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Chea S, Willen L, Nhek S, Ly P, Tang K, Oristian J, Salas-Carrillo R, Ponce A, Leon PCV, Kong D, Ly S, Sath R, Lon C, Leang R, Huy R, Yek C, Valenzuela JG, Calvo E, Manning JE, Oliveira F. Antibodies to Aedes aegypti D7L salivary proteins as a new serological tool to estimate human exposure to Aedes mosquitoes. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1368066. [PMID: 38751433 PMCID: PMC11094246 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1368066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aedes spp. are the most prolific mosquito vectors in the world. Found on every continent, they can effectively transmit various arboviruses, including the dengue virus which continues to cause outbreaks worldwide and is spreading into previously non-endemic areas. The lack of widely available dengue vaccines accentuates the importance of targeted vector control strategies to reduce the dengue burden. High-throughput tools to estimate human-mosquito contact and evaluate vector control interventions are lacking. We propose a novel serological tool that allows rapid screening of human cohorts for exposure to potentially infectious mosquitoes. Methods We tested 563 serum samples from a longitudinal pediatric cohort study previously conducted in Cambodia. Children enrolled in the study were dengue-naive at baseline and were followed biannually for dengue incidence for two years. We used Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to identify immunogenic Aedes aegypti salivary proteins and measure total anti-Ae. aegypti IgG. Results We found a correlation (rs=0.86) between IgG responses against AeD7L1 and AeD7L2 recombinant proteins and those to whole salivary gland homogenate. We observed seasonal fluctuations of AeD7L1+2 IgG responses and no cross-reactivity with Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles dirus mosquitoes. The baseline median AeD7L1+2 IgG responses for young children were higher in those who developed asymptomatic versus symptomatic dengue. Discussion The IgG response against AeD7L1+2 recombinant proteins is a highly sensitive and Aedes specific marker of human exposure to Aedes bites that can facilitate standardization of future serosurveys and epidemiological studies by its ability to provide a robust estimation of human-mosquito contact in a high-throughput fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophana Chea
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Laura Willen
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sreynik Nhek
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Piseth Ly
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Kristina Tang
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - James Oristian
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Roberto Salas-Carrillo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Aiyana Ponce
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Paola Carolina Valenzuela Leon
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dara Kong
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sokna Ly
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ratanak Sath
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Chanthap Lon
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rithea Leang
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- National Dengue Control Program, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Rekol Huy
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Christina Yek
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jesus G. Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Eric Calvo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jessica E. Manning
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Howell MM, Olajiga OM, Cardenas JC, Parada-Higuera CA, Gonzales-Pabon MU, Gutierrez-Silva LY, Jaimes-Villamizar L, Werner BM, Shaffer JG, Manuzak JA, Londono-Renteria B. Mosquito Salivary Antigens and Their Relationship to Dengue and P. vivax Malaria. Pathogens 2024; 13:52. [PMID: 38251359 PMCID: PMC10818852 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In tropical areas, the simultaneous transmission of multiple vector-borne diseases is common due to ecological factors shared by arthropod vectors. Malaria and dengue virus, transmitted by Anopheles and Aedes mosquitoes, respectively, are among the top vector-borne diseases that cause significant morbidity and mortality in endemic areas. Notably, tropical areas often have suitable conditions for the co-existence of these mosquito species, highlighting the importance of identifying markers that accurately indicate the risk of acquiring each specific disease entity. Aedes are daytime-biting mosquitoes, while Anopheles preferentially bite during the night. These biting patterns raise the possibility of concurrent exposure to bites from both species. This is important because mosquito saliva, deposited in the skin during blood feeding, induces immune responses that modulate pathogen establishment and infection. Previous studies have focused on characterizing such effects on the vector-pathogen interface for an individual pathogen and its mosquito vector. In this study, we evaluated associations between immune responses to salivary proteins from non-dengue and non-malaria vector mosquito species with clinical characteristics of malaria and dengue, respectively. Surprisingly, antibody responses against Anopheles antigens in dengue patients correlated with red blood cell count and hematocrit, while antibody responses against Aedes proteins were associated with platelet count in malaria patients. Our data indicate that concurrent exposure to multiple disease-carrying mosquito vectors and their salivary proteins with differing immunomodulatory properties could influence the transmission, pathogenesis, and clinical presentation of malaria, dengue fever, and other vector-borne illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKenna M. Howell
- Arbovirology Laboratory, Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (M.M.H.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Olayinka M. Olajiga
- Arbovirology Laboratory, Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (M.M.H.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Jenny C. Cardenas
- Arbovirology Laboratory, Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (M.M.H.); (J.C.C.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Brett M. Werner
- College of Science and Technology, Bellevue University, Bellevue, NE 68005, USA;
| | - Jeffrey G. Shaffer
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Jennifer A. Manuzak
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
| | - Berlin Londono-Renteria
- Arbovirology Laboratory, Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (M.M.H.); (J.C.C.)
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Marín-López A, Raduwan H, Chen TY, Utrilla-Trigo S, Wolfhard DP, Fikrig E. Mosquito Salivary Proteins and Arbovirus Infection: From Viral Enhancers to Potential Targets for Vaccines. Pathogens 2023; 12:371. [PMID: 36986293 PMCID: PMC10054260 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses present important public health challenges worldwide. Viruses such as DENV, ZIKV, and WNV are of current concern due to an increasing incidence and an expanding geographic range, generating explosive outbreaks even in non-endemic areas. The clinical signs associated with infection from these arboviruses are often inapparent, mild, or nonspecific, but occasionally develop into serious complications marked by rapid onset, tremors, paralysis, hemorrhagic fever, neurological alterations, or death. They are predominately transmitted to humans through mosquito bite, during which saliva is inoculated into the skin to facilitate blood feeding. A new approach to prevent arboviral diseases has been proposed by the observation that arthropod saliva facilitates transmission of pathogens. Viruses released within mosquito saliva may more easily initiate host invasion by taking advantage of the host's innate and adaptive immune responses to saliva. This provides a rationale for creating vaccines against mosquito salivary proteins, especially because of the lack of licensed vaccines against most of these viruses. This review aims to provide an overview of the effects on the host immune response by the mosquito salivary proteins and how these phenomena alter the infection outcome for different arboviruses, recent attempts to generate mosquito salivary-based vaccines against flavivirus including DENV, ZIKV, and WNV, and the potential benefits and pitfalls that this strategy involves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Marín-López
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Hamidah Raduwan
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Tse-Yu Chen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Sergio Utrilla-Trigo
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Center for Animal Health Research (CISA-INIA/CSIC), 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - David P. Wolfhard
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
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