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Yu L, Gao F, Li Y, Su D, Han L, Li Y, Zhang X, Feng Z. Role of pattern recognition receptors in the development of MASLD and potential therapeutic applications. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116724. [PMID: 38761424 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has become one of the most prevalent liver diseases worldwide, and its occurrence is strongly associated with obesity, insulin resistance (IR), genetics, and metabolic stress. Ranging from simple fatty liver to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), even to severe complications such as liver fibrosis and advanced cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma, the underlying mechanisms of MASLD progression are complex and involve multiple cellular mediators and related signaling pathways. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) from the innate immune system, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-like receptors (RLRs), and DNA receptors, have been demonstrated to potentially contribute to the pathogenesis for MASLD. Their signaling pathways can induce inflammation, mediate oxidative stress, and affect the gut microbiota balance, ultimately resulting in hepatic steatosis, inflammatory injury and fibrosis. Here we review the available literature regarding the involvement of PRR-associated signals in the pathogenic and clinical features of MASLD, in vitro and in animal models of MASLD. We also discuss the emerging targets from PRRs for drug developments that involved agent therapies intended to arrest or reverse disease progression, thus enabling the refinement of therapeutic targets that can accelerate drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of immune checkpoint drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
| | - Feifei Gao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of immune checkpoint drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
| | - Yaoxin Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of immune checkpoint drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
| | - Dan Su
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of immune checkpoint drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
| | - Liping Han
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yueming Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of immune checkpoint drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
| | - Xuehan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of immune checkpoint drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
| | - Zhiwei Feng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of immune checkpoint drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China.
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Tang N, Ji L, Shi X, Xiong Y, Xiong X, Zhao H, Song H, Wang J, Zhang L, You S, Ji G, Liu B, Wu N. Effects of Ganjianglingzhu Decoction on Lean Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice Based on Untargeted Metabolomics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:502. [PMID: 38675462 PMCID: PMC11053674 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is usually associated with obesity. However, it is crucial to recognize that NAFLD can also occur in lean individuals, which is frequently overlooked. Without an approved pharmacological therapy for lean NAFLD, we aimed to investigate whether the Ganjianglingzhu (GJLZ) decoction, a representative traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), protects against lean NAFLD and explore the potential mechanism underlying these protective effects. The mouse model of lean NAFLD was established with a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet in male C57BL/6 mice to be compared with the control group fed the methionine-choline-sufficient (MCS) diet. After four weeks, physiological saline, a low dose of GJLZ decoction (GL), or a high dose of GJLZ decoction (GH) was administered daily by gavage to the MCD group; the MCS group was given physiological saline by gavage. Untargeted metabolomics techniques were used to explore further the potential mechanism of the effects of GJLZ on lean NAFLD. Different doses of GJLZ decoction were able to ameliorate steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and oxidative stress in the liver; GL performed a better effect on lean NAFLD. In addition, 78 candidate differential metabolites were screened and identified. Combined with metabolite pathway enrichment analysis, GL was capable of regulating the glucose and lipid metabolite pathway in lean NAFLD and regulating the glycerophospholipid metabolism by altering the levels of sn-3-O-(geranylgeranyl)glycerol 1-phosphate and lysoPC(P-18:0/0:0). GJLZ may protect against the development of lean NAFLD by regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, inhibiting the levels of sn-3-O-(geranylgeranyl)glycerol 1-phosphate and lysoPC(P-18:0/0:0) in glycerophospholipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Tang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (N.T.); (X.S.); (Y.X.); (X.X.); (H.S.); (J.W.); (L.Z.); (G.J.)
| | - Lei Ji
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China;
| | - Xinyu Shi
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (N.T.); (X.S.); (Y.X.); (X.X.); (H.S.); (J.W.); (L.Z.); (G.J.)
| | - Yalan Xiong
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (N.T.); (X.S.); (Y.X.); (X.X.); (H.S.); (J.W.); (L.Z.); (G.J.)
| | - Xinying Xiong
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (N.T.); (X.S.); (Y.X.); (X.X.); (H.S.); (J.W.); (L.Z.); (G.J.)
| | - Hanhua Zhao
- Department of Sport Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Hualing Song
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (N.T.); (X.S.); (Y.X.); (X.X.); (H.S.); (J.W.); (L.Z.); (G.J.)
| | - Jianying Wang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (N.T.); (X.S.); (Y.X.); (X.X.); (H.S.); (J.W.); (L.Z.); (G.J.)
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (N.T.); (X.S.); (Y.X.); (X.X.); (H.S.); (J.W.); (L.Z.); (G.J.)
| | - Shengfu You
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Guang Ji
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (N.T.); (X.S.); (Y.X.); (X.X.); (H.S.); (J.W.); (L.Z.); (G.J.)
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Baocheng Liu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (N.T.); (X.S.); (Y.X.); (X.X.); (H.S.); (J.W.); (L.Z.); (G.J.)
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Na Wu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (N.T.); (X.S.); (Y.X.); (X.X.); (H.S.); (J.W.); (L.Z.); (G.J.)
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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Li X, Xu X, Tao S, Su Y, Wen L, Wang D, Liu J, Feng Q. Gut microbes combined with metabolomics reveal the protective effects of Qijia Rougan decoction against CCl 4-induced hepatic fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1347120. [PMID: 38606180 PMCID: PMC11007057 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1347120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The occurrence and development of Hepatic fibrosis (HF) are closely related to the gut microbial composition and alterations in host metabolism. Qijia Rougan decoction (QJ) is a traditional Chinese medicine compound utilized clinically for the treatment of HF with remarkable clinical efficacy. However, its effect on the gut microbiota and metabolite alterations is unknown. Therefore, our objective was to examine the impact of QJ on the gut microbiota and metabolism in Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced HF. Methods: 40% CCl4 was used to induce HF, followed by QJ administration for 6 weeks. Serum biochemical analyses, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and non-targeted metabolomics techniques were employed in this study to investigate the interventional effects of QJ on a CCl4-induced HF model in rats. Results: This study demonstrated that QJ could effectively ameliorate CCl4-induced hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Moreover, QJ upregulated the expression of intestinal tight junction proteins (TJPs) and notably altered the abundance of some gut microbes, for example, 10 genera closely associated with HF-related indicators and TJPs. In addition, metabolomics found 37 key metabolites responded to QJ treatment and strongly associated with HF-related indices and TJPs. Furthermore, a tight relation between 10 genera and 37 metabolites was found post correlation analysis. Among them, Turicibacter, Faecalibaculum, Prevotellaceae UCG 001, and unclassified Peptococcaceae may serve as the core gut microbes of QJ that inhibit HF. Conclusion: These results suggest that QJ ameliorates hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, which may be achieved by improving intestinal tight junctions and modulating gut microbiota composition as well as modulating host metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dong Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jibin Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Quansheng Feng
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Gu M, Chen YJ, Feng YR, Tang ZP. LanGui tea, an herbal medicine formula, protects against binge alcohol-induced acute liver injury by activating AMPK-NLRP3 signaling. Chin Med 2024; 19:41. [PMID: 38439080 PMCID: PMC10910869 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00906-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND LanGui tea, a traditional Chinese medicine formulation comprising of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino, Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J. Presl, and Ampelopsis grossedentata (Hand-Mazz) W.T. Wang, has yet to have its potential contributions to alcoholic liver disease (ALD) fully elucidated. Consequently, the objective of this research is to investigate the protective properties of LanGui tea against binge alcohol-induced ALD and the mechanisms underlying its effects. METHODS An experimental model of acute alcohol-induced liver disease was performed to assess the protective effects of extract of LanGui tea (ELG) at both 50 and 100 mg.kg-1 dosages on male C57BL/6 mice. Various parameters, including hepatic histological changes, inflammation, lipids content, as well as liver enzymes and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in the serum were measured. The pharmacological mechanisms of ELG, specifically its effects on adenosine monophosphate-(AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) signaling, were investigated through Western blotting, qRT-PCR, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence analyses, and by blocking the AMPK activity. RESULTS ELG demonstrated a mitigating effect on fatty liver, inflammation, and hepatic dysfunction within the mouse model. This effect was achieved by activating AMPK signaling and inhibitingNLRP3 signaling in the liver, causing a reduction in IL-1β generation. In vitro studies further confirmed that ELG inhibited cell damage and IL-1β production in ethanol-induced hepatocytes by enhancing AMPK-NLRP3 signaling. Conversely, the pharmacological inhibition of AMPK activity nearly abrogated such alteration. CONCLUSIONS Thus, LanGui tea emerges as a promising herbal therapy for ALD management involving AMPK-NLRP3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yu-Jun Chen
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ya-Ru Feng
- The Third People's Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, 226006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Tang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Ping D, Qi J, Li M, Sun X, Peng Y, Liu C. Fuzheng Huayu recipe alleviates liver fibrosis via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:117001. [PMID: 37544346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Fuzheng Huayu recipe (FZHY) is a commonly used Traditional Chinese Medicine formula for treating liver fibrosis in clinical settings. Despite its widespread use, the specific curative effects and underlying pharmacological mechanisms of FZHY in treating liver fibrosis are not yet fully understood. AIM AND STUDY This study aims to investigate the antifibrotic mechanism of FZHY treatment by exploring its effects on the activation of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in macrophages. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to investigate the impact of FZHY on the activation and priming of NLRP3 inflammasome in clinical trials and animal experiments using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Twenty-four C57BL/6 mice were used to induce liver fibrosis by feeding a diet that contained 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC). To study inflammasome function, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/adenine triphosphate (ATP) induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation was induced in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) isolated from wild mice. The effects of macrophage NLRP3 inflammasome activation on the function of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were explored by treating primary HSCs with preconditioned media from BMDMs culture. RESULTS FZHY treatment resulted in the downregulation of NLRP3 protein expression and inhibition of its priming and activation in both human fibrotic livers and DDC-induced liver fibrosis. Furthermore, FZHY was observed to block the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, which can lead to excessive inflammatory cytokine release in supernatants and cell lysates in response to LPS and ATP. Lastly, treatment with FZHY was able to inhibit the activation of HSCs induced by supernatants from macrophages. CONCLUSIONS FZHY has been shown to potentially prevent NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages which can result in the suppression of HSCs activation. Ultimately, these effects may lead to the improvement of liver fibrosis. The ability of FZHY to act on this novel mechanism represents an important aspect of its therapeutic potential for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabing Ping
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jingshu Qi
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Meng Li
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Chenghai Liu
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Zhang L, Wang S, Li Y, Liu B, Duan Z, Liu F, Ren Q. Tartary buckwheat root polysaccharides ameliorate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via the IL6-SOCS3-SREBP1c pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113997. [PMID: 37604299 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that Tartary buckwheat root polysaccharides (TBRP) could reduce insulin resistance in diabetes mellitus by inhibiting SOCS3-stimulated IRS1 protein degradation. However, whether TBRP has the efficiency to treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is still undetermined. This investigation aimed to examine the effects of TBRP on a high-fat diet (HFD)-triggered NAFLD, and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Briefly, TBRP toxicity in hepatoma (BEL7404) and pancreatic cancer (BxPC3) cells and zebrafish embryos developmental models, were evaluated in-vitro and in-vivo, respectively. TBRP inhibited cellular lipid accumulation by suppressing fat synthesis, furthermore, it improved body weight gain, liver weight, liver-to-body weight ratio, serum lipids triglyceride, total cholesterol, ALT, LDL-C, HDL-C, and AST levels in the NAFLD mice model. Additionally, TBRP treatment also lowered the nitric oxide content. The qPCR assay revealed that mRNA expression of TNF, IL1β, and IL6 was also markedly reduced in TBRP-treated NAFLD mice. The expression of SOCS3, SREBP1c, and STAT3 was elucidated by western blot analysis, which indicated that TBRP markedly decreased the gene expression for de novo fat synthesis by the SOCS3-SREBP1c pathway. These findings reveal that TBRP ameliorates NAFLD via the IL6-SOCS3-SREBP1c signaling pathway and therefore, may represent a promising approach for NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litao Zhang
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, 276826, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, 276826, China
| | - Yimin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, 276826, China
| | - Boyu Liu
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, 276826, China
| | - Zeyu Duan
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, 276826, China
| | - Fei Liu
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, 276826, China
| | - Qiang Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, 276826, China.
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Khanmohammadi S, Ramos-Molina B, Kuchay MS. NOD-like receptors in the pathogenesis of metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease: Therapeutic agents targeting NOD-like receptors. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2023; 17:102788. [PMID: 37302383 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2023.102788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), activation of inflammatory processes marks the transition of simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, which can further evolve to advanced fibrosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Under the stress of chronic overnutrition, the innate immune system orchestrates hepatic inflammation through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Cytosolic PRRs that include NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are crucial for inducing inflammatory processes in the liver. METHODS A literature search was performed with Medline (PubMed), Google Scholar and Scopus electronic databases till January 2023, using relevant keywords to extract studies describing the role of NLRs in the pathogenesis of MAFLD. RESULTS Several NLRs operate through the formation of inflammasomes, which are multimolecular complexes that generate pro-inflammatory cytokines and induce pyroptotic cell death. A multitude of pharmacological agents target NLRs and improve several aspects of MAFLD. In this review, we discuss the current concepts related to the role of NLRs in the pathogenesis of MAFLD and its complications. We also discuss the latest research on MAFLD therapeutics functioning through NLRs. CONCLUSIONS NLRs play a significant role in the pathogenesis of MAFLD and its consequences, especially through generation of inflammasomes, such as NLRP3 inflammasomes. Lifestyle changes (exercise, coffee consumption) and therapeutic agents (GLP-1 receptor agonists, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, obeticholic acid) improve MAFLD and its complications partly through blockade of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. New studies are required to explore these inflammatory pathways fully for the treatment of MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Mohammad Shafi Kuchay
- Divison of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Medanta the Medicity Hospital, Gurugram 122001, Haryana, India.
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Li Q, Zheng Y, Sun Y, Xu G. Resveratrol attenuated fatty acid synthesis through MAPK-PPAR pathway in red tilapia. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 268:109598. [PMID: 36898469 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
High-fat (HF) diets have been shown to cause hepatic impairment in fish species, but the mode of action, especially the pathways involved, has not yet been determined. In this study, the effects of resveratrol (RES) supplementation on the hepatic structure and fat metabolism of red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were determined. Based on transcriptome and proteomics results, RES was found to promote fatty acid β-oxidation in the blood, liver, and liver cells associated with apoptosis and the MAPK/PPAR signaling pathway. RES supplementation was found to alter the expression of genes related to apoptosis and fatty acid pathways like blood itga6a and armc5 which were upregulated and downregulated respectively by high-fat feeding while ggh and ensonig00000008711 increased and decreased, respectively, with RES addition. Relative to the PPAR signaling pathway, fabp10a and acbd7 showed a reverse U-shaped tendency, both in different treatments and at different times. Proteomics results demonstrated that MAPK/PPAR, carbon/glyoxylate, dicarboxylate/glycine serine, and threonine/drug-other enzymes/beta-alanine metabolism pathways in the RES group were significantly affected, and Fasn and Acox1 decreased and increased, respectively, with RES addition. Seven subgroups were obtained using scRNA-seq, and enrichment analysis showed that the PPAR signaling pathway was upregulated with RES supplementation. RES significantly increased the expression of the marked genes (pck1) ensonig00000037711, fbp10a, granulin, hbe1, and zgc:136461, which are liver cell-specific genes. In conclusion, RES resulted in significantly enriched DGEs associated with fat metabolism and synthesis via the MAPK-PPAR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China
| | - Yao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China
| | - Gangchun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China.
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9
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Hu YL, Ma Q, Dong X, Kong Y, Cai J, Li J, Dong C. Research progress on the therapeutic effects of polysaccharides on non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1107551. [PMID: 36969821 PMCID: PMC10036344 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1107551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common chronic liver disease and is a leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Due to its complex pathophysiology, there is currently no approved therapy. Polysaccharide, a kind of natural product, possesses a wide range of pharmacological activities. Numerous preclinical studies have confirmed that polysaccharides could interfere with the occurrence and development of NAFLD at multiple interrelated levels, such as improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and regulation of gut-liver axis, thus showing great potential as novel anti-NAFLD drugs. In this paper, we reviewed the polysaccharides with anti-NAFLD effect in recent years, and also systematically analyzed their possible pharmacological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Hu
- Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiaoli Ma
- Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Dong
- Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuanfang Kong
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Juntao Cai
- Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jieming Li
- Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chunhong Dong
- Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Zhengzhou, China
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10
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Zhang CY, Liu S, Yang M. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents in chronic liver diseases: Molecular mechanisms and therapy. World J Hepatol 2023; 15:180-200. [PMID: 36926234 PMCID: PMC10011909 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v15.i2.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a continuous process that causes a reduction of liver function lasting more than six months. CLD includes alcoholic liver disease (ALD), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), chronic viral infection, and autoimmune hepatitis, which can lead to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and cancer. Liver inflammation and oxidative stress are commonly associated with the development and progression of CLD. Molecular signaling pathways such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), C-Jun N-terminal kinase, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are implicated in the pathogenesis of CLD. Therefore, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents from natural products are new potent therapies for ALD, NAFLD, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this review, we summarize some powerful products that can be potential applied in all the stages of CLD, from ALD/NAFLD to HCC. The selected agents such as β-sitosterol, curcumin, genistein, and silymarin can regulate the activation of several important molecules, including AMPK, Farnesoid X receptor, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2, PPARs, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, and lysyl oxidase-like proteins. In addition, clinical trials are undergoing to evaluate their efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ye Zhang
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Shuai Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
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11
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Wang L, Zhang Z, Luo G, Wang Y, Du K, Gao X. Metabolome combined with gut microbiome revealed the lipid-lowering mechanism of Xuezhiping capsule on hyperlipidemic hamster induced by high fat diet. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1147910. [PMID: 36891237 PMCID: PMC9986548 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1147910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Hyperlipidemia is a common metabolic disorder with presence of excess fat or lipids in the blood, may induce liver injury, oxidative stress and inflammatory. Xuezhiping capsule (XZP) is a famous Chinese patent medicine clinically used for anti-hyperlipidemia. However, the regulation mechanism of XZP on hyperlipidemia has not been elucidated so far. Methods: This study aimed to explore the effects of XZP on hypolipidemic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and the potential mechanism by a combination of untargeted metabolomics and 16S rRNA sequencing. Results: The results indicated that XZP reduced the level of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), increased the level of high density liptein cholesterol (HDL-C), alleviated excessive accumulation of lipid droplets in liver. Biochemical indexes of liver function including gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) in liver were remarkably decreased. Meanwhile, XZP increased the level of oxidative stress biochemical indexes including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH). In addition, XZP increased the level of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors α (PPARα), acetyl CoA carboxylase 1 (ACOX1) and cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase (CYP7A1) in liver, and improved lipid metabolism in serum, liver and fecal lipid metabolism. XZP increased diversity index and the ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, regulated seventeen genera, and illustrated strong correlations with liver lipid metabolism and phenotypic indicators. Discussion: These findings suggest that XZP reduced blood lipid and liver lipid, protected liver function, anti inflammation and anti-oxidation, ameliorate lipid metabolic disorders by modulating alpha linolenic acid and linoleic acid metabolism, bile acid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, and regulated gut microbiota composition of high-fat diet (HFD) hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Gan Luo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Du
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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12
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Bao Y, Han X, Liu D, Tan Z, Deng Y. Gut microbiota: The key to the treatment of metabolic syndrome in traditional Chinese medicine - a case study of diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1072376. [PMID: 36618372 PMCID: PMC9816483 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1072376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome mainly includes obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) and cardiovascular diseases. According to the ancient experience philosophy of Yin-Yang, monarch-minister compatibility of traditional Chinese medicine, prescription is given to treat diseases, which has the advantages of small toxic and side effects and quick effect. However, due to the diversity of traditional Chinese medicine ingredients and doubts about the treatment theory of traditional Chinese medicine, the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine is still in doubt. Gastrointestinal tract is an important part of human environment, and participates in the occurrence and development of diseases. In recent years, more and more TCM researches have made intestinal microbiome a new frontier for understanding and treating diseases. Clinically, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) often co-occur. Our aim is to explain the mechanism of interaction between gastrointestinal microbiome and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) or traditional Chinese medicine formula to treat DM and NAFLD. Traditional Chinese medicine may treat these two diseases by influencing the composition of intestinal microorganisms, regulating the metabolism of intestinal microorganisms and transforming Chinese medicinal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bao
- Department of Endosecretory Metabolic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Department of Endosecretory Metabolic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Da Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China,*Correspondence: Yongzhi Deng, ; Zhaolin Tan, ; Da Liu,
| | - Zhaolin Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China,*Correspondence: Yongzhi Deng, ; Zhaolin Tan, ; Da Liu,
| | - Yongzhi Deng
- Department of Acupuncture and Massage, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China,*Correspondence: Yongzhi Deng, ; Zhaolin Tan, ; Da Liu,
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13
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Khanmohammadi S, Kuchay MS. Toll-like receptors and metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease. Pharmacol Res 2022; 185:106507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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