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Kumar K, Kumar S, Datta K, Fornace AJ, Suman S. High-LET-Radiation-Induced Persistent DNA Damage Response Signaling and Gastrointestinal Cancer Development. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:5497-5514. [PMID: 37366899 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30060416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) dose, dose rate, and linear energy transfer (LET) determine cellular DNA damage quality and quantity. High-LET heavy ions are prevalent in the deep space environment and can deposit a much greater fraction of total energy in a shorter distance within a cell, causing extensive DNA damage relative to the same dose of low-LET photon radiation. Based on the DNA damage tolerance of a cell, cellular responses are initiated for recovery, cell death, senescence, or proliferation, which are determined through a concerted action of signaling networks classified as DNA damage response (DDR) signaling. The IR-induced DDR initiates cell cycle arrest to repair damaged DNA. When DNA damage is beyond the cellular repair capacity, the DDR for cell death is initiated. An alternative DDR-associated anti-proliferative pathway is the onset of cellular senescence with persistent cell cycle arrest, which is primarily a defense mechanism against oncogenesis. Ongoing DNA damage accumulation below the cell death threshold but above the senescence threshold, along with persistent SASP signaling after chronic exposure to space radiation, pose an increased risk of tumorigenesis in the proliferative gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium, where a subset of IR-induced senescent cells can acquire a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and potentially drive oncogenic signaling in nearby bystander cells. Moreover, DDR alterations could result in both somatic gene mutations as well as activation of the pro-inflammatory, pro-oncogenic SASP signaling known to accelerate adenoma-to-carcinoma progression during radiation-induced GI cancer development. In this review, we describe the complex interplay between persistent DNA damage, DDR, cellular senescence, and SASP-associated pro-inflammatory oncogenic signaling in the context of GI carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamendra Kumar
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Kamal Datta
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Albert J Fornace
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Shubhankar Suman
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Vedoya GM, Galarza TE, Mohamad NA, Cricco GP, Martín GA. Non-tumorigenic epithelial breast cells and ionizing radiation cooperate in the enhancement of mesenchymal traits in tumorigenic breast cancer cells. Life Sci 2022; 307:120853. [PMID: 35926589 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Radioresistance and recurrences are crucial hindrances in cancer radiotherapy. Fractionated irradiation can elicit a mesenchymal phenotype in irradiated surviving cells and a deep connection exists between epithelial mesenchymal transition, radioresistance, and metastasis. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of the secretoma of irradiated non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial cells on surviving irradiated breast tumor cells regarding the gain of mesenchymal traits and migratory ability. MAIN METHODS MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells, irradiated or not, were incubated with conditioned media from MCF-10A non-tumorigenic epithelial breast cells, irradiated or not. After five days, we evaluated the expression and localization of epithelial and mesenchymal markers (by western blot and indirect immunofluorescence), cell migration (using transwells) and metalloproteinases activity (by zymography). We also assessed TGF-β1 content in conditioned media by immunoblot, and the effect of A83-01 (a selective inhibitor of TGF-β receptor I) and PP2 (a Src-family tyrosine kinase inhibitor) on nuclear Slug and cell migration. KEY FINDINGS Conditioned media from MCF-10A cells caused phenotypic changes in breast tumor cells with attainment or enhancement of mesenchymal traits mediated at least in part by the activation of the TGF-β type I receptor and a signaling pathway involving Src activation/phosphorylation. The effects were more pronounced mostly in irradiated tumor cells treated with conditioned media from irradiated MCF-10A. SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that non-tumorigenic epithelial mammary cells included in the irradiation field could affect the response to irradiation of post-surgery residual cancer cells enhancing EMT progression and thus modifying radiotherapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe M Vedoya
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Física, Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Junín 956, C1113AAB Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tamara E Galarza
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Física, Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Junín 956, C1113AAB Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Nora A Mohamad
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Física, Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Junín 956, C1113AAB Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela P Cricco
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Física, Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Junín 956, C1113AAB Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela A Martín
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Física, Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Junín 956, C1113AAB Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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Khan MGM, Wang Y. Advances in the Current Understanding of How Low-Dose Radiation Affects the Cell Cycle. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030356. [PMID: 35159169 PMCID: PMC8834401 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells exposed to ionizing radiation undergo a series of complex responses, including DNA damage, reproductive cell death, and altered proliferation states, which are all linked to cell cycle dynamics. For many years, a great deal of research has been conducted on cell cycle checkpoints and their regulators in mammalian cells in response to high-dose exposures to ionizing radiation. However, it is unclear how low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) regulates the cell cycle progression. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that LDIR may have profound effects on cellular functions. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how LDIR (of up to 200 mGy) regulates the cell cycle and cell-cycle-associated proteins in various cellular settings. In light of current findings, we also illustrate the conceptual function and possible dichotomous role of p21Waf1, a transcriptional target of p53, in response to LDIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Gulam Musawwir Khan
- Radiobiology and Health, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada;
| | - Yi Wang
- Radiobiology and Health, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada;
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Pakniyat F, Nedaie HA, Mozdarani H, Mahmoudzadeh A, Salimi M, Griffin RJ, Gholami S. Enhanced response of radioresistant carcinoma cell line to heterogeneous dose distribution of grid; the role of high-dose bystander effect. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:1585-1596. [PMID: 33074047 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1834163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The classical dogma that restricted the radiation effect to the directly irradiated cells has been challenged by the bystander effect. This off-target phenomenon which was manifested in adjacent cells via signaling of fully exposed cells might be involved in high-dose Grid therapy as well. Here, an in-vitro study was performed to examine the possible extent of carcinoma cells response to the inhomogeneous dose distribution of Grid irradiation in the context of the bystander effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bystander effect was investigated in human carcinoma cell lines of HeLa and HN5 adjacent to those received high-dose Grid irradiation using 'medium transfer' and 'cell-to-cell contact' strategies. Based on the Grid peak-to-valley dose profile, medium transfer was exerted from 10 Gy uniformly exposed donors to 1.5 Gy uniformly irradiated recipients. Cell-contact bystander was evaluated after nonuniform dose distribution of 10 Gy Grid irradiation using cloning cylinders. GammaH2AX foci, micronucleus and clonogenic assays besides gene expression analysis were performed. RESULTS Various parameters (ɑ/β, D37, D50) extracted from survival curve which fitted to the Linear Quadratic model, verified more radioresistance of HN5. Survival fraction at 2 Gy (SF2) indicated as 0.42 ± 0.06 in HeLa and 0.5 ± 0.03 in HN5. The level of survival decrease, DNA damages and micronucleus of cells located in the Grid shielded areas (1.5 Gy cell-to-cell contact bystander cells) were significantly more than the values obtained from cells which were irradiated by merely uniform dose of 1.5 Gy. The gH2AX foci and micronuclei frequencies were enhanced in cell-contact bystander approximately more than 1.8 times. Relative expression of DNA damage repair pathway genes (Xrcc6 and H2afx) in bystander cells increased significantly. The most cell survival reduction (11.6 times) was revealed in the Grid bystander cells of radioresistant cell line (HN5). No statistically significant difference between 10 Gy uniform beam and Grid non-uniform beam was observed. CONCLUSIONS Various endpoints confirmed an augmented response of cells in the valley dose region of the Grid block significantly (compared with the cells irradiated by identical dose of uniform beam), suggesting the role of high-dose bystander effect which was more pronounced in resistant carcinoma cell lines. These findings could provide a partial explanation for the Grid beneficial response seen in a number of pre-clinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Pakniyat
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Ali Nedaie
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Radiation Oncology Research Center, Cancer institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Mozdarani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aziz Mahmoudzadeh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Malek-Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Salimi
- Department of Medical genetics, Medical Biotechnology Institute, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Robert J Griffin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Somayeh Gholami
- Radiation Oncology Research Center, Cancer institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Induction of DNA Damages upon Marek's Disease Virus Infection: Implication in Viral Replication and Pathogenesis. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01658-17. [PMID: 28978699 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01658-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a highly contagious alphaherpesvirus that infects chickens and causes a deadly neoplastic disease. We previously demonstrated that MDV infection arrests cells in S phase and that the tegument protein VP22 plays a major role in this process. In addition, expression of VP22 induces double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the cellular DNA, suggesting that DNA damage and the associated cellular response might be favorable for the MDV life cycle. Here, we addressed the role of DNA damage in MDV replication and pathogenesis. We demonstrated that MDV induces DSBs during lytic infection in vitro and in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of infected animals. Intriguingly, we did not observe DNA damage in latently infected MDV-induced lymphoblastoid cells, while MDV reactivation resulted in the onset of DNA lesions, suggesting that DNA damage and/or the resulting DNA damage response might be required for efficient MDV replication and reactivation. In addition, reactivation was significantly enhanced by the induction of DNA damage using a number of chemicals. Finally, we used recombinant viruses to show that VP22 is required for the induction of DNA damage in vivo and that this likely contributes to viral oncogenesis.IMPORTANCE Marek's disease virus is an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that causes fatal T-cell lymphomas in chickens. MDV causes substantial losses in the poultry industry and is also used in small-animal models for virus-induced tumor formation. DNA damage not only is implicated in tumor development but also aids in the life cycle of several viruses; however, its role in MDV replication, latency, and reactivation remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that MDV induces DNA lesions during lytic replication in vitro and in vivo DNA damage was not observed in latently infected cells; however, it was reinitiated during reactivation. Reactivation was significantly enhanced by the induction of DNA damage. Recombinant viruses that lacked the ability to induce DNA damage were defective in their ability to induce tumors, suggesting that DNA damage might also contribute to cellular transformation processes leading to MDV lymphomagenesis.
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Beyaert M, Starczewska E, Pérez ACG, Vanlangendonck N, Saussoy P, Tilman G, De Leener A, Vekemans MC, Van Den Neste E, Bontemps F. Reevaluation of ATR signaling in primary resting chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells: evidence for pro-survival or pro-apoptotic function. Oncotarget 2017; 8:56906-56920. [PMID: 28915641 PMCID: PMC5593612 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ATM, primarily activated by DNA double-strand breaks, and ATR, activated by single-stranded DNA, are master regulators of the cellular response to DNA damage. In primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells, ATR signaling is considered to be switched off due to ATR downregulation. Here, we hypothesized that ATR, though expressed at low protein level, could play a role in primary resting CLL cells after genotoxic stress. By investigating the response of CLL cells to UV-C irradiation, a prototypical activator of ATR, we could detect phosphorylation of ATR at Thr-1989, a marker for ATR activation, and also observed that selective ATR inhibitors markedly decreased UV-C-induced phosphorylation of ATR targets, including H2AX and p53. Similar results were obtained with the purine analogs fludarabine and cladribine that were also shown to activate ATR and induce ATR-dependent phosphorylation of H2AX and p53. In addition, ATR inhibition was found to sensitize primary CLL cells to UV-C by decreasing DNA repair synthesis. Conversely, ATR inhibition rescued CLL cells against purine analogs by reducing expression of the pro-apoptotic genes PUMA and BAX. Collectively, our study indicates that ATR signaling can be activated in resting CLL cells and play a pro-survival or pro-apoptotic role, depending on the genotoxic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Beyaert
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eliza Starczewska
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Nicolas Vanlangendonck
- Department of Hematology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pascale Saussoy
- Service de Biologie clinique, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gaëlle Tilman
- Center for Human Genetic, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne De Leener
- Center for Human Genetic, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie-Christiane Vekemans
- Department of Hematology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eric Van Den Neste
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Hematology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Françoise Bontemps
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Jeong SC, Song MK, Cho Y, Lee E, Ryu JC. Integrative analysis of mRNA and microRNA expression of a human alveolar epithelial cell(A549) exposed to water and organic-soluble extract from particulate matter (PM) 2.5. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:302-310. [PMID: 26791009 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) is now attracting attention as a powerful negative regulator of messenger RNA(mRNA) levels, and is implicated in the modulation of important mRNA networks involved in toxicity. In this study, we assessed the effects of particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5 ), one of the most significant air pollutants, on miRNA and target gene expression. We exposed human alveolar epithelial cell (A549) to two types of PM2.5 [water (W-PM2.5 ) and organic (O-PM2.5 ) soluble extracts] and performed miRNA microarray analysis. A total of 37 miRNAs and 62 miRNAs were altered 1.3-fold in W-PM2.5 and O-PM2.5 , respectively. Integrated analyses of miRNA and mRNA expression profiles identified negative correlations between miRNA and mRNA in both W-PM2.5 and O-PM2.5 exposure groups. Gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses showed that the 35 W-PM2.5 target genes are involved in responses to nutrients, positive regulation of biosynthetic processes, positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, and nucleotide, and nucleic acid metabolic processes; while the 69 O-PM2.5 target genes are involved in DNA replication, cell cycle processes, the M phase, and the cell cycle check point. We suggest that these target genes may play important roles in PM2.5 -induced respiratory toxicity by miRNA regulation. These results demonstrate an integrated miRNA-mRNA approach for identifying molecular events induced by environmental pollutants in an in vitro human model. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 302-310, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Chan Jeong
- Cellular and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Cheongryang, Seoul, 130-650, Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Korea Project for Reducing Light Pollution Effects to Human and Ecosystem, Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Song
- Cellular and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Cheongryang, Seoul, 130-650, Korea
| | - Yoon Cho
- Cellular and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Cheongryang, Seoul, 130-650, Korea
| | - Eunil Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Korea Project for Reducing Light Pollution Effects to Human and Ecosystem, Korea
| | - Jae-Chun Ryu
- Cellular and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Cheongryang, Seoul, 130-650, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Human and Environmental Toxicology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-Ro 217, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-350, Korea
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Kovalchuk A, Mychasiuk R, Muhammad A, Hossain S, Ilnytskyy Y, Ghose A, Kirkby C, Ghasroddashti E, Kolb B, Kovalchuk O. Profound and Sexually Dimorphic Effects of Clinically-Relevant Low Dose Scatter Irradiation on the Brain and Behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:84. [PMID: 27375442 PMCID: PMC4891337 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Irradiated cells can signal damage and distress to both close and distant neighbors that have not been directly exposed to the radiation (naïve bystanders). While studies have shown that such bystander effects occur in the shielded brain of animals upon body irradiation, their mechanism remains unexplored. Observed effects may be caused by some blood-borne factors; however they may also be explained, at least in part, by very small direct doses received by the brain that result from scatter or leakage. In order to establish the roles of low doses of scatter irradiation in the brain response, we developed a new model for scatter irradiation analysis whereby one rat was irradiated directly at the liver and the second rat was placed adjacent to the first and received a scatter dose to its body and brain. This work focuses specifically on the response of the latter rat brain to the low scatter irradiation dose. Here, we provide the first experimental evidence that very low, clinically relevant doses of scatter irradiation alter gene expression, induce changes in dendritic morphology, and lead to behavioral deficits in exposed animals. The results showed that exposure to radiation doses as low as 0.115 cGy caused changes in gene expression and reduced spine density, dendritic complexity, and dendritic length in the prefrontal cortex tissues of females, but not males. In the hippocampus, radiation altered neuroanatomical organization in males, but not in females. Moreover, low dose radiation caused behavioral deficits in the exposed animals. This is the first study to show that low dose scatter irradiation influences the brain and behavior in a sex-specific way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kovalchuk
- Department of Neuroscience, University of LethbridgeLethbridge, AB, Canada; Alberta Epigenetics NetworkCalgary, AB, Canada
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Arif Muhammad
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Shakhawat Hossain
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Yaroslav Ilnytskyy
- Alberta Epigenetics NetworkCalgary, AB, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of LethbridgeLethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Abhijit Ghose
- Jack Ady Cancer Center, Alberta Health Services Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Charles Kirkby
- Jack Ady Cancer Center, Alberta Health ServicesLethbridge, AB, Canada; Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Oncology, University of CalgaryAB, Canada
| | - Esmaeel Ghasroddashti
- Jack Ady Cancer Center, Alberta Health ServicesLethbridge, AB, Canada; Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Oncology, University of CalgaryAB, Canada
| | - Bryan Kolb
- Department of Neuroscience, University of LethbridgeLethbridge, AB, Canada; Alberta Epigenetics NetworkCalgary, AB, Canada; Canadian Institute for Advanced ResearchToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Olga Kovalchuk
- Alberta Epigenetics NetworkCalgary, AB, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of LethbridgeLethbridge, AB, Canada
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9
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Sridharan DM, Asaithamby A, Blattnig SR, Costes SV, Doetsch PW, Dynan WS, Hahnfeldt P, Hlatky L, Kidane Y, Kronenberg A, Naidu MD, Peterson LE, Plante I, Ponomarev AL, Saha J, Snijders AM, Srinivasan K, Tang J, Werner E, Pluth JM. Evaluating biomarkers to model cancer risk post cosmic ray exposure. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2016; 9:19-47. [PMID: 27345199 PMCID: PMC5613937 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Robust predictive models are essential to manage the risk of radiation-induced carcinogenesis. Chronic exposure to cosmic rays in the context of the complex deep space environment may place astronauts at high cancer risk. To estimate this risk, it is critical to understand how radiation-induced cellular stress impacts cell fate decisions and how this in turn alters the risk of carcinogenesis. Exposure to the heavy ion component of cosmic rays triggers a multitude of cellular changes, depending on the rate of exposure, the type of damage incurred and individual susceptibility. Heterogeneity in dose, dose rate, radiation quality, energy and particle flux contribute to the complexity of risk assessment. To unravel the impact of each of these factors, it is critical to identify sensitive biomarkers that can serve as inputs for robust modeling of individual risk of cancer or other long-term health consequences of exposure. Limitations in sensitivity of biomarkers to dose and dose rate, and the complexity of longitudinal monitoring, are some of the factors that increase uncertainties in the output from risk prediction models. Here, we critically evaluate candidate early and late biomarkers of radiation exposure and discuss their usefulness in predicting cell fate decisions. Some of the biomarkers we have reviewed include complex clustered DNA damage, persistent DNA repair foci, reactive oxygen species, chromosome aberrations and inflammation. Other biomarkers discussed, often assayed for at longer points post exposure, include mutations, chromosome aberrations, reactive oxygen species and telomere length changes. We discuss the relationship of biomarkers to different potential cell fates, including proliferation, apoptosis, senescence, and loss of stemness, which can propagate genomic instability and alter tissue composition and the underlying mRNA signatures that contribute to cell fate decisions. Our goal is to highlight factors that are important in choosing biomarkers and to evaluate the potential for biomarkers to inform models of post exposure cancer risk. Because cellular stress response pathways to space radiation and environmental carcinogens share common nodes, biomarker-driven risk models may be broadly applicable for estimating risks for other carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steve R Blattnig
- Langley Research Center, Langley Research Center (LaRC), VA, United States
| | - Sylvain V Costes
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Lynn Hlatky
- CCSB-Tufts School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yared Kidane
- Wyle Science, Technology & Engineering Group, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Amy Kronenberg
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Mamta D Naidu
- CCSB-Tufts School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Leif E Peterson
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ianik Plante
- Wyle Science, Technology & Engineering Group, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Artem L Ponomarev
- Wyle Science, Technology & Engineering Group, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Janapriya Saha
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | | | | | - Jonathan Tang
- Exogen Biotechnology, Inc., Berkeley, CA, United States
| | | | - Janice M Pluth
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States.
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