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Zhang L, Wang X, Zhang J, Liu D, Bai G. Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and product application of Platycodon grandiflorum: A review. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2024; 16:327-343. [PMID: 39072195 PMCID: PMC11283231 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Platycodonis Radix (Jiegeng in Chinese) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine used for both medicinal and culinary purposes. Its historical use as an antitussive and expectorant has been extensively documented. Researchers, to date, have identified 219 chemical constituents in Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC, encompassing 89 saponins, 11 flavonoids, 21 polysaccharides, 14 phenolic acids, six polyacetylenes, five sterols, 34 fatty acids, 17 amino acids, and 22 trace elements. Jiegeng exhibits diverse pharmacological effects, including antitussive and anti-phlegm properties, anti-cancer activity, anti-inflammatory effects, immune regulation, antioxidant properties, anti-obesity, and antidiabetic effects. Additionally, Jiegeng shows potential in protecting the heart and liver. Beyond its medicinal benefits, Jiegeng is highly esteemed in culinary applications, and its global demand is on the rise. Its utilization has expanded beyond medicine and food to encompass daily necessities, cosmetics, agricultural supplies, and other fields. Currently, there are 18 272 patents related to P. grandiflorum. This comprehensive review summarizes the latest research published over the past 20 years, providing a robust foundation for further exploration of the medicinal and health benefits of P. grandiflorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanying Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Tianjin Modern Innovation Chinese Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300380, China
| | - Xinrui Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Tianjin Modern Innovation Chinese Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300380, China
| | - Jingze Zhang
- Tianjin Modern Innovation Chinese Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300380, China
| | - Dailin Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Tianjin Modern Innovation Chinese Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300380, China
| | - Gang Bai
- Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
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Li Z, Sang R, Feng G, Feng Y, Zhang R, Yan X. Microbiological and metabolic pathways analysing the mechanisms of alfalfa polysaccharide and sulfated alfalfa polysaccharide in alleviating obesity. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130334. [PMID: 38387635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Alfalfa polysaccharide (AP) and sulfated alfalfa polysaccharide (SAP) exhibit potential for alleviating obesity. This study aimed to analyze the mechanism of action of AP and SAP in alleviating obesity through combined microbiomics and metabolomics. The research selected validated optimal AP and SAP concentration for experiment. The results showed that AP and SAP down-regulated colonic inflammatory gene expression, regulated intestinal pH to normal, and restored intestinal growth. Microbial sequencing showed that AP and SAP altered the microbial composition ratio. AP increased the relative abundance of Muribaculaceae and Romboutsia. SAP increased the relative abundance of Dubosiella, Fecalibaculum and Desulfovibrionaceae. Metabolomic analysis showed that AP regulated steroid hormone biosynthesis, neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions and bile secretion pathways. SAP focuses more on pathways related to amino acid metabolism. Meanwhile, AP and SAP down-regulated the mRNA expression of colonic COX-2, PepT-1 and HK2 and up-regulated the mRNA expression of TPH1. Correlation analysis showed a strong correlation between metabolites and gut bacteria. Dubosiella, Faecalibaculum may be the critical marker flora for polysaccharides to alleviate obesity. This study indicates that AP and SAP alleviate obesity through different pathways and that specific polysaccharide modifications affect characteristic microbial and metabolic pathways, providing new insights into polysaccharide modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Ruxue Sang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Guilan Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Yuxi Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Xuebing Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China.
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Cai T, Song X, Xu X, Dong L, Liang S, Xin M, Huang Y, Zhu L, Li T, Wang X, Fang Y, Xu Z, Wang C, Wang M, Li J, Zheng Y, Sun W, Li L. Effects of plant natural products on metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and the underlying mechanisms: a narrative review with a focus on the modulation of the gut microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1323261. [PMID: 38444539 PMCID: PMC10912229 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1323261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a chronic liver disease characterized by the excessive accumulation of fat in hepatocytes. However, due to the complex pathogenesis of MAFLD, there are no officially approved drugs for treatment. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find safe and effective anti-MAFLD drugs. Recently, the relationship between the gut microbiota and MAFLD has been widely recognized, and treating MAFLD by regulating the gut microbiota may be a new therapeutic strategy. Natural products, especially plant natural products, have attracted much attention in the treatment of MAFLD due to their multiple targets and pathways and few side effects. Moreover, the structure and function of the gut microbiota can be influenced by exposure to plant natural products. However, the effects of plant natural products on MAFLD through targeting of the gut microbiota and the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Based on the above information and to address the potential therapeutic role of plant natural products in MAFLD, we systematically summarize the effects and mechanisms of action of plant natural products in the prevention and treatment of MAFLD through targeting of the gut microbiota. This narrative review provides feasible ideas for further exploration of safer and more effective natural drugs for the prevention and treatment of MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Cai
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
- National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhua Song
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoxue Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
- National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Dong
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Shufei Liang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Meiling Xin
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Yuhong Huang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Linghui Zhu
- National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianxing Li
- National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueke Wang
- National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yini Fang
- National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Basic Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengbao Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Jingda Li
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Yanfei Zheng
- National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenlong Sun
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Lingru Li
- National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Ma JQ, Dong AB, Xia HY, Wen SY. Preparation methods, structural characteristics, and biological activity of polysaccharides from Platycodon grandiflorus. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:129106. [PMID: 38161010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorus (P. grandiflorus), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb used for both medicine and food, has a long history of treating respiratory infections, bronchitis, pneumonia, and other lung-related diseases. The therapeutic effects of P. grandiflorus are attributed to its chemical components, including polysaccharides. Among these components, Platycodon grandiflorus polysaccharides (PGP) are recognized as one of the most important and abundant active ingredients, exhibiting various biological activities such as prebiotic, antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, antiangiogenic, and immune regulatory properties. Incorporating the principles of traditional Chinese medicine, carrier concepts, and modern targeted drug delivery technologies, PGP can influence the target sites and therapeutic effects of other drugs while also serving as a drug carrier for targeted and precise treatments. Therefore, it is essential to provide a comprehensive review of the extraction, separation, purification, physicochemical properties, and biological activities of PGP. In the future, by integrating new concepts, technologies, and processes, further references and guidance can be provided for the comprehensive development of PGP. This will contribute to the advancement of P. grandiflorus in various fields such as pharmaceuticals, health products, and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Qiong Ma
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030606, China
| | - Ao-Bo Dong
- Third Hospital of Baotou City, Baotou 014040, China
| | - Hong-Yan Xia
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030606, China
| | - Shi-Yuan Wen
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030606, China.
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