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Krivopalova A, Mikula P, Cukor J, Ševčík R, Brynychová K, Šálek M. Adaptation of farmland mammalian specialist to urban life: Escape behavior of European hare along the urban-rural gradient. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175779. [PMID: 39191323 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The European hare Lepus europaeus is an iconic but rapidly declining farmland specialist with recently confirmed populations in urban areas. However, their behavioral responses and adaptability to urbanization and life in human-dominated areas are fully unexplored. Here, using infrared cameras, we explored escape behavior (measured as the flight initiation distance) using 965 hare observations in urban and farmland areas in the Czech Republic and Austria (Central Europe) and its association with habitat type, distance to the city center, patch size, season, hare age and initial behavior. We found that European hares adjusted their escape behavior to habitat type and escaped significantly earlier in farmland (rural) habitats than in urban habitats. However, escape distances of hares did not differ between farmland types with different degree of habitat heterogeneity. We also revealed that urban hares escaped earlier when located further from the city center or in a larger study patch. Moreover, adult hares escaped earlier than subadults and foraging individuals escaped earlier than resting hares but both only in rural areas. Our results support high behavioral adaptability of European hares to human-dominated urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Krivopalova
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic; Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, Strnady 136, 25202 Jíloviště, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Mikula
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic; TUM School of Life Sciences, Ecoclimatology, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 2a, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jan Cukor
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic; Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, Strnady 136, 25202 Jíloviště, Czech Republic.
| | - Richard Ševčík
- Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, Strnady 136, 25202 Jíloviště, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Brynychová
- Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, Strnady 136, 25202 Jíloviště, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Šálek
- Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, Strnady 136, 25202 Jíloviště, Czech Republic; Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic; Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Květná 8, 60365 Brno, Czech Republic
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Mikula P, Bulla M, Blumstein DT, Benedetti Y, Floigl K, Jokimäki J, Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki ML, Markó G, Morelli F, Møller AP, Siretckaia A, Szakony S, Weston MA, Zeid FA, Tryjanowski P, Albrecht T. Urban birds' tolerance towards humans was largely unaffected by COVID-19 shutdown-induced variation in human presence. Commun Biol 2024; 7:874. [PMID: 39020006 PMCID: PMC11255252 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and respective shutdowns dramatically altered human activities, potentially changing human pressures on urban-dwelling animals. Here, we use such COVID-19-induced variation in human presence to evaluate, across multiple temporal scales, how urban birds from five countries changed their tolerance towards humans, measured as escape distance. We collected 6369 escape responses for 147 species and found that human numbers in parks at a given hour, day, week or year (before and during shutdowns) had a little effect on birds' escape distances. All effects centered around zero, except for the actual human numbers during escape trial (hourly scale) that correlated negatively, albeit weakly, with escape distance. The results were similar across countries and most species. Our results highlight the resilience of birds to changes in human numbers on multiple temporal scales, the complexities of linking animal fear responses to human behavior, and the challenge of quantifying both simultaneously in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mikula
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Ecoclimatology, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany.
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany.
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague, Czechia.
| | - Martin Bulla
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague, Czechia.
| | - Daniel T Blumstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 621 Young Drive, South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yanina Benedetti
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kristina Floigl
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jukka Jokimäki
- Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, PO Box 122, 96101, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | | | - Gábor Markó
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Plant Protection, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ménesi út 44, 1118, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Federico Morelli
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Prof. Z. Szafrana St. 1, 65516, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Anders Pape Møller
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay Cedex, Paris, France
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
| | - Anastasiia Siretckaia
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague, Czechia
| | - Sára Szakony
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Rottenbiller u. 50., 1077, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michael A Weston
- Deakin Marine, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, VIC 3125, Burwood, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Farah Abou Zeid
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague, Czechia
| | - Piotr Tryjanowski
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Ecoclimatology, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomáš Albrecht
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 60365, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Mikula P, Tomášek O, Romportl D, Aikins TK, Avendaño JE, Braimoh-Azaki BDA, Chaskda A, Cresswell W, Cunningham SJ, Dale S, Favoretto GR, Floyd KS, Glover H, Grim T, Henry DAW, Holmern T, Hromada M, Iwajomo SB, Lilleyman A, Magige FJ, Martin RO, de A Maximiano MF, Nana ED, Ncube E, Ndaimani H, Nelson E, van Niekerk JH, Pienaar C, Piratelli AJ, Pistorius P, Radkovic A, Reynolds C, Røskaft E, Shanungu GK, Siqueira PR, Tarakini T, Tejeiro-Mahecha N, Thompson ML, Wamiti W, Wilson M, Tye DRC, Tye ND, Vehtari A, Tryjanowski P, Weston MA, Blumstein DT, Albrecht T. Bird tolerance to humans in open tropical ecosystems. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2146. [PMID: 37081049 PMCID: PMC10119130 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37936-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal tolerance towards humans can be a key factor facilitating wildlife-human coexistence, yet traits predicting its direction and magnitude across tropical animals are poorly known. Using 10,249 observations for 842 bird species inhabiting open tropical ecosystems in Africa, South America, and Australia, we find that avian tolerance towards humans was lower (i.e., escape distance was longer) in rural rather than urban populations and in populations exposed to lower human disturbance (measured as human footprint index). In addition, larger species and species with larger clutches and enhanced flight ability are less tolerant to human approaches and escape distances increase when birds were approached during the wet season compared to the dry season and from longer starting distances. Identification of key factors affecting animal tolerance towards humans across large spatial and taxonomic scales may help us to better understand and predict the patterns of species distributions in the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mikula
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Praha 2, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 621 Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1606, USA.
| | - Oldřich Tomášek
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dušan Romportl
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Timothy K Aikins
- Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Management, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box TL 1882, Tamale, Ghana
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Jorge E Avendaño
- Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva de Vertebrados, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Programa de Biología, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Bukola D A Braimoh-Azaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- AP Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Adams Chaskda
- AP Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Will Cresswell
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TH, UK
| | - Susan J Cunningham
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Svein Dale
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, Norwegian, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | | | - Kelvin S Floyd
- International Crane Foundation/Endangered Wildlife Trust (ICF/EWT Partnership), P. O Box 33944, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Hayley Glover
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Tomáš Grim
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, 710 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Dominic A W Henry
- Centre for Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa
| | - Tomas Holmern
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, NO-7091, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Martin Hromada
- Laboratory and Museum of Evolutionary Ecology, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Prešov, 17. novembra 1, 081 16, Prešov, Slovakia
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Prof. Z. Szafrana 1, 65-516, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Soladoye B Iwajomo
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Nigeria
- TETFUND Centre of Excellence in Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Management, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Amanda Lilleyman
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, 0909, Australia
| | - Flora J Magige
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Rowan O Martin
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
- Africa Conservation Programme, World Parrot Trust, Glanmor House, Hayle, TR27 4HB, UK
| | - Marina F de A Maximiano
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia. Avenida André Araújo, 69067-375, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Eric D Nana
- Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), 1st Main road Nkolbisson - Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Emmanuel Ncube
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Chinhoyi University of Technology, P Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - Henry Ndaimani
- International Fund for Animal Welfare, 22 Airdrie Road, Estlea, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Emma Nelson
- School of Medicine, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, L69 3GS, Liverpool, UK
| | - Johann H van Niekerk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, PO Box 392, Pretoria, 0003, South Africa
| | - Carina Pienaar
- BirdLife South Africa, Isdell House, 17 Hume Road, Dunkeld West, 2196, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Augusto J Piratelli
- Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, 18086-330, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Penny Pistorius
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Anna Radkovic
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Chevonne Reynolds
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Eivin Røskaft
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, NO-7091, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Griffin K Shanungu
- International Crane Foundation/Endangered Wildlife Trust (ICF/EWT Partnership), P. O Box 33944, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paulo R Siqueira
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Presidente Antônio Carlos avenue 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tawanda Tarakini
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Chinhoyi University of Technology, P Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
- Research and Education for Sustainable Actions, 9934 Katanda, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - Nattaly Tejeiro-Mahecha
- Grupo de investigación ECOTONOS, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad de Los Llanos, Villavicencio, Colombia
- Colecciones Biológicas, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Villa de Leyva, Boyacá, Colombia
| | - Michelle L Thompson
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Wanyoike Wamiti
- Zoology Department, National Museums of Kenya, Museum Hill Rd., P.O. BOX 40658- 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mark Wilson
- British Trust for Ornithology, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Donovan R C Tye
- Organisation for Tropical Studies, PO Box 33, Skukuza, 1350, South Africa
| | | | - Aki Vehtari
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, PO Box 15400, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Piotr Tryjanowski
- Department of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71c, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Ecoclimatology, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Michael A Weston
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Daniel T Blumstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 621 Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1606, USA
| | - Tomáš Albrecht
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Praha 2, Czech Republic
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Morelli F, Leveau LM, Mikula P, MacGregor-Fors I, Bocelli ML, Quesada-Acuña SG, González-Lagos C, Gutiérrez-Tapia P, Dri GF, Delgado-V CA, Zavala AG, Campos J, Ortega-Álvarez R, Contreras-Rodríguez AI, López DS, Toledo MCB, Sarquis A, Giraudo A, Echevarria AL, Fanjul ME, Martínez MV, Haedo J, Sanz LGC, Dominguez YAP, Fernandez V, Marinero V, Abilhoa V, Amorin R, Fontana CS, da Silva TW, Vargas SSZ, Escobar Ibañez JF, Juri MD, Camín SR, Marone L, Piratelli AJ, Franchin AG, Crispim L, Benitez J, Benedetti Y. Are birds more afraid in urban parks or cemeteries? A Latin American study contrasts with results from Europe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 861:160534. [PMID: 36574545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The escape behaviour, measured as flight initiation distance (FID; the distance at which individuals take flight when approached by a potential predator, usually a human in the study systems), is a measure widely used to study fearfulness and risk-taking in animals. Previous studies have shown significant differences in the escape behaviour of birds inhabiting cemeteries and urban parks in European cities, where birds seem to be shyer in the latter. We collected a regional dataset of the FID of birds inhabiting cemeteries and parks across Latin America in peri-urban, suburban and urban parks and cemeteries. FIDs were recorded for eighty-one bird species. Mean species-specific FIDs ranged from 1.9 to 19.7 m for species with at least two observations (fifty-seven species). Using Bayesian regression modelling and controlling for the phylogenetic relatedness of the FID among bird species and city and country, we found that, in contrast to a recent publication from Europe, birds escape earlier in cemeteries than parks in the studied Latin American cities. FIDs were also significantly shorter in urban areas than in peri-urban areas and in areas with higher human density. Our results indicate that some idiosyncratic patterns in animal fearfulness towards humans may emerge among different geographic regions, highlighting difficulties with scaling up and application of regional findings to other ecosystems and world regions. Such differences could be associated with intrinsic differences between the pool of bird species from temperate European and mostly tropical Latin American cities, characterized by different evolutionary histories, but also with differences in the historical process of urbanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Morelli
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Prof. Z. Szafrana St. 1, PL-65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland.
| | - Lucas M Leveau
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires - IEGEBA (CONICET - UBA), Ciudad Universitaria, Pab 2, Piso 4, Buenos Aires 1426, Argentina
| | - Peter Mikula
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Kvetna 8, Brno 603 65, Czech Republic
| | - Ian MacGregor-Fors
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland
| | - M Lucia Bocelli
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires - IEGEBA (CONICET - UBA), Ciudad Universitaria, Pab 2, Piso 4, Buenos Aires 1426, Argentina
| | - Sergio Gabriel Quesada-Acuña
- Universidad Estatal a Distancia, Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Laboratorio de Ecología Urbana, 2050 Sabanilla, San José, Costa Rica
| | - César González-Lagos
- Departamento de Ciencias, Facultad de Artes Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Gabriela Franzoi Dri
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Conservation Biology, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Room 244, 04469-5755, USA
| | - Carlos A Delgado-V
- Programa de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias y Biotecnología, Universidad CES, Calle 10A 22-04, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Alvaro Garitano Zavala
- Instituto de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Puras y Naturales, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, Casilla 10077, La Paz, Bolivia
| | | | - Rubén Ortega-Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES) - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus Morelia, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8711, Col. San José de la Huerta, Morelia, Michoacán 58190, Mexico
| | | | - Daniela Souza López
- North American Birds Conservation Initiative, CONABIO, Liga Periférico-Insurgentes Sur No. 4903, Parques del Pedregal, 14010 Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Maria Cecília B Toledo
- Laboratório de Ecologia, Instituto Básico de Biociências, Universidade de Taubaté Curso de Pós-graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Brazil
| | - Andres Sarquis
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional del Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Giraudo
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional del Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ada Lilian Echevarria
- Instituto de Vertebrados - Zoología - Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251 San Miguel de Tucumán, CP 4000 Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María Elisa Fanjul
- Instituto de Vertebrados - Zoología - Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251 San Miguel de Tucumán, CP 4000 Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María Valeria Martínez
- Instituto de Vertebrados - Zoología - Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251 San Miguel de Tucumán, CP 4000 Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Josefina Haedo
- Instituto de Ecología Regional (CONICET - UNT), Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | | | - Viviana Fernandez
- Centro de Investigaciones de la Geósfera y la Biósfera-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Juan (UNSJ), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Av. Ignacio de la Roza 590 (O), Complejo Universitario "Islas Malvinas", Rivadavia, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Veronica Marinero
- Centro de Investigaciones de la Geósfera y la Biósfera-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Juan (UNSJ), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Av. Ignacio de la Roza 590 (O), Complejo Universitario "Islas Malvinas", Rivadavia, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Vinícius Abilhoa
- Museu de História Natural Capão da Imbuia, PMC Rua Prof. Benedito Conceição, 407, 82810-080 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Rafael Amorin
- Museu de História Natural Capão da Imbuia, PMC Rua Prof. Benedito Conceição, 407, 82810-080 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Carla Suertegaray Fontana
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução da Biodiversidade, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6681, prédio 40 sala 110 B, 90619-900, Brazil; Laboratório de Ornitologia, Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Thaiane Weinert da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução da Biodiversidade, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6681, prédio 40 sala 110 B, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Sarah Sandri Zalewski Vargas
- Laboratório de Ornitologia, Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Juan F Escobar Ibañez
- Red de Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa, Mexico
| | | | - Sergio R Camín
- ECODES, Grupo de investigación en ecología de comunidades de desierto, IADIZA-CONICET, Mendoza y Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Luis Marone
- ECODES, Grupo de investigación en ecología de comunidades de desierto, IADIZA-CONICET, Mendoza y Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Augusto João Piratelli
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos - Depto. Ciências Ambientais/CCTS, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos, Km 110 - Itinga, CEP 18052-780 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Larissa Crispim
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos - Depto. Ciências Ambientais/CCTS, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos, Km 110 - Itinga, CEP 18052-780 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Julieta Benitez
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Houssay 200, 9410 Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
| | - Yanina Benedetti
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Gnanapragasam JJ, Ekanayake KB, Ranawana K, Symonds MRE, Weston MA. Civil War Is Associated with Longer Escape Distances among Sri Lankan Birds. Am Nat 2021; 198:653-659. [PMID: 34648400 DOI: 10.1086/716660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWar influences wildlife in a variety of ways but may influence their escape responses to approaching threats, including humans, because of its effect on human populations and behavior and landscape change. We collected 1,400 flight initiation distances (FIDs) from 157 bird species in the dry zone of Sri Lanka, where civil war raged for 26 years, ending in 2009. Accounting for factors known to influence FIDs (phylogeny, starting distance of approaches, body mass, prevailing human density, group size, and location), we found that birds have longer FIDs in the part of the dry zone that experienced civil war. Larger birds-often preferred by human hunters-showed greater increases in FID in the war zone, consistent with the idea that war was associated with greater hunting pressure and that larger birds experienced longer-lasting trauma or had more plastic escape behavior than smaller species. While the mechanisms linking the war and avian escape responses remain ambiguous, wars evidently leave legacies that extend to behavioral responses in birds.
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8
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Urbanization predicts flight initiation distance in feral pigeons (Columba livia) across New York City. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Charutha K, Roshnath R, Sinu PA. Urban heronry birds tolerate human presence more than its conspecific rural birds. J NAT HIST 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2021.1912844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Charutha
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Kerala, Periya, India
| | - R. Roshnath
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Kerala, Periya, India
- Malabar Awareness and Rescue Centre for Wildlife, Kannur, India
| | - P. A. Sinu
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Kerala, Periya, India
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Gaston
- Environment & Sustainability Institute University of Exeter Penryn Cornwall UK
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11
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Putman BJ, Tippie ZA. Big City Living: A Global Meta-Analysis Reveals Positive Impact of Urbanization on Body Size in Lizards. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.580745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban environments pose different selective pressures than natural ones, leading to changes in animal behavior, physiology, and morphology. Understanding how animals respond to urbanization could inform the management of urban habitats. Non-avian reptiles have important roles in ecosystems worldwide, yet their responses to urbanization have not been as comprehensively studied as those of mammals and birds. However, unlike mammals and birds, most reptiles cannot easily move away from disturbances, making the selective pressure to adapt to urban environments especially strong. In recent years, there has been a surge in research on the responses of lizards to urbanization, yet no formal synthesis has determined what makes an urban lizard, in other words, which phenotypic traits are most likely to change with urbanization and in which direction? Here, we present a qualitative synthesis of the literature and a quantitative phylogenetic meta-analysis comparing phenotypic traits between urban and non-urban lizard populations. The most robust finding from our analysis is that urban lizards are larger than their non-urban counterparts. This result remained consistent between sexes and taxonomic groups. Hence, lizards that pass through the urban filter have access to better resources, more time for foraging, and/or there is selection on attaining a larger body size. Other results included an increase in the diameters of perches used and longer limb and digit lengths, although this may be a result of increased body size. Urban lizards were not bolder, more active or exploratory, and did not differ in immune responses than non-urban populations. Overall, studies are biased to a few geographic regions and taxa. More than 70% of all data came from three species of anoles in the family Dactyloidae, making it difficult to generalize patterns to other clades. Thus, more studies are needed across multiple taxa and habitats to produce meaningful predictions that could help inform conservation and management of urban ecological communities.
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The emergence of tolerance of human disturbance in Neotropical birds. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467419000282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAnimals living close to human settlements more often experience disturbance, but also reduced predation risk. Because an escape response is costly, behavioural adjustments of animals in terms of increased tolerance of humans occurs and is often reported in the literature. However, most such studies have been conducted in and around long-existing cities in Europe and North America, on well-established animal populations. Here, we investigate the degree of tolerance of human disturbance across 132 bird species occurring in disturbed (small farms) and undisturbed (intact wetlands and grasslands) areas in Pantanal, Mato Grosso (Brazil), a region with only a very recent history of human-induced disturbance. We found a clear across-species trend toward higher tolerance of human disturbance in birds near farms when compared with birds in wild areas. Such a flexible and perhaps also rapid emergence of tolerance when facing small-scale and very recent human disturbance presumably involves learning and might be attributed to behavioural plasticity. The ability of birds to modify their degree of tolerance of human disturbance may play a key role in the facilitation of wildlife–human coexistence.
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Perrier C, Lozano del Campo A, Szulkin M, Demeyrier V, Gregoire A, Charmantier A. Great tits and the city: Distribution of genomic diversity and gene-environment associations along an urbanization gradient. Evol Appl 2018; 11:593-613. [PMID: 29875805 PMCID: PMC5979639 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Urbanization is a growing concern challenging the evolutionary potential of wild populations by reducing genetic diversity and imposing new selection regimes affecting many key fitness traits. However, genomic footprints of urbanization have received little attention so far. Using RAD sequencing, we investigated the genomewide effects of urbanization on neutral and adaptive genomic diversity in 140 adult great tits Parus major collected in locations with contrasted urbanization levels (from a natural forest to highly urbanized areas of a city; Montpellier, France). Heterozygosity was slightly lower in the more urbanized sites compared to the more rural ones. Low but significant effect of urbanization on genetic differentiation was found, at the site level but not at the nest level, indicative of the geographic scale of urbanization impact and of the potential for local adaptation despite gene flow. Gene-environment association tests identified numerous SNPs with small association scores to urbanization, distributed across the genome, from which a subset of 97 SNPs explained up to 81% of the variance in urbanization, overall suggesting a polygenic response to selection in the urban environment. These findings open stimulating perspectives for broader applications of high-resolution genomic tools on other cities and larger sample sizes to investigate the consistency of the effects of urbanization on the spatial distribution of genetic diversity and the polygenic nature of gene-urbanization association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Perrier
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CEFE UMR 5175, Campus CNRS, Université de MontpellierMontpellier Cedex 5France
| | - Ana Lozano del Campo
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CEFE UMR 5175, Campus CNRS, Université de MontpellierMontpellier Cedex 5France
| | - Marta Szulkin
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CEFE UMR 5175, Campus CNRS, Université de MontpellierMontpellier Cedex 5France
- Wild Urban Evolution and Ecology LaboratoryCentre of New TechnologiesUniversity of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Virginie Demeyrier
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CEFE UMR 5175, Campus CNRS, Université de MontpellierMontpellier Cedex 5France
| | - Arnaud Gregoire
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CEFE UMR 5175, Campus CNRS, Université de MontpellierMontpellier Cedex 5France
| | - Anne Charmantier
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CEFE UMR 5175, Campus CNRS, Université de MontpellierMontpellier Cedex 5France
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Jiang Y, Møller AP. Escape from predators and genetic variance in birds. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:2059-2067. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Jiang
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution; Université Paris-Sud, CNRS; AgroParisTech; Université Paris-Saclay; Orsay France
| | - A. P. Møller
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution; Université Paris-Sud, CNRS; AgroParisTech; Université Paris-Saclay; Orsay France
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Petrelli AR, Levenhagen MJ, Wardle R, Barber JR, Francis CD. First to Flush: The Effects of Ambient Noise on Songbird Flight Initiation Distances and Implications for Human Experiences with Nature. Front Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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