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Wang M, Yu J, Huang X, Yu G, Liang Q, Cheng S, Meng X, Xu G, Li H, Luo H, Xu B. Design, synthesis and antitumor activity of 2-substituted quinazoline-4-amine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 102:117660. [PMID: 38442524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Werner (WRN) syndrome protein is a multifunctional enzyme with helicase, ATPase, and exonuclease activities that are necessary for numerous DNA-related transactions in the human cell. Recent studies identified WRN as a synthetic lethal target in cancers. In this study, a series of new N-arylquinazoline-4-amine analogs were designed and synthesized based on structure optimization of quinazoline. The structures of the thirty-two newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and ESI-MS. The anticancer activity in vitro against chronic myeloid leukemia cells (K562), non-small cell lung cancer cells (A549), human prostate cancer cells (PC3), and cervical cancer cells (HeLa) of the target compounds was evaluated. Among them, the inhibition ratio of compounds 17d, 18a, 18b, 11 and 23a against four cancer cells at 5 μM concentration were more than 50 %. The IC50 values of compounds 18a and 18b were 0.3 ± 0.01 μM and 0.05 ± 0.02 μM in K562 cells respectively, compared with HeLa and A549 cells, 18a and 18b were more sensitive to K562 cells. In addition, the PC3 cells with WRN overexpression (PC3-WRN) was constructed, 18a and 18b and 23a were more sensitive to PC3-WRN cells compared with the control group cells (PC3-NC). Then, the cell viability of the novel WRN inhibitors were further assessed by colony formation assay. Compared with PC3-NC cells, 18b and 23a had obvious inhibitory effect on PC3-WRN cell at 1000 nM. In summary, these results indicated that the compounds 18b and 23a could be WRN protein inhibitor with potent anticancer properties in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Jia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Xinyi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Gang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Qi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Sha Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Xueling Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Guangcan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Huimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Heng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China.
| | - Bixue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China.
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Donati G, Amati B. MYC and therapy resistance in cancer: risks and opportunities. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:3828-3854. [PMID: 36214609 PMCID: PMC9627787 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The MYC transcription factor, encoded by the c-MYC proto-oncogene, is activated by growth-promoting signals, and is a key regulator of biosynthetic and metabolic pathways driving cell growth and proliferation. These same processes are deregulated in MYC-driven tumors, where they become critical for cancer cell proliferation and survival. As other oncogenic insults, overexpressed MYC induces a series of cellular stresses (metabolic, oxidative, replicative, etc.) collectively known as oncogenic stress, which impact not only on tumor progression, but also on the response to therapy, with profound, multifaceted consequences on clinical outcome. On one hand, recent evidence uncovered a widespread role for MYC in therapy resistance in multiple cancer types, with either standard chemotherapeutic or targeted regimens. Reciprocally, oncogenic MYC imparts a series of molecular and metabolic dependencies to cells, thus giving rise to cancer-specific vulnerabilities that may be exploited to obtain synthetic-lethal interactions with novel anticancer drugs. Here we will review the current knowledge on the links between MYC and therapeutic responses, and will discuss possible strategies to overcome resistance through new, targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Donati
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO) – IRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Bruno Amati
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO) – IRCCSMilanItaly
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Thakkar MK, Lee J, Meyer S, Chang VY. RecQ Helicase Somatic Alterations in Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:887758. [PMID: 35782872 PMCID: PMC9240438 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.887758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Named the “caretakers” of the genome, RecQ helicases function in several pathways to maintain genomic stability and repair DNA. This highly conserved family of enzymes consist of five different proteins in humans: RECQL1, BLM, WRN, RECQL4, and RECQL5. Biallelic germline mutations in BLM, WRN, and RECQL4 have been linked to rare cancer-predisposing syndromes. Emerging research has also implicated somatic alterations in RecQ helicases in a variety of cancers, including hematological malignancies, breast cancer, osteosarcoma, amongst others. These alterations in RecQ helicases, particularly overexpression, may lead to increased resistance of cancer cells to conventional chemotherapy. Downregulation of these proteins may allow for increased sensitivity to chemotherapy, and, therefore, may be important therapeutic targets. Here we provide a comprehensive review of our current understanding of the role of RecQ DNA helicases in cancer and discuss the potential therapeutic opportunities in targeting these helicases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha K. Thakkar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jamie Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Stefan Meyer
- Division of Cancer Studies, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital and Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Vivian Y. Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Childrens Discovery and Innovation Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Vivian Y. Chang,
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Balajee AS. Human RecQL4 as a Novel Molecular Target for Cancer Therapy. Cytogenet Genome Res 2021; 161:305-327. [PMID: 34474412 DOI: 10.1159/000516568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human RecQ helicases play diverse roles in the maintenance of genomic stability. Inactivating mutations in 3 of the 5 human RecQ helicases are responsible for the pathogenesis of Werner syndrome (WS), Bloom syndrome (BS), Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS), RAPADILINO, and Baller-Gerold syndrome (BGS). WS, BS, and RTS patients are at increased risk for developing many age-associated diseases including cancer. Mutations in RecQL1 and RecQL5 have not yet been associated with any human diseases so far. In terms of disease outcome, RecQL4 deserves special attention because mutations in RecQL4 result in 3 autosomal recessive syndromes (RTS type II, RAPADILINO, and BGS). RecQL4, like other human RecQ helicases, has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in the maintenance of genomic stability through participation in diverse DNA metabolic activities. Increased incidence of osteosarcoma in RecQL4-mutated RTS patients and elevated expression of RecQL4 in sporadic cancers including osteosarcoma suggest that loss or gain of RecQL4 expression is linked with cancer susceptibility. In this review, current and future perspectives are discussed on the potential use of RecQL4 as a novel cancer therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adayabalam S Balajee
- Cytogenetic Biodosimetry Laboratory, Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
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Benedict B, van Bueren MA, van Gemert FP, Lieftink C, Guerrero Llobet S, van Vugt MA, Beijersbergen RL, Te Riele H. The RECQL helicase prevents replication fork collapse during replication stress. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:3/10/e202000668. [PMID: 32820027 PMCID: PMC7441523 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most tumors lack the G1/S phase checkpoint and are insensitive to antigrowth signals. Loss of G1/S control can severely perturb DNA replication as revealed by slow replication fork progression and frequent replication fork stalling. Cancer cells may thus rely on specific pathways that mitigate the deleterious consequences of replication stress. To identify vulnerabilities of cells suffering from replication stress, we performed an shRNA-based genetic screen. We report that the RECQL helicase is specifically essential in replication stress conditions and protects stalled replication forks against MRE11-dependent double strand break (DSB) formation. In line with these findings, knockdown of RECQL in different cancer cells increased the level of DNA DSBs. Thus, RECQL plays a critical role in sustaining DNA synthesis under conditions of replication stress and as such may represent a target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Benedict
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marit Ae van Bueren
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Pa van Gemert
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cor Lieftink
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Robotics and Screening Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sergi Guerrero Llobet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Atm van Vugt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roderick L Beijersbergen
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Robotics and Screening Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Te Riele
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Jain CK, Mukhopadhyay S, Ganguly A. RecQ Family Helicases in Replication Fork Remodeling and Repair: Opening New Avenues towards the Identification of Potential Targets for Cancer Chemotherapy. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 20:1311-1326. [PMID: 32418530 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200518082433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Replication fork reversal and restart has gained immense interest as a central response mechanism to replication stress following DNA damage. Although the exact mechanism of fork reversal has not been elucidated precisely, the involvement of diverse pathways and different factors has been demonstrated, which are central to this phenomenon. RecQ helicases known for their vital role in DNA repair and maintaining genome stability has recently been implicated in the restart of regressed replication forks. Through interaction with vital proteins like Poly (ADP) ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1), these helicases participate in the replication fork reversal and restart phenomenon. Most therapeutic agents used for cancer chemotherapy act by causing DNA damage in replicating cells and subsequent cell death. These DNA damages can be repaired by mechanisms involving fork reversal as the key phenomenon eventually reducing the efficacy of the therapeutic agent. Hence the factors contributing to this repair process can be good selective targets for developing more efficient chemotherapeutic agents. In this review, we have discussed in detail the role of various proteins in replication fork reversal and restart with special emphasis on RecQ helicases. Involvement of other proteins like PARP1, recombinase rad51, SWI/SNF complex has also been discussed. Since RecQ helicases play a central role in the DNA damage response following chemotherapeutic treatment, we propose that targeting these helicases can emerge as an alternative to available intervention strategies. We have also summarized the current research status of available RecQ inhibitors and siRNA based therapeutic approaches that targets RecQ helicases. In summary, our review gives an overview of the DNA damage responses involving replication fork reversal and provides new directions for the development of more efficient and sustainable chemotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan K Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Swagata Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Agneyo Ganguly
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
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Zhang W, Yang S, Liu J, Bao L, Lu H, Li H, Pan W, Jiao Y, He Z, Liu J. Screening antiproliferative drug for breast cancer from bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid tetrandrine and fangchinoline derivatives by targeting BLM helicase. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:1009. [PMID: 31660888 PMCID: PMC6819594 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high expression of BLM (Bloom syndrome) helicase in tumors involves its strong association with cell expansion. Bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids own an antitumor property and have developed as candidates for anticancer drugs. This paper aimed to screen potential antiproliferative small molecules from 12 small molecules (the derivatives of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids tetrandrine and fangchinoline) by targeting BLM642-1290 helicase. Then we explore the inhibitory mechanism of those small molecules on proliferation of MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells. METHODS Fluorescence polarization technique was used to screen small molecules which inhibited the DNA binding and unwinding of BLM642-1290 helicase. The effects of positive small molecules on the ATPase and conformation of BLM642-1290 helicase were studied by the malachite green-phosphate ammonium molybdate colorimetry and ultraviolet spectral scanning, respectively. The effects of positive small molecules on growth of MDA-MB-435 cells were studied by MTT method, colony formation and cell counting method. The mRNA and protein levels of BLM helicase in the MDA-MB-435 cells after positive small molecule treatments were examined by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS The compound HJNO (a tetrandrine derivative) was screened out which inhibited the DNA binding, unwinding and ATPase of BLM642-1290 helicase. That HJNO could bind BLM642-1290helicase to change its conformationcontribute to inhibiting the DNA binding, ATPase and DNA unwinding of BLM642-1290 helicase. In addition, HJNO showed its inhibiting the growth of MDA-MB-435 cells. The values of IC50 after drug treatments for 24 h, 48 h and 72 h were 19.9 μmol/L, 4.1 μmol/L and 10.9 μmol/L, respectively. The mRNA and protein levels of BLM helicase in MDA-MB-435 cells increased after HJNO treatment. Those showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) compared with negative control when the concentrations of HJNO were 5 μmol/L and 10 μmol/L, which might contribute to HJNO inhibiting the DNA binding, ATPase and DNA unwinding of BLM helicase. CONCLUSION The small molecule HJNO was screened out by targeting BLM642-1290 helicase. And it showed an inhibition on MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangming Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550001, People's Republic of China.,Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, 9 Beijing Road, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, 9 Beijing Road, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhe Liu
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, 9 Beijing Road, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China.,Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Linchun Bao
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, 9 Beijing Road, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - He Lu
- INSERM UMR-S 1165/Paris Diderot 7, Paris, France
| | - Hong Li
- INSERM UMR 1234/Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Weidong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, 3491 Baijin Road, Guiyang, 550014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanchao Jiao
- Guizhou Entry-exit inspection and quarantine bureau, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixu He
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jielin Liu
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, 9 Beijing Road, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China. .,Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China.
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Tsao WC, Eckert KA. Detours to Replication: Functions of Specialized DNA Polymerases during Oncogene-induced Replication Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103255. [PMID: 30347795 PMCID: PMC6214091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Incomplete and low-fidelity genome duplication contribute to genomic instability and cancer development. Difficult-to-Replicate Sequences, or DiToRS, are natural impediments in the genome that require specialized DNA polymerases and repair pathways to complete and maintain faithful DNA synthesis. DiToRS include non B-DNA secondary structures formed by repetitive sequences, for example within chromosomal fragile sites and telomeres, which inhibit DNA replication under endogenous stress conditions. Oncogene activation alters DNA replication dynamics and creates oncogenic replication stress, resulting in persistent activation of the DNA damage and replication stress responses, cell cycle arrest, and cell death. The response to oncogenic replication stress is highly complex and must be tightly regulated to prevent mutations and tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize types of known DiToRS and the experimental evidence supporting replication inhibition, with a focus on the specialized DNA polymerases utilized to cope with these obstacles. In addition, we discuss different causes of oncogenic replication stress and its impact on DiToRS stability. We highlight recent findings regarding the regulation of DNA polymerases during oncogenic replication stress and the implications for cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chung Tsao
- Department of Pathology, The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Kristin A Eckert
- Department of Pathology, The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Oshima J, Kato H, Maezawa Y, Yokote K. RECQ helicase disease and related progeroid syndromes: RECQ2018 meeting. Mech Ageing Dev 2018; 173:80-83. [PMID: 29752965 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Progeroid syndrome is a group of disorders characterized by the early onset of diseases that are associated with aging. Best known examples are Werner syndrome, which is adult onset and results from disease-causing DNA sequence variants in the RecQ helicase gene WRN, and Hutchison-Gilford progeria syndrome, which is childhood-onset and results from unique, recurrent disease-causing DNA sequence variants of the gene LMNA that encodes nuclear intermediate filaments. Related single gene RecQ disorders are Bloom syndrome and Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. The RecQ disorders Cockayne syndrome and xeroderma pigmentosum result from disease-causing DNA sequence variants in genes involved in the nucleotide excision repair pathway. RECQ2018: The International Meeting on RECQ Helicases and Related Diseases was held on February 16-18, 2018 in Chiba, Japan. The purpose of the meeting was to facilitate clinical and research collaborations for the goal of developing effective treatments for RECQ disorders and other progeroid syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Oshima
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Hisaya Kato
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Maezawa
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koutaro Yokote
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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Seo YS, Kang YH. The Human Replicative Helicase, the CMG Complex, as a Target for Anti-cancer Therapy. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:26. [PMID: 29651420 PMCID: PMC5885281 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA helicases unwind or rearrange duplex DNA during replication, recombination and repair. Helicases of many pathogenic organisms such as viruses, bacteria, and protozoa have been studied as potential therapeutic targets to treat infectious diseases, and human DNA helicases as potential targets for anti-cancer therapy. DNA replication machineries perform essential tasks duplicating genome in every cell cycle, and one of the important functions of these machineries are played by DNA helicases. Replicative helicases are usually multi-subunit protein complexes, and the minimal complex active as eukaryotic replicative helicase is composed of 11 subunits, requiring a functional assembly of two subcomplexes and one protein. The hetero-hexameric MCM2-7 helicase is activated by forming a complex with Cdc45 and the hetero-tetrameric GINS complex; the Cdc45-Mcm2-7-GINS (CMG) complex. The CMG complex can be a potential target for a treatment of cancer and the feasibility of this replicative helicase as a therapeutic target has been tested recently. Several different strategies have been implemented and are under active investigations to interfere with helicase activity of the CMG complex. This review focuses on the molecular function of the CMG helicase during DNA replication and its relevance to cancers based on data published in the literature. In addition, current efforts made to identify small molecules inhibiting the CMG helicase to develop anti-cancer therapeutic strategies were summarized, with new perspectives to advance the discovery of the CMG-targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Soo Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Kang
- Core Protein Resources Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea
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Kawakubo-Yasukochi T, Morioka M, Hazekawa M, Yasukochi A, Nishinakagawa T, Ono K, Kawano S, Nakamura S, Nakashima M. miR-200c-3p spreads invasive capacity in human oral squamous cell carcinoma microenvironment. Mol Carcinog 2017; 57:295-302. [PMID: 28981169 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) constitutes over 90% of all cancers in the oral cavity. The prognosis for patients with invasive OSCC is poor; therefore, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms of invasion and subsequent metastasis not only to prevent cancer progression but also to detect new therapeutic targets against OSCC. Recently, extracellular vesicles-particularly exosomes-have been recognized as intercellular communicators in the tumor microenvironment. As exosomic cargo, deregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) can shape the surrounding microenvironment in a cancer-dependent manner. Previous studies have shown inconsistent results regarding miR-200c-3p expression levels in OSCC cell lines, tissues, or serum-likely because of the heterogeneous characters of the specimen materials. For this reason, single-cell clone analyses are necessary to effectively assess the role of exosome-derived miRNAs on cells within the tumor microenvironment. The present study utilized integrated microarray profiling to compare exosome-derived miRNA and exosome-treated cell-derived mRNA expression. Data were acquired from noninvasive SQUU-A and highly invasive SQUU-B tongue cancer cell clones derived from a single patient to determine candidate miRNAs that promote OSCC invasion. Matrigel invasion assays confirmed that hsa-miR-200c-3p was a key pro-invasion factor among six miRNA candidates. Consistently, silencing of the miR-200c-3p targets, CHD9 and WRN, significantly accelerated the invasive potential of SQUU-A cells. Thus, our data indicate that miR-200c-3p in exosomes derived from a highly invasive OSCC line can induce a similar phenotype in non-invasive counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyo Kawakubo-Yasukochi
- Department of Immunological and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiko Morioka
- Department of Immunological and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.,Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mai Hazekawa
- Department of Immunological and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yasukochi
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takuya Nishinakagawa
- Department of Immunological and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ono
- Department of Immunological and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kawano
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Seiji Nakamura
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Manabu Nakashima
- Department of Immunological and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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RECQ1 Helicase Silencing Decreases the Tumour Growth Rate of U87 Glioblastoma Cell Xenografts in Zebrafish Embryos. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8090222. [PMID: 28878163 PMCID: PMC5615355 DOI: 10.3390/genes8090222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RECQ1 helicase has multiple roles in DNA replication, including restoration of the replication fork and DNA repair, and plays an important role in tumour progression. Its expression is highly elevated in glioblastoma as compared to healthy brain tissue. We studied the effects of small hairpin RNA (shRNA)-induced silencing of RECQ1 helicase on the increase in cell number and the invasion of U87 glioblastoma cells. RECQ1 silencing reduced the rate of increase in the number of U87 cells by 30%. This corresponded with a 40% reduction of the percentage of cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle, and an accumulation of cells in the G1 phase. These effects were confirmed in vivo, in the brain of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos, by implanting DsRed-labelled RECQ1 helicase-silenced and control U87 cells. The growth of resulting tumours was quantified by monitoring the increase in xenograft fluorescence intensity during a three-day period with fluorescence microscopy. The reduced rate of tumour growth, by approximately 30% in RECQ1 helicase-silenced cells, was in line with in vitro measurements of the increase in cell number upon RECQ1 helicase silencing. However, RECQ1 helicase silencing did not affect invasive behaviour of U87 cells in the zebrafish brain. This is the first in vivo confirmation that RECQ1 helicase is a promising molecular target in the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Parvathaneni S, Lu X, Chaudhary R, Lal A, Madhusudan S, Sharma S. RECQ1 expression is upregulated in response to DNA damage and in a p53-dependent manner. Oncotarget 2017; 8:75924-75942. [PMID: 29100281 PMCID: PMC5652675 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitivity of cancer cells to DNA damaging chemotherapeutics is determined by DNA repair processes. Consequently, cancer cells may upregulate the expression of certain DNA repair genes as a mechanism to promote chemoresistance. Here, we report that RECQ1, a breast cancer susceptibility gene that encodes the most abundant RecQ helicase in humans, is a p53-regulated gene, potentially acting as a defense against DNA damaging agents. We show that RECQ1 mRNA and protein levels are upregulated upon treatment of cancer cells with a variety of DNA damaging agents including the DNA-alkylating agent methylmethanesulfonate (MMS). The MMS-induced upregulation of RECQ1 expression is p53-dependent as it was observed in p53-proficient but not in isogenic p53-deficient cells. The RECQ1 promoter is bound by endogenous p53 and is responsive to p53 in luciferase reporter assays suggesting that RECQ1 is a direct target of p53. Treatment with the chemotherapeutic drugs temozolomide and fotemustine also increased RECQ1 mRNA levels whereas depletion of RECQ1 enhanced cellular sensitivity to these agents. These results identify a previously unrecognized p53-mediated upregulation of RECQ1 expression in response to DNA damage and implicate RECQ1 in the repair of DNA lesions including those induced by alkylating and other chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Parvathaneni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Howard University, NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Xing Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Howard University, NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Ritu Chaudhary
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ashish Lal
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Srinivasan Madhusudan
- Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG51PB, UK
| | - Sudha Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Howard University, NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
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Risks at the DNA Replication Fork: Effects upon Carcinogenesis and Tumor Heterogeneity. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8010046. [PMID: 28117753 PMCID: PMC5295039 DOI: 10.3390/genes8010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of all organisms to copy their genetic information via DNA replication is a prerequisite for cell division and a biological imperative of life. In multicellular organisms, however, mutations arising from DNA replication errors in the germline and somatic cells are the basis of genetic diseases and cancer, respectively. Within human tumors, replication errors additionally contribute to mutator phenotypes and tumor heterogeneity, which are major confounding factors for cancer therapeutics. Successful DNA replication involves the coordination of many large-scale, complex cellular processes. In this review, we focus on the roles that defects in enzymes that normally act at the replication fork and dysregulation of enzymes that inappropriately damage single-stranded DNA at the fork play in causing mutations that contribute to carcinogenesis. We focus on tumor data and experimental evidence that error-prone variants of replicative polymerases promote carcinogenesis and on research indicating that the primary target mutated by APOBEC (apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like) cytidine deaminases is ssDNA present at the replication fork. Furthermore, we discuss evidence from model systems that indicate replication stress and other cancer-associated metabolic changes may modulate mutagenic enzymatic activities at the replication fork.
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Targeted inhibition of WRN helicase, replication stress and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1867:42-48. [PMID: 27902925 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
WRN helicase has several roles in genome maintenance, such as replication, base excision repair, recombination, DNA damage response and transcription. These processes are often found upregulated in human cancers, many of which display increased levels of WRN. Therefore, directed inhibition of this RecQ helicase could be beneficial to selective cancer therapy. Inhibition of WRN is feasible by the use of small-molecule inhibitors or application of RNA interference and EGS/RNase P targeting systems. Remarkably, helicase depletion leads to a severe reduction in cell viability due to mitotic catastrophe, which is triggered by replication stress induced by DNA repair failure and fork progression arrest. Moreover, we present new evidence that WRN depletion results in early changes of RNA polymerase III and RNase P activities, thereby implicating chromatin-associated tRNA enzymes in WRN-related stress response. Combined with the recently discovered roles of RecQ helicases in cancer, current data support the targeting prospect of these genome guardians, as a means of developing clinical phases aimed at diminishing adaptive resistance to present targeted therapies.
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Moles R, Bai XT, Chaib-Mezrag H, Nicot C. WRN-targeted therapy using inhibitors NSC 19630 and NSC 617145 induce apoptosis in HTLV-1-transformed adult T-cell leukemia cells. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:121. [PMID: 27829440 PMCID: PMC5103433 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), a lymphoproliferative malignancy with a dismal prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Recent evidence shows that HTLV-1-transformed cells present defects in both DNA replication and DNA repair, suggesting that these cells might be particularly sensitive to treatment with a small helicase inhibitor. Because the “Werner syndrome ATP-dependent helicase” encoded by the WRN gene plays important roles in both cellular proliferation and DNA repair, we hypothesized that inhibition of WRN activity could be used as a new strategy to target ATLL cells. Methods Our analysis demonstrates an apoptotic effect induced by the WRN helicase inhibitor in HTLV-1-transformed cells in vitro and ATL-derived cell lines. Inhibition of cellular proliferation and induction of apoptosis were demonstrated with cell cycle analysis, XTT proliferation assay, clonogenic assay, annexin V staining, and measurement of mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Results Targeted inhibition of the WRN helicase induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HTLV-1-transformed leukemia cells. Treatment with NSC 19630 (WRN inhibitor) induces S-phase cell cycle arrest, disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and decreased expression of anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2. These events were associated with activation of caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in ATL cells. We identified some ATL cells, ATL-55T and LMY1, less sensitive to NSC 19630 but sensitive to another WRN inhibitor, NSC 617145. Conclusions WRN is essential for survival of ATL cells. Our studies suggest that targeting the WRN helicase with small inhibitors is a novel promising strategy to target HTLV-1-transformed ATL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Moles
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - X T Bai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - H Chaib-Mezrag
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - C Nicot
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Oncology, KU Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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Hitrik A, Abboud-Jarrous G, Orlovetskie N, Serruya R, Jarrous N. Targeted inhibition of WRN helicase by external guide sequence and RNase P RNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1859:572-80. [PMID: 26808708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human WRN, a RecQ helicase encoded by the Werner syndrome gene, is implicated in genome maintenance, including replication, recombination, excision repair and DNA damage response. These genetic processes and expression of WRN are concomitantly upregulated in many types of cancers. Therefore, targeted destruction of this helicase could be useful for elimination of cancer cells. Here, we provide a proof of concept for applying the external guide sequence (EGS) approach in directing an RNase P RNA to efficiently cleave the WRN mRNA in cultured human cell lines, thus abolishing translation and activity of this distinctive 3'-5' DNA helicase-nuclease. Remarkably, EGS-directed knockdown of WRN leads to severe inhibition of cell viability. Hence, further assessment of this targeting system could be beneficial for selective cancer therapies, particularly in the light of the recent improvements introduced into EGSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hitrik
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Ghada Abboud-Jarrous
- Institute for Dental Sciences, The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Natalie Orlovetskie
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Raphael Serruya
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Nayef Jarrous
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; Institute for Dental Sciences, The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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Poot M. Gene Fusion due to Chromosome Misconnection May Seriously Affect Your Health. Mol Syndromol 2015; 6:55-7. [PMID: 26279648 DOI: 10.1159/000381081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Mizutani T, Ishizaka A, Furuichi Y. The Werner Protein Acts as a Coactivator of Nuclear Factor κB (NF-κB) on HIV-1 and Interleukin-8 (IL-8) Promoters. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18391-9. [PMID: 26037922 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.657155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Werner syndrome helicase (WRN) plays a role in maintaining genomic stability. The lack of WRN results in Werner syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder, which causes premature aging accompanied by many complications such as rare forms of cancer and type 2 diabetes. However, the underlying mechanisms of these complications, arising due to the loss of WRN, are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated the function of WRN in transcriptional regulation of NF-κB targets. WRN physically interacts via its RecQ C-terminal (RQC) domain with the Rel homology domain of both the RelA (p65) and the p50 subunits of NF-κB. In the steady state, WRN is recruited to HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR), a typical NF-κB-responsive promoter, as well as the p50/p50 homodimer, in an NF-κB site-dependent manner. The amount of WRN on LTR increased along with the transactivating RelA/p50 heterodimer in response to TNF-α stimulation. Further, a knockdown of WRN reduced the transactivation of LTR in exogenous RelA/p50-introduced or TNF-α-stimulated cells. Additionally, knockdown of WRN reduced TNF-α stimulation-induced activation of the endogenous promoter of IL-8, an NF-κB-responsive gene, and WRN increased its association with the IL-8 promoter region together with RelA/p50 after TNF-α stimulation. In conjunction with studies that have shown NF-κB to be a key regulator of aging and inflammation, our results indicate a novel role of WRN in transcriptional regulation. Along with NF-κB, the loss of WRN is expected to result in incorrect regulation of downstream targets and leads to immune abnormalities and homeostatic disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketoshi Mizutani
- From the Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation (BIKAKEN), Tokyo, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021 and
| | - Aya Ishizaka
- From the Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation (BIKAKEN), Tokyo, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021 and
| | - Yasuhiro Furuichi
- GeneCare Research Institute Co., Ltd., 19-2 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-0063, Japan
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Uchiumi F, Seki M, Furuichi Y. Helicases and human diseases. Front Genet 2015; 6:39. [PMID: 25729389 PMCID: PMC4325929 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Uchiumi
- Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of ScienceNoda, Japan
| | - Masayuki Seki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Pharmaceutical UniversitySendai, Japan
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