T therapy is promising and efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Du
- Department of Hematology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Zheng Lin
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xue-Hang Fu
- Department of Hematology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xiao-Ran Gu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Guang Lu
- Department of Hematology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, 257099, China.
| | - Jian Hou
- Department of Hematology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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Dai Z, Wang Y, Sun N, Zhang C. Characterizing ligand-receptor interactions and unveiling the pro-tumorigenic role of CCL16-CCR1 axis in the microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1299953. [PMID: 38274805 PMCID: PMC10808667 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1299953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment significantly influences the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, with cell communication through ligand-receptor complexes playing a central role. Methods We conducted single-cell transcriptomic analysis on ten HCC tissues to identify ligand-receptor genes involved in malignant HCC cell communication using CellChat. Leveraging RNA-Seq data from the TCGA Liver Cancer (TCGA-LIHC) and Liver Cancer - RIKEN, JP (LIRI-JP) cohorts, we employed Cox regression analysis to screen for prognosis-related genes. Prognostic risk models were constructed through unsupervised clustering and differential gene expression analysis. Subsequently, a co-culture system involving tumor cells and macrophages was established. A series of experiments, including Transwell assays, immunofluorescence staining, immunoprecipitation, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry, were conducted to elucidate the mechanism through which HCC cells recruit macrophages via the CCL16-CCR1 axis. Results Single-cell analysis unveiled significant interactions between malignant HCC cells and macrophages, identifying 76 related ligand-receptor genes. Patients were classified into three subtypes based on the expression patterns of eight prognosis-related ligand-receptor genes. The subtype with the worst prognosis exhibited reduced infiltration of T cell-related immune cells, downregulation of immune checkpoint genes, and increased M2-like tumor-associated macrophage scores. In vitro experiments confirmed the pivotal role of the CCL16-CCR1 axis in the recruitment and M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages. Clinical samples demonstrated a significant association between CCL16 protein expression levels and advanced stage, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining further confirmed the correlation between CCL16 and CCR1, CD68, and CD206, as well as CD68+CCR1+ macrophage infiltration. Conclusions Our study identified molecular subtypes, a prognostic model, and immune microenvironment features based on ligand-receptor interactions in malignant HCC cell communication. Moreover, we revealed the pro-tumorigenic role of HCC cells in recruiting M2-like tumor-associated macrophages through the CCL16-CCR1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongbo Dai
- Hepabobiliary Surgery Department, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Anshan Central Hospital, Anshan, China
| | - Ning Sun
- Hepabobiliary Surgery Department, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chengshuo Zhang
- Hepabobiliary Surgery Department, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Tian Q, Li Y, Feng S, Liu C, Guo Y, Wang G, Wei H, Chen Z, Gu L, Li M. Inhibition of CCR1 attenuates neuroinflammation via the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111106. [PMID: 37925951 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neuroinflammation is an important mechanism underlying brain injury caused by subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). C-C chemokine receptor type 1 (CCR1)-mediated inflammation is involved in the pathology of many central nervous system diseases. Herein, we investigated whether inhibition of CCR1 alleviated neuroinflammation after experimental SAH and aimed to elucidate the mechanisms of its potential protective effects. METHODS To analyze SAH transcriptome data R studio was used, and a mouse model of SAH was established using endovascular perforations. In this model, the selective CCR1 antagonist Met-RANTES (Met-R) and the CCR1 agonist recombinant CCL5 (rCCL5) were administered 1 h after SAH induction. To investigate the possible downstream mechanisms of CCR1, the JAK2 inhibitor AG490 and the JAK2 activator coumermycin A1 (C-A1) were administered 1 h after SAH induction. Furthermore, post-SAH evaluation, including SAH grading, neurological function tests, Western blot, the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay, and Fluoro-Jade B and fluorescent immunohistochemical staining were performed. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were detected by ELISA. RESULTS CCL5 and CCR1 expression levels increased significantly following SAH. Met-R significantly improved neurological deficits in mice, decreased apoptosis and degeneration of ipsilateral cerebral cortex neurons, reduced infiltrating neutrophils, and promoted microglial activation after SAH induction. Furthermore, Met-R inhibited the expression of p-JAK2, p-STAT3, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α. However, the protective effects of Met-R were abolished by C-A1 treatment. Furthermore, rCCL5 injection aggravated neurological dysfunction and increased the expression of p-JAK2, p-STAT3, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α in SAH mice, all of which were reversed by the administration of AG490. Finally, the levels of CCL5 and CCR1 were elevate in the CSF of SAH patient and high level of CCL5 and CCR1 levels were associated with poor outcome. CONCLUSION The present results suggested that inhibition of CCR1 attenuates neuroinflammation after SAH via the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, which may provide a new target for the treatment of SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yina Li
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shi Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chengli Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yujia Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Guijun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Heng Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhibiao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Mingchang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China.
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9
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Darsaraee M, Kaveh S, Mani-Varnosfaderani A, Neiband MS. General structure-activity/selectivity relationship patterns for the inhibitors of the chemokine receptors (CCR1/CCR2/CCR4/CCR5) with application for virtual screening of PubChem database. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37599469 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2248255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
CC chemokine receptors (CCRs) form a crucial subfamily of G protein-linked receptors that play a distinct role in the onset and progression of various life-threatening diseases. The main aim of this research is to derive general structure-activity relationship (SAR) patterns to describe the selectivity and activity of CCR inhibitors. To this end, a total of 7332 molecules related to the inhibition of CCR1, CCR2, CCR4, and CCR5 were collected from the Binding Database and analyzed using machine learning techniques. A diverse set of 450 molecular descriptors was calculated for each molecule, and the molecules were classified based on their therapeutic targets and activities. The variable importance in the projection (VIP) approach was used to select discriminatory molecular features, and classification models were developed using supervised Kohonen networks (SKN) and counter-propagation artificial neural networks (CPANN). The reliability and predictability of the models were estimated using 10-fold cross-validation, an external validation set, and an applicability domain approach. We were able to identify different sets of molecular descriptors for discriminating between active and inactive molecules and model the selectivity of inhibitors towards different CCRs. The sensitivities of the predictions for the external test set for the SKN models ranged from 0.827-0.873. Finally, the developed classification models were used to screen approximately 2 million random molecules from the PubChem database, with average values for areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves ranging from 0.78-0.96 for SKN models and 0.75-0.89 for CPANN models.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Darsaraee
- Chemometrics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Kaveh
- Chemometrics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Mani-Varnosfaderani
- Chemometrics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - M S Neiband
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran
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10
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Uckun FM, Qazi S. Upregulated Expression of ERBB2/HER2 in Multiple Myeloma as a Predictor of Poor Survival Outcomes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9943. [PMID: 37373090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The main goal of the present study was to examine if the RNA-sequencing (RNAseq)-based ERBB2/HER2 expression level in malignant plasma cells from multiple myeloma (MM) patients has clinical significance for treatment outcomes and survival. We examined the relationship between the RNAseq-based ERBB2 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels in malignant plasma cells and survival outcomes in 787 MM patients treated on contemporary standard regimens. ERBB2 was expressed at significantly higher levels than ERBB1 as well as ERBB3 across all three stages of the disease. Upregulated expression of ERBB2 mRNA in MM cells was correlated with amplified expression of mRNAs for transcription factors (TF) that recognize the ERBB2 gene promoter sites. Patients with higher levels of ERBB2 mRNA in their malignant plasma cells experienced significantly increased cancer mortality, shorter progression-free survival, and worse overall survival than other patients. The adverse impact of high ERBB2 expression on patient survival outcomes remained significant in multivariate Cox proportional hazards models that accounted for the effects of other prognostic factors. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of an adverse prognostic impact of high-level ERBB2 expression in MM patients. Our results encourage further evaluation of the prognostic significance of high-level ERBB2 mRNA expression and the clinical potential of ERBB2-targeting therapeutics as personalized medicines to overcome cancer drug resistance in high-risk as well as relapsed/refractory MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih M Uckun
- Immuno-Oncology Program, Ares Pharmaceuticals, St. Paul, MN 55110, USA
| | - Sanjive Qazi
- Immuno-Oncology Program, Ares Pharmaceuticals, St. Paul, MN 55110, USA
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11
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Said SS, Ibrahim WN. Cancer Resistance to Immunotherapy: Comprehensive Insights with Future Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041143. [PMID: 37111629 PMCID: PMC10141036 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is a type of treatment that harnesses the power of the immune systems of patients to target cancer cells with better precision compared to traditional chemotherapy. Several lines of treatment have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and have led to remarkable success in the treatment of solid tumors, such as melanoma and small-cell lung cancer. These immunotherapies include checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines, and vaccines, while the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell treatment has shown better responses in hematological malignancies. Despite these breakthrough achievements, the response to treatment has been variable among patients, and only a small percentage of cancer patients gained from this treatment, depending on the histological type of tumor and other host factors. Cancer cells develop mechanisms to avoid interacting with immune cells in these circumstances, which has an adverse effect on how effectively they react to therapy. These mechanisms arise either due to intrinsic factors within cancer cells or due other cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). When this scenario is used in a therapeutic setting, the term “resistance to immunotherapy” is applied; “primary resistance” denotes a failure to respond to treatment from the start, and “secondary resistance” denotes a relapse following the initial response to immunotherapy. Here, we provide a thorough summary of the internal and external mechanisms underlying tumor resistance to immunotherapy. Furthermore, a variety of immunotherapies are briefly discussed, along with recent developments that have been employed to prevent relapses following treatment, with a focus on upcoming initiatives to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawsan Sudqi Said
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Wisam Nabeel Ibrahim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
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12
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The Expression of Serum lncRNA MIR17HG in Patients with Multiple Myeloma and Its Clinical Significance. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/1728909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Multiple myeloma (MM) represents a malignant tumor with abnormal proliferation of plasma cells. The current study sought to investigate the changes in serum lncRNA MIR17HG (long noncoding RNA miR-17-92a-1 cluster host gene) levels in MM patients and its values in assessing the accuracy of MM diagnosis and predicting diagnosis. Methods. First, 108MM patients and 85 healthy controls were enrolled as the study subjects. The serum levels of MIR17HG in all subjects were determined by RT-qPCR. MM patients were clinically staged according to the Durie-Salmon (DS) and international staging system (ISS), and the levels of serum MIR17HG were compared among patients at different stages. The correlation of serum MIR17H level with serum creatinine (Scr), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and albumin (ALB) was analyzed using the Pearson method. The accuracy of the serum MIR17HG level in identifying MM was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves. The progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) curves of MM patients were plotted using the Kaplan–Meier method. Results. Serum MIR17HG levels were up-regulated in MM patients and elevated with the development of DS and ISS stages. The serum MIR17HG was positively correlated with Scr and LDH and negatively correlated with ALB in MM patients. Serum MIR17HG level >1.485 could evaluate the accuracy of identifying MM. The PFS and OS were significantly shortened in MM patients with elevated MIR17HG levels. Conclusion. Our findings collectively indicate that the serum MIR17HG can aid the evaluation of accurate MM identification, and a high serum MIR17HG level can predict poor prognosis of patients with MM.
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Sang Y, Li Y, Xu L, Chen J, Li D, Du M. Dysfunction of CCR1 + decidual macrophages is a potential risk factor in the occurrence of unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1045532. [PMID: 36532057 PMCID: PMC9755158 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1045532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) puzzles 1-3% of women of childbearing age worldwide. Immunological factors account for more than 60% of cases of unexplained RPL (URPL); however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, using single-cell sequencing data and functional experiments with clinical samples, we identified a distinct population of CCR1+ decidual macrophages (dMφ) that were preferentially enriched in the decidua from normal early pregnancies but were substantially decreased in patients with URPL. Specific gene signatures endowed CCR1+ dMφ with immunosuppressive and migration-regulatory properties, which were attenuated in URPL. Additionally, CCR1+ dMφ promoted epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to promote trophoblast migration and invasion by activating the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Decidual stromal cell (DSC)-derived CCL8 was the key regulator of CCR1+ dMφ as CCL8 recruited peripheral CCR1+ monocytes, induced a CCR1+ dMφ-like phenotype, and reinforced the CCR1+ dMφ-exerted modulation of trophoblasts. In patients with URPL, CCL8 expression in DSCs was decreased and trophoblast EMT was defective. Our findings revealed that CCR1+ dMφ play an important role in immune tolerance and trophoblast functions at the maternal-fetal interface. Additionally, decreased quantity and dysregulated function of CCR1+ dMφ result in URPL. In conclusion, we provide insights into the crosstalk between CCR1+ dMφ, trophoblasts, and DSCs at the maternal-fetal interface and macrophage-targeted interventions of URPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Sang
- National Health Council (NHC) Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhong Li
- National Health Council (NHC) Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Xu
- National Health Council (NHC) Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- National Health Council (NHC) Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Dajin Li
- National Health Council (NHC) Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Meirong Du, ; Dajin Li,
| | - Meirong Du
- National Health Council (NHC) Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China,*Correspondence: Meirong Du, ; Dajin Li,
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14
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Braoudaki M, Ahmad MS, Mustafov D, Seriah S, Siddiqui MN, Siddiqui SS. Chemokines and chemokine receptors in colorectal cancer; multifarious roles and clinical impact. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:436-449. [PMID: 35700938 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered the second cause of cancer death worldwide. The early diagnosis plays a key role in patient prognosis and subsequently overall survival. Similar to several types of cancer, colorectal cancer is also characterised by drug resistance and heterogeneity that contribute to its complexity -especially at advanced stages. However, despite the extensive research related to the identification of biomarkers associated to early diagnosis, accurate prognosis and the management of CRC patients, little progress has been made thus far. Therefore, the mortality rates, especially at advanced stages, remain high. A large family of chemoattractant cytokines called chemokines are known for their significant role in inflammation and immunity. Chemokines released by the different tumorous cells play a key role in increasing the complexity of the tumour's microenvironment. The current review investigates the role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in colorectal cancer and their potential as clinical molecular signatures that could be effectively used as a personalised therapeutic approach. We discussed how chemokine and chemokine receptors regulate the microenvironment and lead to heterogeneity in CRC. An important aspect of chemokines is their role in drug resistance which has been extensively discussed. This review also provides an overview of the current advances in the search for chemokines and chemokine receptors in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Braoudaki
- Dept of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Mohammed Saqif Ahmad
- Dept of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Denis Mustafov
- Dept of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Sara Seriah
- Dept of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Mohammad Naseem Siddiqui
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Shoib Sarwar Siddiqui
- Dept of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, UK.
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