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Jirošová A, Modlinger R, Hradecký J, Ramakrishnan R, Beránková K, Kandasamy D. Ophiostomatoid fungi synergize attraction of the Eurasian spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus to its aggregation pheromone in field traps. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:980251. [PMID: 36204608 PMCID: PMC9530181 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.980251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eurasian spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus is a destructive pest of the Norway spruce (Picea abies). Recent outbreaks in Europe have been attributed to global warming and other anthropogenic impacts. Bark beetles are guided by multiple complex olfactory cues throughout their life cycle. Male-produced aggregation pheromones, comprising 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol and cis-verbenol, have been identified as the most powerful attractants for dispersing conspecifics. In addition to host trees, bark beetles interact with multiple organisms, including symbiotic ophiostomatoid fungi, which may promote beetle colonization success and offspring development. Previously, in a short-distance laboratory assay, we demonstrated that I. typographus adults are attracted to the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by three symbiotic fungi: Grosmannia penicillata, Endoconidiophora polonica, and Leptographium europhioides. Furthermore, the abundant fusel alcohols and their acetates were found to be the most attractive odorants in the fungal VOC profile. In this study, using a long-distance field-trapping experiment, we analyzed the role of fungal VOCs as attractants for dispersing I. typographus. Two types of fungal lures were tested in combination with pheromones in traps: (1) live cultures of fungi grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and (2) dispensers containing synthetic fusel alcohols and their acetates in equal proportions. Subsequently, the composition of VOCs emitted from live fungal lures were analyzed. We found that the symbiotic fungi synergistically increased the attraction of beetles to pheromones in field traps and the attractiveness of live fungal lures depended on the fungal load. While one Petri dish with E. polonica, when combined with pheromones synergistically increased trapping efficiency, three Petri dishes with L. europhioides were required to achieve the same. The synthetic mix of fungal fusel alcohols and acetates improved the catch efficiency of pheromones only at a low tested dose. VOC analysis of fungal cultures revealed that all the three fungi produced fusel alcohols and acetates but in variable composition and amounts. Collectively, the results of this study show that, in addition to pheromones, bark beetles might also use volatile cues from their symbiotic fungi to improve tree colonization and reproductive success in their breeding and feeding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jirošová
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Roman Modlinger
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jaromír Hradecký
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Rajarajan Ramakrishnan
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Beránková
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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Nwaefuna AE, Rumbold K, Boekhout T, Zhou N. Bioethanolic yeasts from dung beetles: tapping the potential of extremophilic yeasts for improvement of lignocellulolytic feedstock fermentation. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:86. [PMID: 33827664 PMCID: PMC8028181 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01940-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Bioethanol from abundant and inexpensive agricultural and industrial wastes possesses the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Bioethanol as renewable fuel addresses elevated production costs, as well as food security concerns. Although technical advancements in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation have reduced the cost of production, one major drawback of this technology is that the pre-treatment process creates environmental stressors inhibitory to fermentative yeasts subsequently reducing bioethanol productivity. Robust fermentative yeasts with extreme stress tolerance remain limited. This review presents the potential of dung beetles from pristine and unexplored environments as an attractive source of extremophilic bioethanolic yeasts. Dung beetles survive on a recalcitrant lignocellulose-rich diet suggesting the presence of symbiotic yeasts with a cellulolytic potential. Dung beetles inhabiting extreme stress environments have the potential to harbour yeasts with the ability to withstand inhibitory environmental stresses typically associated with bioethanol production. The review further discusses established methods used to isolate bioethanolic yeasts, from dung beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Ejiro Nwaefuna
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Karl Rumbold
- Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Teun Boekhout
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, 1098 SM Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nerve Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana
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Koerte S, Keesey IW, Easson MLAE, Gershenzon J, Hansson BS, Knaden M. Variable dependency on associated yeast communities influences host range inDrosophilaspecies. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Koerte
- Max Planck Inst. for Chemical Ecology, Dept of Evolutionary Neuroethology Hans‐Knöll‐Straße 8 DE‐07745 Jena Germany
| | - Ian W. Keesey
- Max Planck Inst. for Chemical Ecology, Dept of Evolutionary Neuroethology Hans‐Knöll‐Straße 8 DE‐07745 Jena Germany
| | | | | | - Bill S. Hansson
- Max Planck Inst. for Chemical Ecology, Dept of Evolutionary Neuroethology Hans‐Knöll‐Straße 8 DE‐07745 Jena Germany
| | - Markus Knaden
- Max Planck Inst. for Chemical Ecology, Dept of Evolutionary Neuroethology Hans‐Knöll‐Straße 8 DE‐07745 Jena Germany
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Sobhy IS, Baets D, Goelen T, Herrera-Malaver B, Bosmans L, Van den Ende W, Verstrepen KJ, Wäckers F, Jacquemyn H, Lievens B. Sweet Scents: Nectar Specialist Yeasts Enhance Nectar Attraction of a Generalist Aphid Parasitoid Without Affecting Survival. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1009. [PMID: 30061909 PMCID: PMC6055026 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Floral nectar is commonly inhabited by microorganisms, mostly yeasts and bacteria, which can have a strong impact on nectar chemistry and scent. Yet, little is known about the effects of nectar microbes on the behavior and survival of insects belonging to the third trophic level such as parasitoids. Here, we used five nectar-inhabiting yeast species to test the hypothesis that yeast species that almost solely occur in nectar, and therefore substantially rely on floral visitors for dispersal, produce volatile compounds that enhance insect attraction without compromising insect life history parameters, such as survival. Experiments were performed using two nectar specialist yeasts (Metschnikowia gruessii and M. reukaufii) and three generalist species (Aureobasidium pullulans, Hanseniaspora uvarum, and Sporobolomyces roseus). Saccharomyces cerevisiae was included as a reference yeast. We compared olfactory responses of the generalist aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) when exposed to these microorganisms inoculated in synthetic nectar. Nectar-inhabiting yeasts had a significant impact on nectar chemistry and produced distinct volatile blends, some of which were attractive, while others were neutral or repellent. Among the different yeast species tested, the nectar specialists M. gruessii and M. reukaufii were the only species that produced a highly attractive nectar to parasitoid females, which simultaneously had no adverse effects on longevity and survival of adults. By contrast, parasitoids that fed on nectars fermented with the reference strain, A. pullulans, H. uvarum or S. roseus showed shortest longevity and lowest survival. Additionally, nectars fermented by A. pullulans or S. roseus were consumed significantly less, suggesting a lack of important nutrients or undesirable changes in the nectar chemical profiles. Altogether our results indicate that nectar-inhabiting yeasts play an important, but so far largely overlooked, role in plant-insect interactions by modulating the chemical composition of nectar, and may have important ecological consequences for plant pollination and biological control of herbivorous insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam S. Sobhy
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Sint-Katelijne Waver, Belgium
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Dieter Baets
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Sint-Katelijne Waver, Belgium
| | - Tim Goelen
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Sint-Katelijne Waver, Belgium
| | - Beatriz Herrera-Malaver
- VIB Lab for Systems Biology and Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics Lab for Genetics and Genomics, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lien Bosmans
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Sint-Katelijne Waver, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kevin J. Verstrepen
- VIB Lab for Systems Biology and Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics Lab for Genetics and Genomics, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Felix Wäckers
- Biobest, Westerlo, Belgium
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Laboratory of Plant Conversation and Population Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Sint-Katelijne Waver, Belgium
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Becher PG, Hagman A, Verschut V, Chakraborty A, Rozpędowska E, Lebreton S, Bengtsson M, Flick G, Witzgall P, Piškur J. Chemical signaling and insect attraction is a conserved trait in yeasts. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:2962-2974. [PMID: 29531709 PMCID: PMC5838033 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast volatiles attract insects, which apparently is of mutual benefit, for both yeasts and insects. However, it is unknown whether biosynthesis of metabolites that attract insects is a basic and general trait, or if it is specific for yeasts that live in close association with insects. Our goal was to study chemical insect attractants produced by yeasts that span more than 250 million years of evolutionary history and vastly differ in their metabolism and lifestyle. We bioassayed attraction of the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster to odors of phylogenetically and ecologically distinct yeasts grown under controlled conditions. Baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the insect-associated species Candida californica, Pichia kluyveri and Metschnikowia andauensis, wine yeast Dekkera bruxellensis, milk yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, the vertebrate pathogens Candida albicans and Candida glabrata, and oleophilic Yarrowia lipolytica were screened for fly attraction in a wind tunnel. Yeast headspace was chemically analyzed, and co-occurrence of insect attractants in yeasts and flowering plants was investigated through a database search. In yeasts with known genomes, we investigated the occurrence of genes involved in the synthesis of key aroma compounds. Flies were attracted to all nine yeasts studied. The behavioral response to baker's yeast was independent of its growth stage. In addition to Drosophila, we tested the basal hexapod Folsomia candida (Collembola) in a Y-tube assay to the most ancient yeast, Y. lipolytica, which proved that early yeast signals also function on clades older than neopteran insects. Behavioral and chemical data and a search for selected genes of volatile metabolites underline that biosynthesis of chemical signals is found throughout the yeast clade and has been conserved during the evolution of yeast lifestyles. Literature and database reviews corroborate that yeast signals mediate mutualistic interactions between insects and yeasts. Moreover, volatiles emitted by yeasts are commonly found also in flowers and attract many insect species. The collective evidence suggests that the release of volatile signals by yeasts is a widespread and phylogenetically ancient trait, and that insect-yeast communication evolved prior to the emergence of flowering plants. Co-occurrence of the same attractant signals in yeast and flowers suggests that yeast-insect communication may have contributed to the evolution of insect-mediated pollination in flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G. Becher
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Arne Hagman
- Department of BiologyLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Vasiliki Verschut
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Amrita Chakraborty
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Elżbieta Rozpędowska
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Sébastien Lebreton
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Marie Bengtsson
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Gerhard Flick
- Department of Agriculture and Food ScienceUniversity of Applied SciencesNeubrandenburgGermany
| | - Peter Witzgall
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Jure Piškur
- Department of BiologyLund UniversityLundSweden
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Cloonan KR, Andreadis SS, Chen H, Jenkins NE, Baker TC. Attraction, Oviposition and Larval Survival of the Fungus Gnat, Lycoriella ingenua, on Fungal Species Isolated from Adults, Larvae, and Mushroom Compost. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167074. [PMID: 27936070 PMCID: PMC5147838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that the females of the mushroom sciarid, Lycoriella ingenua (Dufour, 1839) (Diptera: Sciaridae), one of the most severe pests of the cultivated white button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) Emil J. Imbach (Agaricales: Agaricaceae), are attracted to the mushroom compost that mushrooms are grown on and not to the mushrooms themselves. We also showed that females are attracted to the parasitic green mold, Trichoderma aggressivum. In an attempt to identify what is in the mushroom compost that attracts female L. ingenua, we isolated several species of fungi from adult males and females, third instar larvae, and mushroom compost itself. We then analyzed the attraction of females to these substrates using a static-flow two choice olfactometer, as well as their oviposition tendencies in another type of assay under choice and no-choice conditions. We also assessed the survival of larvae to adulthood when first instar larvae were placed on each of the isolated fungal species. We found that female flies were attracted most to the mycoparasitic green mold, T. aggressivum, to Penicilium citrinum isolated from adult female bodies, and to Scatylidium thermophilium isolated from the mushroom compost. Gravid female flies laid the most eggs on T. aggressivum, Aspergillus flavus isolated from third instar larval frass, Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from adult male bodies, and on P. citrinum. This egg-laying trend remained consistent under no-choice conditions as females aged. First instar larvae developed to adulthood only on S. thermophilium and Chaetomium sp. isolated from mushroom compost, and on P. citrinum. Our results indicate that the volatiles from a suite of different fungal species act in tandem in the natural setting of mushroom compost, with some first attracting gravid female flies and then others causing them to oviposit. The ecological context of these findings is important for creating an optimal strategy for using possible semiochemicals isolated from these fungal species to better monitor and control this pestiferous mushroom fly species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R. Cloonan
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Stefanos S. Andreadis
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Haibin Chen
- Institute of Health and Environmental Ecology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Nina E. Jenkins
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Baker
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mori BA, Whitener AB, Leinweber Y, Revadi S, Beers EH, Witzgall P, Becher PG. Enhanced yeast feeding following mating facilitates control of the invasive fruit pestDrosophila suzukii. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boyd A. Mori
- Department of Plant Protection Biology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Box 102 23053 Alnarp Sweden
| | - Alix B. Whitener
- Department of Entomology; WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center; 1100 N. Western Avenue Wenatchee WA 98801 USA
| | - Yannick Leinweber
- Department of Plant Protection Biology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Box 102 23053 Alnarp Sweden
| | - Santosh Revadi
- Department of Plant Protection Biology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Box 102 23053 Alnarp Sweden
| | - Elizabeth H. Beers
- Department of Entomology; WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center; 1100 N. Western Avenue Wenatchee WA 98801 USA
| | - Peter Witzgall
- Department of Plant Protection Biology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Box 102 23053 Alnarp Sweden
| | - Paul G. Becher
- Department of Plant Protection Biology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Box 102 23053 Alnarp Sweden
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Holighaus G, Rohlfs M. Fungal allelochemicals in insect pest management. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:5681-9. [PMID: 27147531 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between insects and fungi are widespread, and important mediators of these interactions are fungal chemicals that can therefore be considered as allelochemicals. Numerous studies suggest that fungal chemicals can affect insects in many different ways. Here, we apply the terminology established by insect-plant ecologists for categorizing the effect of fungal allelochemicals on insects and for evaluating the application potential of these chemicals in insect pest management. Our literature survey shows that fungal volatile and non-volatile chemicals have an enormous potential to influence insect behavior and fitness. Many of them still remain to be discovered, but some recent examples of repellents and toxins could open up new ways for developing safe insect control strategies. However, we also identified shortcomings in our understanding of the chemical ecology of insect-fungus interactions and the way they have been investigated. In particular, the mode-of-action of fungal allelochemicals has often not been appropriately designated or examined, and the way in which induction by insects affects fungal chemical diversity is poorly understood. This review should raise awareness that in-depth ecological studies of insect-fungus interactions can reveal novel allelochemicals of particular benefit for the development of innovative insect pest management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Holighaus
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Büsgen Institute, Forest Zoology and Forest Conservation, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marko Rohlfs
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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