Association between blood glucose levels and arterial stiffness marker: comparing the second derivative of photoplethysmogram and cardio-ankle vascular index scores

Photoplethysmography for the Assessment of Arterial Stiffness

This review outlines the latest methods and innovations for assessing arterial stiffness, along with their respective advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, we present compelling evidence indicating a recent growth in research focused on assessing arterial stiffness using photoplethysmography (PPG) and propose PPG as a potential tool for assessing vascular ageing in the future. Blood vessels deteriorate with age, losing elasticity and forming deposits. This raises the likelihood of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD), widely reported as the global leading cause of death. The ageing process induces structural modifications in the vascular system, such as increased arterial stiffness, which can cause various volumetric, mechanical, and haemodynamic alterations. Numerous techniques have been investigated to assess arterial stiffness, some of which are currently used in commercial medical devices and some, such as PPG, of which still remain in the research space.