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Riquelme-Guzmán C, Sandoval-Guzmán T. The salamander limb: a perfect model to understand imperfect integration during skeletal regeneration. Biol Open 2024; 13:bio060152. [PMID: 38319134 PMCID: PMC10868587 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Limb regeneration in salamanders is achieved by a complex coordination of various biological processes and requires the proper integration of new tissue with old. Among the tissues found inside the limb, the skeleton is the most prominent component, which serves as a scaffold and provides support for locomotion in the animal. Throughout the years, researchers have studied the regeneration of the appendicular skeleton in salamanders both after limb amputation and as a result of fracture healing. The final outcome has been widely seen as a faithful re-establishment of the skeletal elements, characterised by a seamless integration into the mature tissue. The process of skeletal integration, however, is not well understood, and several works have recently provided evidence of commonly occurring flawed regenerates. In this Review, we take the reader on a journey through the course of bone formation and regeneration in salamanders, laying down a foundation for critically examining the mechanisms behind skeletal integration. Integration is a phenomenon that could be influenced at various steps of regeneration, and hence, we assess the current knowledge in the field and discuss how early events, such as tissue histolysis and patterning, influence the faithful regeneration of the appendicular skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Riquelme-Guzmán
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center for Healthy Aging, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tatiana Sandoval-Guzmán
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center for Healthy Aging, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Centre Munich, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Herbst EC, Eberhard EA, Richards CT, Hutchinson JR. In vivo and ex vivo range of motion in the fire salamander
Salamandra salamandra. J Anat 2022; 241:1066-1082. [PMID: 35986620 PMCID: PMC9482696 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eva C. Herbst
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Structure and Motion Laboratory Royal Veterinary College London UK
| | - Enrico A. Eberhard
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- LASA, EPFL Lausanne Switzerland
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Abstract
Salamanders are an important group of living amphibians and model organisms for understanding locomotion, development, regeneration, feeding, and toxicity in tetrapods. However, their origin and early radiation remain poorly understood, with early fossil stem-salamanders so far represented by larval or incompletely known taxa. This poor record also limits understanding of the origin of Lissamphibia (i.e., frogs, salamanders, and caecilians). We report fossils from the Middle Jurassic of Scotland representing almost the entire skeleton of the enigmatic stem-salamander Marmorerpeton. We use computed tomography to visualize high-resolution three-dimensional anatomy, describing morphologies that were poorly characterized in early salamanders, including the braincase, scapulocoracoid, and lower jaw. We use these data in the context of a phylogenetic analysis intended to resolve the relationships of early and stem-salamanders, including representation of important outgroups alongside data from high-resolution imaging of extant species. Marmorerpeton is united with Karaurus, Kokartus, and others from the Middle Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous of Asia, providing evidence for an early radiation of robustly built neotenous stem-salamanders. These taxa display morphological specializations similar to the extant cryptobranchid "giant" salamanders. Our analysis also demonstrates stem-group affinities for a larger sample of Jurassic species than previously recognized, highlighting an unappreciated diversity of stem-salamanders and cautioning against the use of single species (e.g., Karaurus) as exemplars for stem-salamander anatomy. These phylogenetic findings, combined with knowledge of the near-complete skeletal anatomy of Mamorerpeton, advance our understanding of evolutionary changes on the salamander stem-lineage and provide important data on early salamanders and the origins of Batrachia and Lissamphibia.
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Herbst EC, Manafzadeh AR, Hutchinson JR. Multi-joint analysis of pose viability supports the possibility of salamander-like hindlimb configurations in the Permian tetrapod Eryops megacephalus. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:139-151. [PMID: 35687000 PMCID: PMC9405718 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salamanders are often used as analogs for early tetrapods in paleontological reconstructions of locomotion. However, concerns have been raised about whether this comparison is justifiable, necessitating comparisons of a broader range of early tetrapods with salamanders. Here, we test whether the osteological morphology of the hindlimb in the early tetrapod (temnospondyl amphibian) Eryops megacephalus could have facilitated the sequence of limb configurations used by salamanders during terrestrial locomotion. To do so, we present a new method that enables the examination of full limb configurations rather than isolated joint poses. Based on this analysis, we conclude that E. megacephalus may indeed have been capable of salamander-like hindlimb kinematics. Our method facilitates the holistic visual comparison of limb configurations between taxa without reliance on the homology of coordinate system definitions, and can thus be applied to facilitate various comparisons between extinct and extant taxa, spanning the diversity of locomotion both past and present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva C Herbst
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman Street, 02912, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Armita R Manafzadeh
- Structure and Motion Lab, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, AL9 7TA, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - John R Hutchinson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman Street, 02912, Rhode Island, USA
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Kawano SM, Blob RW. Terrestrial force production by the limbs of a semi-aquatic salamander provides insight into the evolution of terrestrial locomotor mechanics. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274955. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Amphibious fishes and salamanders are valuable functional analogs for vertebrates that spanned the water-to-land transition. However, investigations of walking mechanics have focused on terrestrial salamanders and, thus, may better reflect the capabilities of stem tetrapods that were already terrestrial. The earliest tetrapods were likely aquatic, so salamanders that are not primarily terrestrial may yield more appropriate data for modelling the incipient stages of terrestrial locomotion. In the present study, locomotor biomechanics were quantified from semi-aquatic Pleurodeles waltl, a salamander that spends most of its adult life in water, and then compared to a primarily terrestrial salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) and semi-aquatic fish (Periophthalmus barbarus) to evaluate whether terrestrial locomotion was more comparable between species with ecological versus phylogenetic similarities. Ground reaction forces (GRFs) from individual limbs or fins indicated that the pectoral appendages of each taxon had distinct patterns of force production, but GRFs from the hind limbs were comparable between the salamander species. The rate that force is produced can affect musculoskeletal function, so we also calculated ‘yank’ (first time derivative of force) to quantify the dynamics of GRF production. Yank was sometimes slower in P. waltl but there were some similarities between the three species. Finally, the semi-aquatic taxa (P. waltl and P. barbarus) had a more medial inclination of the GRF compared to terrestrial salamanders, potentially elevating bone stresses among more aquatic taxa and limiting their excursions onto land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy M. Kawano
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, USA
| | - Richard W. Blob
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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Riquelme-Guzmán C, Schuez M, Böhm A, Knapp D, Edwards-Jorquera S, Ceccarelli AS, Chara O, Rauner M, Sandoval-Guzmán T. Postembryonic development and aging of the appendicular skeleton in Ambystoma mexicanum. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:1015-1034. [PMID: 34322944 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The axolotl is a key model to study appendicular regeneration. The limb complexity resembles that of humans in structure and tissue components; however, axolotl limbs develop postembryonically. In this work, we evaluated the postembryonic development of the appendicular skeleton and its changes with aging. RESULTS The juvenile limb skeleton is formed mostly by Sox9/Col1a2 cartilage cells. Ossification of the appendicular skeleton starts when animals reach a length of 10 cm, and cartilage cells are replaced by a primary ossification center, consisting of cortical bone and an adipocyte-filled marrow cavity. Vascularization is associated with the ossification center and the marrow cavity formation. We identified the contribution of Col1a2-descendants to bone and adipocytes. Moreover, ossification progresses with age toward the epiphyses of long bones. Axolotls are neotenic salamanders, and still ossification remains responsive to l-thyroxine, increasing the rate of bone formation. CONCLUSIONS In axolotls, bone maturation is a continuous process that extends throughout their life. Ossification of the appendicular bones is slow and continues until the complete element is ossified. The cellular components of the appendicular skeleton change accordingly during ossification, creating a heterogenous landscape in each element. The continuous maturation of the bone is accompanied by a continuous body growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Riquelme-Guzmán
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maritta Schuez
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Böhm
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dunja Knapp
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandra Edwards-Jorquera
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alberto S Ceccarelli
- System Biology Group (SysBio), Institute of Physics of Liquids and Biological Systems (IFLySiB), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Chara
- System Biology Group (SysBio), Institute of Physics of Liquids and Biological Systems (IFLySiB), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.,Instituto de Tecnología, Universidad Argentina de la Empresa (UADE), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Center for Information Services and High Performance Computing (ZIH), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- Department of Medicine III, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Healthy Aging, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tatiana Sandoval-Guzmán
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Healthy Aging, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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