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Jonas D, Kirby M, Schenkel AR, Dangelmayr G. Modeling of adaptive immunity uncovers disease tolerance mechanisms. J Theor Biol 2023; 568:111498. [PMID: 37100114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
When an organism is challenged with a pathogen a cascade of events unfolds. The innate immune system rapidly mounts a preliminary nonspecific defense, while the acquired immune system slowly develops microbe-killing specialists. These responses cause inflammation, and along with the pathogen cause direct and indirect tissue damage, which anti-inflammatory mediators seek to temper. This interplay of systems is credited for maintaining homeostasis but may produce unexpected results such as disease tolerance. Tolerance is characterized by the persistence of pathogen and damage mitigation, where the relevant mechanisms are poorly understood. In this work we develop an ordinary differential equations model of the immune response to infection in order to identify key components in tolerance. Bifurcation analysis uncovers health, immune- and pathogen-mediated death clinical outcomes dependent on pathogen growth rate. We demonstrate that decreasing the inflammatory response to damage and increasing the strength of the immune system gives rise to a region in which limit cycles, or periodic solutions, are the only biological trajectories. We then describe areas of parameter space corresponding to disease tolerance by varying immune cell decay, pathogen removal, and lymphocyte proliferation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jonas
- Colorado State University, Department of Mathematics, Fort Collins, CO, United States.
| | - Michael Kirby
- Colorado State University, Department of Mathematics, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Colorado State University, Department of Computer Science, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Alan R Schenkel
- Colorado State University Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Gerhard Dangelmayr
- Colorado State University, Department of Mathematics, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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2
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Anacleto O, Cabaleiro S, Villanueva B, Saura M, Houston RD, Woolliams JA, Doeschl-Wilson AB. Genetic differences in host infectivity affect disease spread and survival in epidemics. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4924. [PMID: 30894567 PMCID: PMC6426847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40567-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival during an epidemic is partly determined by host genetics. While quantitative genetic studies typically consider survival as an indicator for disease resistance (an individual's propensity to avoid becoming infected or diseased), mortality rates of populations undergoing an epidemic are also affected by endurance (the propensity of diseased individual to survive the infection) and infectivity (i.e. the propensity of an infected individual to transmit disease). Few studies have demonstrated genetic variation in disease endurance, and no study has demonstrated genetic variation in host infectivity, despite strong evidence for considerable phenotypic variation in this trait. Here we propose an experimental design and statistical models for estimating genetic diversity in all three host traits. Using an infection model in fish we provide, for the first time, direct evidence for genetic variation in host infectivity, in addition to variation in resistance and endurance. We also demonstrate how genetic differences in these three traits contribute to survival. Our results imply that animals can evolve different disease response types affecting epidemic survival rates, with important implications for understanding and controlling epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo Anacleto
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Institute of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil.
| | - Santiago Cabaleiro
- Centro Tecnológico del Cluster de la Acuicultura (CETGA), A Coruña, Spain
| | | | - María Saura
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, INIA, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ross D Houston
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John A Woolliams
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrea B Doeschl-Wilson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Nakov D, Hristov S, Stankovic B, Pol F, Dimitrov I, Ilieski V, Mormede P, Hervé J, Terenina E, Lieubeau B, Papanastasiou DK, Bartzanas T, Norton T, Piette D, Tullo E, van Dixhoorn IDE. Methodologies for Assessing Disease Tolerance in Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2019; 5:329. [PMID: 30687721 PMCID: PMC6334556 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Features of intensive farming can seriously threaten pig homeostasis, well-being and productivity. Disease tolerance of an organism is the adaptive ability in preserving homeostasis and at the same time limiting the detrimental impact that infection can inflict on its health and performance without affecting pathogen burden per se. While disease resistance (DRs) can be assessed measuring appropriately the pathogen burden within the host, the tolerance cannot be quantified easily. Indeed, it requires the assessment of the changes in performance as well as the changes in pathogen burden. In this paper, special attention is given to criteria required to standardize methodologies for assessing disease tolerance (DT) in respect of infectious diseases in pigs. The concept is applied to different areas of expertise and specific examples are given. The basic physiological mechanisms of DT are reviewed. Disease tolerance pathways, genetics of the tolerance-related traits, stress and disease tolerance, and role of metabolic stress in DT are described. In addition, methodologies based on monitoring of growth and reproductive performance, welfare, emotional affective states, sickness behavior for assessment of disease tolerance, and methodologies based on the relationship between environmental challenges and disease tolerance are considered. Automated Precision Livestock Farming technologies available for monitoring performance, health and welfare-related measures in pig farms, and their limitations regarding DT in pigs are also presented. Since defining standardized methodologies for assessing DT is a serious challenge for biologists, animal scientists and veterinarians, this work should contribute to improvement of health, welfare and production in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar Nakov
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Slavcha Hristov
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Françoise Pol
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES), Université Bretagne-Loire, Ploufragan, France
| | - Ivan Dimitrov
- Department of Animal Breeding, Agricultural Institute, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Vlatko Ilieski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Pierre Mormede
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Julie Hervé
- IECM, INRA, Oniris, Université Bretagne Loire, Nantes, France
| | - Elena Terenina
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | | | - Dimitrios K Papanastasiou
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Bio-Economy and Agri-Technology, Volos, Greece
| | - Thomas Bartzanas
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Bio-Economy and Agri-Technology, Volos, Greece
| | | | | | - Emanuela Tullo
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Milan, Italy
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Saura M, Carabaño MJ, Fernández A, Cabaleiro S, Doeschl-Wilson AB, Anacleto O, Maroso F, Millán A, Hermida M, Fernández C, Martínez P, Villanueva B. Disentangling Genetic Variation for Resistance and Endurance to Scuticociliatosis in Turbot Using Pedigree and Genomic Information. Front Genet 2019; 10:539. [PMID: 31231428 PMCID: PMC6565924 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective breeding for improving host responses to infectious pathogens is a promising option for disease control. In fact, disease resilience, the ability of a host to survive or cope with infectious challenge, has become a highly desirable breeding goal. However, resilience is a complex trait composed of two different host defence mechanisms, namely resistance (the ability of a host to avoid becoming infected or diseased) and endurance (the ability of an infected host to survive the infection). While both could be targeted for genetic improvement, it is currently unknown how they contribute to survival, as reliable estimates of genetic parameters for both traits obtained simultaneously are scarce. A difficulty lies in obtaining endurance phenotypes for genetic analyses. In this study, we present the results from an innovative challenge test carried out in turbot whose design allowed disentangling the genetic basis of resistance and endurance to Philasterides dicentrarchi, a parasite causing scuticociliatosis that leads to substantial economic losses in the aquaculture industry. A noticeable characteristic of the parasite is that it causes visual signs that can be used for disentangling resistance and endurance. Our results showed the existence of genetic variation for both traits (heritability = 0.26 and 0.12 for resistance and endurance, respectively) and for the composite trait resilience (heritability = 0.15). The genetic correlation between resistance and resilience was very high (0.90) indicating that both are at a large extent the same trait, but no significant genetic correlation was found between resistance and endurance. A total of 18,125 SNPs obtained from 2b-RAD sequencing enabled genome-wide association analyses for detecting QTLs controlling the three traits. A candidate QTL region on linkage group 19 that explains 33% of the additive genetic variance was identified for resilience. The region contains relevant genes related to immune response and defence mechanisms. Although no significant associations were found for resistance, the pattern of association was the same as for resilience. For endurance, one significant association was found on linkage group 2. The accuracy of genomic breeding values was also explored for resilience, showing that it increased by 12% when compared with the accuracy of pedigree-based breeding values. To our knowledge, this is the first study in turbot disentangling the genetic basis of resistance and endurance to scuticociliatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Saura
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, INIA, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: María Saura,
| | | | | | | | - Andrea B. Doeschl-Wilson
- Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Osvaldo Anacleto
- Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Miguel Hermida
- Departamento de Xenética, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Carlos Fernández
- Departamento de Xenética, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Paulino Martínez
- Departamento de Xenética, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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Manirakiza J, Hatungumukama G, Thévenon S, Gautier M, Besbes B, Flori L, Detilleux J. Effect of genetic European taurine ancestry on milk yield of Ankole-Holstein crossbred dairy cattle in mixed smallholders system of Burundi highlands. Anim Genet 2017; 48:544-550. [PMID: 28833335 DOI: 10.1111/age.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Different breeding systems associated with specific bovine genetic resources have coexisted in Burundi. To prepare for the development of a national action plan for the improvement of bovine genetic resources in Burundi, we aimed at performing genetic characterization of Ankole and Ankole × European crossbred individuals and assessing the effect of European ancestry on milk productivity of cows kept under the mixed crops livestock system. To that end, we genotyped 37 Ankole and 138 crossbred individuals on 42 636 SNPs and combined these genotypes with those from 21 cattle breeds, representative of the bovine genetic diversity. We also measured milk yield not suckled and estimated suckled milk. Given the results, we confirmed the indicine × African taurine admixed origin of the Ankole in Burundi and showed that crossbred individuals present a high proportion of European ancestry (i.e. 57% on average). As the proportion of European ancestry increased, milk yield increased by 0.03 ± 0.01 l/day, at a lower extent than expected. We also observed that breeders were unable to correctly evaluate the European proportion in their livestock. Our results may provide useful information for objective dairy breeding in Burundi. As an example, an ex-situ conservation program of Ankole within the framework of value chains is proposed as an accompanying strategy to improve the sustainability of the crossbreeding program.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Manirakiza
- Faculté d'Agronomie et de Bio-Ingénierie, Université du Burundi, B.P. 2940, Bujumbura, Burundi
| | - G Hatungumukama
- Faculté d'Agronomie et de Bio-Ingénierie, Université du Burundi, B.P. 2940, Bujumbura, Burundi
| | - S Thévenon
- UMR INTERTRYP, CIRAD, F34398, Montpellier, France
| | - M Gautier
- UMR CBGP (INRA/CIRAD/IRD/Supagro), INRA, F34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France.,IBC, Institut de Biologie Computationnelle, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - B Besbes
- Animal Production and Health Division, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153, Rome, Italy
| | - L Flori
- UMR INTERTRYP, CIRAD, F34398, Montpellier, France.,AgroParisTech, GABI, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Montpellier SupAgro, SELMET, CIRAD, INRA, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - J Detilleux
- FARAH, Productions Durables, Université de Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
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Detilleux J. A strategy to estimate the rate of recruitment of inflammatory cells during bovine intramammary infection under field management. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:167. [PMID: 28595581 PMCID: PMC5465529 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1078-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In most infectious diseases, among which bovine mastitis, promptness of the recruitment of inflammatory cells (mainly neutrophils) in inflamed tissues has been shown to be of prime importance in the resolution of the infection. Although this information should aid in designing efficient control strategies, it has never been quantified in field studies. Methods Here, a system of ordinary differential equations is proposed that describes the dynamic process of the inflammatory response to mammary pathogens. The system was tested, by principal differential analysis, on 1947 test-day somatic cell counts collected on 756 infected cows, from 50 days before to 50 days after the diagnosis of clinical mastitis. Cell counts were log-transformed before estimating recruitment rates. Results Daily rates of cellular recruitment was estimated at 0.052 (st. err. = 0.005) during health. During disease, an additional cellular rate of recruitment was estimated at 0.004 (st. err. = 0.001) per day and per bacteria. These estimates are in agreement with analogous measurements of in vitro neutrophil functions. Conclusions Results suggest the method is adequate to estimate one of the components of innate resistance to mammary pathogens at the individual level and in field studies. Extension of the method to estimate components of innate tolerance and limits of the study are discussed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-017-1078-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Detilleux
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Healh, Sustainable Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 6, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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Doeschl-Wilson AB, Kyriazakis I. Should we aim for genetic improvement in host resistance or tolerance to infectious pathogens? Front Genet 2012; 3:272. [PMID: 23251138 PMCID: PMC3523402 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B Doeschl-Wilson
- Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS of the University of Edinburgh Roslin, UK
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