1
|
Todosenko N, Yurova K, Vulf M, Khaziakhmatova O, Litvinova L. Prohibitions in the meta-inflammatory response: a review. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1322687. [PMID: 38813101 PMCID: PMC11133639 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1322687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Prohibitins are the central regulatory element of cellular homeostasis, especially by modulating the response at different levels: Nucleus, mitochondria and membranes. Their localization and interaction with various proteins, homons, transcription and nuclear factors, and mtDNA indicate the globality and complexity of their pleiotropic properties, which remain to be investigated. A more detailed deciphering of cellular metabolism in relation to prohibitins under normal conditions and in various metabolic diseases will allow us to understand the precise role of prohibitins in the signaling cascades of PI3K/Akt, Raf/MAP/ERK, STAT3, p53, and others and to fathom their mutual influence. A valuable research perspective is to investigate the role of prohibitins in the molecular and cellular interactions between the two major players in the pathogenesis of obesity-adipocytes and macrophages - that form the basis of the meta-inflammatory response. Investigating the subtle intercellular communication and molecular cascades triggered in these cells will allow us to propose new therapeutic strategies to eliminate persistent inflammation, taking into account novel molecular genetic approaches to activate/inactivate prohibitins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Todosenko
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Kristina Yurova
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Maria Vulf
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Olga Khaziakhmatova
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Larisa Litvinova
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Microfluidic Technologies, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pukhalskaia TV, Yurakova TR, Bogdanova DA, Demidov ON. Tumor-Associated Senescent Macrophages, Their Markers, and Their Role in Tumor Microenvironment. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:839-852. [PMID: 38880645 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924050055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are an important component of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the most abundant population of immune cells infiltrating a tumor. TAMs can largely determine direction of anti-tumor immune response by promoting it or, conversely, contribute to formation of an immunosuppressive TME that allows tumors to evade immune control. Through interactions with tumor cells or other cells in the microenvironment and, as a result of action of anti-cancer therapy, macrophages can enter senescence. In this review, we have attempted to summarize information available in the literature on the role of senescent macrophages in tumors. With the recent development of senolytic therapeutic strategies aimed at removing senescent cells from an organism, it seems important to discuss functions of the senescent macrophages and potential role of the senolytic drugs in reprogramming TAMs to enhance anti-tumor immune response and improve efficacy of cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara V Pukhalskaia
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Federal Territory Sirius, 354340, Russia
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Taisiya R Yurakova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Daria A Bogdanova
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Federal Territory Sirius, 354340, Russia
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Oleg N Demidov
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Federal Territory Sirius, 354340, Russia.
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
- INSERM UMR1231, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, 21000, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lv T, Lou Y, Yan Q, Nie L, Cheng Z, Zhou X. Phosphorylation: new star of pathogenesis and treatment in steatotic liver disease. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:50. [PMID: 38368351 PMCID: PMC10873984 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Steatotic liver disease poses a serious threat to human health and has emerged as one of the most significant burdens of chronic liver disease worldwide. Currently, the research mechanism is not clear, and there is no specific targeted drug for direct treatment. Phosphorylation is widely regarded as the most common type of protein modification, closely linked to steatotic liver disease in previous studies. However, there is no systematic review to clarify the relationship and investigate from the perspective of phosphorylation. Phosphorylation has been found to mainly regulate molecule stability, affect localization, transform molecular function, and cooperate with other protein modifications. Among them, adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), serine/threonine kinase (AKT), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB) are considered the core mechanisms in steatotic liver disease. As to treatment, lifestyle changes, prescription drugs, and herbal ingredients can alleviate symptoms by influencing phosphorylation. It demonstrates the significant role of phosphorylation as a mechanism occurrence and a therapeutic target in steatotic liver disease, which could be a new star for future exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiansu Lv
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Lou
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianhua Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijuan Nie
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhe Cheng
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiqiao Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Flensted-Jensen M, Oró D, Rørbeck EA, Zhang C, Madsen MR, Madsen AN, Norlin J, Feigh M, Larsen S, Hansen HH. Dietary intervention reverses molecular markers of hepatocellular senescence in the GAN diet-induced obese and biopsy-confirmed mouse model of NASH. BMC Gastroenterol 2024; 24:59. [PMID: 38308212 PMCID: PMC10835988 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-024-03141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular senescence may be a causal factor in the development and progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The most effective currently available treatment for NASH is lifestyle intervention, including dietary modification. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary intervention on hallmarks of NASH and molecular signatures of hepatocellular senescence in the Gubra-Amylin NASH (GAN) diet-induced obese (DIO) and biopsy-confirmed mouse model of NASH. METHODS GAN DIO-NASH mice with liver biopsy-confirmed NASH and fibrosis received dietary intervention by switching to chow feeding (chow reversal) for 8, 16 or 24 weeks. Untreated GAN DIO-NASH mice and chow-fed C57BL/6J mice served as controls. Pre-to-post liver biopsy histology was performed for within-subject evaluation of NAFLD Activity Score and fibrosis stage. Terminal endpoints included blood/liver biochemistry, quantitative liver histology, mitochondrial respiration and RNA sequencing. RESULTS Chow-reversal promoted substantial benefits on metabolic outcomes and liver histology, as demonstrated by robust weight loss, complete resolution of hepatomegaly, hypercholesterolemia, elevated transaminase levels and hepatic steatosis in addition to attenuation of inflammatory markers. Notably, all DIO-NASH mice demonstrated ≥ 2 point significant improvement in NAFLD Activity Score following dietary intervention. While not improving fibrosis stage, chow-reversal reduced quantitative fibrosis markers (PSR, collagen 1a1, α-SMA), concurrent with improved liver mitochondrial respiration, complete reversal of p21 overexpression, lowered γ-H2AX levels and widespread suppression of gene expression markers of hepatocellular senescence. CONCLUSIONS Dietary intervention (chow reversal) substantially improves metabolic, biochemical and histological hallmarks of NASH and fibrosis in GAN DIO-NASH mice. These benefits were reflected by progressive clearance of senescent hepatocellular cells, making the model suitable for profiling potential senotherapeutics in preclinical drug discovery for NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Flensted-Jensen
- Gubra, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Denise Oró
- Gubra, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | | | - Chen Zhang
- Gubra, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
- Present address: Novo Nordisk A/S, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Jenny Norlin
- Liver Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Michael Feigh
- Gubra, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Steen Larsen
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang W, Xu K, Shang M, Li X, Tong X, Liu Z, Zhou L, Zheng S. The biological mechanism and emerging therapeutic interventions of liver aging. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:280-295. [PMID: 38164175 PMCID: PMC10750291 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.87679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Research on liver aging has become prominent and has attracted considerable interest in uncovering the mechanism and therapeutic targets of aging to expand lifespan. In addition, multi-omics studies are widely used to perform further mechanistic investigations on liver aging. In this review, we illustrate the changes that occur with aging in the liver, present the current models of liver aging, and emphasize existing multi-omics studies on liver aging. We integrated the multi-omics data of enrolled studies and reanalyzed them to identify key pathways and targets of liver aging. The results indicated that C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9 (Cxcl9) was a regulator of liver aging. In addition, we provide a flowchart for liver aging research using multi-omics analysis and molecular experiments to help researchers conduct further research. Finally, we present emerging therapeutic treatments that prolong lifespan. In summary, using cells and animal models of liver aging, we can apply a multi-omics approach to find key metabolic pathways and target genes to mitigate the adverse effects of liver aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Kangdi Xu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Mingge Shang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xinyu Tong
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhengtao Liu
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang, China
- Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou 310000, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee DY, Lee SJ, Chandrasekaran P, Lamichhane G, O'Connell JF, Egan JM, Kim Y. Dietary Curcumin Attenuates Hepatic Cellular Senescence by Suppressing the MAPK/NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Aged Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1165. [PMID: 37371895 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary interventions with bioactive compounds have been found to suppress the accumulation of senescent cells and senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASPs). One such compound, curcumin (CUR), has beneficial health and biological effects, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, but its ability to prevent hepatic cellular senescence is unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary CUR as an antioxidant on hepatic cellular senescence and determine its benefits on aged mice. We screened the hepatic transcriptome and found that CUR supplementation led to the downregulation of senescence-associated hepatic gene expressions in both usually fed and nutritionally challenged aged mice. Our results showed that CUR supplementation enhanced antioxidant properties and suppressed mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades in the liver, particularly c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in aged mice and p38 in diet-induced obese aged mice. Furthermore, dietary CUR decreased the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a downstream transcription factor of JNK and p38, and inhibited the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines and SASPs. The potency of CUR administration was demonstrated in aged mice via enhanced insulin homeostasis along with declined body weight. Taken together, these results suggest that CUR supplementation may be a nutritional strategy to prevent hepatic cellular senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da-Yeon Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Su-Jeong Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Prabha Chandrasekaran
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Gopal Lamichhane
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Jennifer F O'Connell
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Yoo Kim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Postmus AC, Kruit JK, Eilers RE, Havinga R, Koster MH, Johmura Y, Nakanishi M, van de Sluis B, Jonker JW. The chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin does not exacerbate p16 Ink4a-positive senescent cell accumulation and cardiometabolic disease development in young adult female LDLR-deficient mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 468:116531. [PMID: 37088304 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Cancer survivors who received chemotherapy, such as the anthracycline doxorubicin (DOX), have an increased risk of developing complications later in life, including the development of chronic metabolic diseases. Although the etiology of this increased risk for late metabolic complications in cancer survivors is poorly understood, a causal role of therapy-induced senescent cells has been suggested. To study the role of cellular senescence in chemotherapy-induced metabolic complications, young adult female low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (Ldlr-/-)-p16-3MR mice, in which p16Ink4a-positive (p16Ink4a+) senescent cells can be genetically eliminated, were treated with four weekly injections of DOX (2.5 mg/kg) followed by a high-fat high-cholesterol diet for 12 weeks. While DOX treatment induced known short-term effects, such as reduction in body weight, gonadal fat mass, and adipose tissue inflammation, it was not associated with significant long-term effects on glucose homeostasis, hepatic steatosis, or atherosclerosis. We further found no evidence of DOX-induced accumulation of p16Ink4a+-senescent cells at 1 or 12 weeks after DOX treatment. Neither did we observe an effect of elimination of p16Ink4a+-senescent cells on the development of diet-induced cardiometabolic complications in DOX-treated mice. Other markers for senescence were generally also not affected except for an increase in p21 and Cxcl10 in gonadal white adipose tissue long-term after DOX treatment. Together, our study does not support a significant role for p16Ink4a+-senescent cells in the development of diet-induced cardiometabolic disease in young adult DOX-treated female Ldlr-/- mice. These findings illustrate the need of further studies to understand the link between cancer therapy and cardiometabolic disease development in cancer survivors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Postmus
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Janine K Kruit
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Roos E Eilers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rick Havinga
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam H Koster
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yoshikazu Johmura
- Division of Cancer and Senescence Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakanishi
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|