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Cillo F, Coppola E, Habetswallner F, Cecere F, Pignata L, Toriello E, De Rosa A, Grilli L, Ammendola A, Salerno P, Romano R, Cirillo E, Merla G, Riccio A, Pignata C, Giardino G. Understanding the Variability of 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: The Role of Epigenetic Factors. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:321. [PMID: 38540380 PMCID: PMC10969806 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Initially described as a triad of immunodeficiency, congenital heart defects and hypoparathyroidism, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) now encompasses a great amount of abnormalities involving different systems. Approximately 85% of patients share a 3 Mb 22q11.2 region of hemizygous deletion in which 46 protein-coding genes are included. However, the hemizygosity of the genes of this region cannot fully explain the clinical phenotype and the phenotypic variability observed among patients. Additional mutations in genes located outside the deleted region, leading to "dual diagnosis", have been described in 1% of patients. In some cases, the hemizygosity of the 22q11.2 region unmasks autosomal recessive conditions due to additional mutations on the non-deleted allele. Some of the deleted genes play a crucial role in gene expression regulation pathways, involving the whole genome. Typical miRNA expression patterns have been identified in 22q11.2DS, due to an alteration in miRNA biogenesis, affecting the expression of several target genes. Also, a methylation epi-signature in CpG islands differentiating patients from controls has been defined. Herein, we summarize the evidence on the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of the clinical manifestations of 22q11.2 DS. The review of the literature confirms the hypothesis that the 22q11.2DS phenotype results from a network of interactions between deleted protein-coding genes and altered epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cillo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.C.); (E.C.); (F.H.); (E.T.); (A.D.R.); (L.G.); (R.R.); (E.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Emma Coppola
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.C.); (E.C.); (F.H.); (E.T.); (A.D.R.); (L.G.); (R.R.); (E.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Federico Habetswallner
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.C.); (E.C.); (F.H.); (E.T.); (A.D.R.); (L.G.); (R.R.); (E.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Francesco Cecere
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (F.C.); (L.P.); (A.R.)
| | - Laura Pignata
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (F.C.); (L.P.); (A.R.)
| | - Elisabetta Toriello
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.C.); (E.C.); (F.H.); (E.T.); (A.D.R.); (L.G.); (R.R.); (E.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Antonio De Rosa
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.C.); (E.C.); (F.H.); (E.T.); (A.D.R.); (L.G.); (R.R.); (E.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Laura Grilli
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.C.); (E.C.); (F.H.); (E.T.); (A.D.R.); (L.G.); (R.R.); (E.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Antonio Ammendola
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.A.); (P.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Paolo Salerno
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.A.); (P.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Roberta Romano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.C.); (E.C.); (F.H.); (E.T.); (A.D.R.); (L.G.); (R.R.); (E.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Emilia Cirillo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.C.); (E.C.); (F.H.); (E.T.); (A.D.R.); (L.G.); (R.R.); (E.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Merla
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.A.); (P.S.); (G.M.)
- Laboratory of Regulatory and Functional Genomics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Andrea Riccio
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (F.C.); (L.P.); (A.R.)
| | - Claudio Pignata
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.C.); (E.C.); (F.H.); (E.T.); (A.D.R.); (L.G.); (R.R.); (E.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Giuliana Giardino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.C.); (E.C.); (F.H.); (E.T.); (A.D.R.); (L.G.); (R.R.); (E.C.); (G.G.)
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Coexisting Conditions Modifying Phenotypes of Patients with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030680. [PMID: 36980952 PMCID: PMC10048180 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is the most common genomic disorder with an extremely broad phenotypic spectrum. The aim of our study was to investigate how often the additional variants in the genome can affect clinical variation among patients with the recurrent deletion. To examine the presence of additional variants affecting the phenotype, we performed microarray in 82 prenatal and 77 postnatal cases and performed exome sequencing in 86 postnatal patients with 22q11.2DS. Within those 159 patients where array was performed, 5 pathogenic and 5 likely pathogenic CNVs were identified outside of the 22q11.2 region. This indicates that in 6.3% cases, additional CNVs most likely contribute to the clinical presentation. Additionally, exome sequencing in 86 patients revealed 3 pathogenic (3.49%) and 5 likely pathogenic (5.81%) SNVs and small CNV. These results show that the extension of diagnostics with genome-wide methods can reveal other clinically relevant changes in patients with 22q11 deletion syndrome.
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Montemurro N, Ricciardi L, Scerrati A, Ippolito G, Lofrese G, Trungu S, Stoccoro A. The Potential Role of Dysregulated miRNAs in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis and 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. J Pers Med 2022; 12:1925. [PMID: 36422101 PMCID: PMC9695868 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12111925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), affecting 2-4% of adolescents, is a multifactorial spinal disease. Interactions between genetic and environmental factors can influence disease onset through epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and miRNA expression. Recent evidence reported that, among all clinical features in individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DS), scoliosis can occur with a higher incidence than in the general population. Methods: A PubMed and Ovid Medline search was performed for idiopathic scoliosis in the setting of 22q11.2DS and miRNA according to PRISMA guidelines. Results: Four papers, accounting for 2841 individuals, reported clinical data about scoliosis in individuals with 22q11.2DS, showing that approximately 35.1% of the individuals with 22q11.2DS developed scoliosis. Conclusions: 22q11.2DS could be used as a model for the study of AIS. The DGCR8 gene seems to be essential for microRNA biogenesis, which is why we propose that a possible common pathological mechanism between scoliosis and 22q11.2DS could be the dysregulation of microRNA expression. In the current study, we identified two miRNAs that were altered in both 22q11.2DS and AIS, miR-93 and miR-1306, thus, corroborating the hypothesis that the two diseases share common molecular alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Montemurro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana (AOUP), University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Ricciardi
- Department of NESMOS, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Alba Scerrati
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Ippolito
- Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico (ICOT), DSBMC Sapienza Università di Roma-Polo Pontino, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Giorgio Lofrese
- Division of Neurosurgery, Ospedale Bufalini, 47023 Cesena, Italy
| | - Sokol Trungu
- Department of NESMOS, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Stoccoro
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
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Raje NR, Noel-MacDonnell JR, Shortt KA, Gigliotti NM, Chan MA, Heruth DP. T Cell Transcriptome in Chromosome 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 209:874-885. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Clinical, Immunological, and Genetic Findings in a Cohort of Patients with the DiGeorge Phenotype without 22q11.2 Deletion. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11072025. [PMID: 35407632 PMCID: PMC8999496 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11072025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by a broad and heterogeneous clinical presentation associated with various degrees of T-cell deficiency. We report the clinical, immunologic, and genetic findings of a cohort of eight patients presenting with a clinical phenotype that is highly suggestive of this syndrome but without the 22q11.2 deletion. The cardinal features of 22q11.2DS, such as congenital heart defects, hypoparathyroidism, and facial dysmorphisms, were observed in the majority of the patient cohort. The unusual features are described in detail. The immunologic assessment showed various degrees of immunodeficiency of the T-cell compartment, notably a reduction in the thymic output. Half of the patient cohort exhibited a reduction in total dendritic cells. Array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) revealed six patients harboring copy number variations (CNVs) never reported in normal subjects. The gene content of these CNVs was carefully analyzed to understand the mechanisms leading to 22q11.2DS phenocopies. According to these results, we suggested that array-CGH should be used as a first-tier tool for patients resembling 22q11.2DS.
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Zodanu GKE, Oszlánczi M, Havasi K, Kalapos A, Rácz G, Katona M, Ujfalusi A, Nagy O, Széll M, Nagy D. Systemic Screening for 22q11.2 Copy Number Variations in Hungarian Pediatric and Adult Patients With Congenital Heart Diseases Identified Rare Pathogenic Patterns in the Region. Front Genet 2021; 12:635480. [PMID: 33995479 PMCID: PMC8117090 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.635480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHD) are the most common developmental abnormalities, affecting approximately 0.9% of livebirths. Genetic factors, including copy number variations (CNVs), play an important role in their development. The most common CNVs are found on chromosome 22q11.2. The genomic instability of this region, caused by the eight low copy repeats (LCR A-H), may result in several recurrent and/or rare microdeletions and duplications, including the most common, ∼3 Mb large LCR A-D deletion (classical 22q.11.2 deletion syndrome). We aimed to screen 22q11.2 CNVs in a large Hungarian pediatric and adult CHD cohort, regardless of the type of their CHDs. All the enrolled participants were cardiologically diagnosed with non-syndromic CHDs. A combination of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), chromosomal microarray analysis and droplet digital PCR methods were used to comprehensively assess the detected 22q11.2 CNVs in 212 CHD-patients. Additionally, capillary sequencing was performed to detect variants in the TBX1 gene, a cardinal gene located in 22q11.2. Pathogenic CNVs were detected in 5.2% (11/212), VUS in 0.9% and benign CNVs in 1.8% of the overall CHD cohort. In patients with tetralogy of Fallot the rate of pathogenic CNVs was 17% (5/30). Fifty-four percent of all CNVs were typical proximal deletions (LCR A-D). However, nested (LCR A-B) and central deletions (LCR C-D), proximal (LCR A-D) and distal duplications (LCR D-E, LCR D-H, LCR E-H, LCR F-H) and rare combinations of deletions and duplications were also identified. Segregation analysis detected familial occurrence in 18% (2/11) of the pathogenic variants. Based on in-depth clinical information, a detailed phenotype–genotype comparison was performed. No pathogenic variant was identified in the TBX1 gene. Our findings confirmed the previously described large phenotypic diversity in the 22q11.2 CNVs. MLPA proved to be a highly efficient genetic screening method for our CHD-cohort. Our results highlight the necessity for large-scale genetic screening of CHD-patients and the importance of early genetic diagnosis in their clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mónika Oszlánczi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Havasi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anita Kalapos
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergely Rácz
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márta Katona
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anikó Ujfalusi
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Nagy
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Márta Széll
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dóra Nagy
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Consequences of 22q11.2 Microdeletion on the Genome, Individual and Population Levels. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11090977. [PMID: 32842603 PMCID: PMC7563277 DOI: 10.3390/genes11090977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) (ORPHA: 567) caused by microdeletion in chromosome 22 is the most common chromosomal microdeletion disorder in humans. Despite the same change on the genome level, like in the case of monozygotic twins, phenotypes are expressed differently in 22q11.2 deletion individuals. The rest of the genome, as well as epigenome and environmental factors, are not without influence on the variability of phenotypes. The penetrance seems to be more genotype specific than deleted locus specific. The transcript levels of deleted genes are not usually reduced by 50% as assumed due to haploinsufficiency. 22q11.2DS is often an undiagnosed condition, as each patient may have a different set out of 180 possible clinical manifestations. Diverse dysmorphic traits are present in patients from different ethnicities, which makes diagnosis even more difficult. 22q11.2 deletion syndrome serves as an example of a genetic syndrome that is not easy to manage at all stages: diagnosis, consulting and dealing with.
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Legitimo A, Bertini V, Costagliola G, Baroncelli GI, Morganti R, Valetto A, Consolini R. Vitamin D status and the immune assessment in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 200:272-286. [PMID: 32149392 PMCID: PMC7231997 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is characterized by a heterogeneous phenotype, including alterations in phospho-calcium metabolism and immunodeficiency. We analyzed vitamin D status and the immune assessment, focusing on T cell subpopulations and dendritic cells (DCs) in a cohort of 17 pediatric 22q11.2DS patients and 17 age-matched healthy subjects. As antigen-presenting cells, DCs are the main target of vitamin D, promoting a tolerogenic T cell response. Patients were subdivided into three groups according to the parameters of phospho-calcium metabolism and serum levels of 25OHD: normal values, vitamin D deficiency and hypoparathyroidism. Different degrees of T cell deficiency, ranging from normal to partial T cell numbers, were observed in the cohort of patients. The group with vitamin D deficiency showed a significant reduction of naive T cells and a significant increase of central memory T cells compared to controls. In this group the number of circulating DCs was significantly reduced. DC decrease affected both myeloid and plasmacytoid DC subsets (mDCs and pDCs), with the most relevant reduction involving pDCs. A direct correlation between 25OHD levels and recent thymic emigrant (RTE) and DC number was identified. Despite the limited cohort analyzed, our results show that deficiency of the pDC subset in patients with 22q11.2DS may be included among the causative factors of the progressive increase of risk of autoimmune diseases in these patients. As most patients suffer from increased susceptibility to infections and heightened prevalence of autoimmune disorders, we suggest a potential role of vitamin D supplementation in preventing autoimmune or proinflammatory diseases in 22q11.2DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Legitimo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of PediatricsUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - V. Bertini
- Department of Medicine of Laboratory, Section of CytogeneticsAzienda Ospedaliero Universitaria PisanaPisaItaly
| | - G. Costagliola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of PediatricsUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - G. I. Baroncelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of PediatricsAzienda Ospedaliero Universitaria PisanaPisaItaly
| | - R. Morganti
- Section of StatisticsAzienda Ospedaliero Universitaria PisanaPisaItaly
| | - A. Valetto
- Department of Medicine of Laboratory, Section of CytogeneticsAzienda Ospedaliero Universitaria PisanaPisaItaly
| | - R. Consolini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of PediatricsUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
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Du Q, de la Morena MT, van Oers NSC. The Genetics and Epigenetics of 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Front Genet 2020; 10:1365. [PMID: 32117416 PMCID: PMC7016268 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2del) is a complex, multi-organ disorder noted for its varying severity and penetrance among those affected. The clinical problems comprise congenital malformations; cardiac problems including outflow tract defects, hypoplasia of the thymus, hypoparathyroidism, and/or dysmorphic facial features. Additional clinical issues that can appear over time are autoimmunity, renal insufficiency, developmental delay, malignancy and neurological manifestations such as schizophrenia. The majority of individuals with 22q11.2del have a 3 Mb deletion of DNA on chromosome 22, leading to a haploinsufficiency of ~106 genes, which comprise coding RNAs, noncoding RNAs, and pseudogenes. The consequent haploinsufficiency of many of the coding genes are well described, including the key roles of T-box Transcription Factor 1 (TBX1) and DiGeorge Critical Region 8 (DGCR8) in the clinical phenotypes. However, the haploinsufficiency of these genes alone cannot account for the tremendous variation in the severity and penetrance of the clinical complications among those affected. Recent RNA and DNA sequencing approaches are uncovering novel genetic and epigenetic differences among 22q11.2del patients that can influence disease severity. In this review, the role of coding and non-coding genes, including microRNAs (miRNA) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), will be discussed in relation to their bearing on 22q11.2del with an emphasis on TBX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiumei Du
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - M. Teresa de la Morena
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Washington and Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nicolai S. C. van Oers
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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Downregulation of genes outside the deleted region in individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Hum Genet 2019; 138:93-103. [PMID: 30627818 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-01967-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is caused by recurrent hemizygous deletions of chromosome 22q11.2. The phenotype of the syndrome is complex and varies widely among individuals. Little is known about the role of the different genes located in 22q11.2, and we hypothesized that genetic risk factors lying elsewhere in the genome might contribute to the phenotype. Here, we present the whole-genome gene expression data of 11 patients with approximately 3 Mb deletions. Apart from the hemizygous genes mapped to the 22q11.2 region, the TUBA8 and GNAZ genes, neighboring the deleted interval but in normal copy number, showed altered expression. When genes mapped to other chromosomes were considered in the gene expression analysis, a genome-wide dysregulation was observed, with increased or decreased expression levels. The enriched pathways of these genes were related to immune response, a deficiency that is frequently observed in 22q11.2DS patients. We also used the hypothesis-free weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), which revealed the co-expression gene network modules with clear connection to mechanisms associated with 22q11.2DS such as immune response and schizophrenia. These findings, combined with the traditional gene expression profile, can be used for the identification of potential pathways and genes not previously considered to be related to the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
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Li Z, Huang J, Liang B, Zeng D, Luo S, Yan T, Liao F, Huang J, Li J, Cai R, Deng X, Tang N. Copy number variations in the GATA4, NKX2-5, TBX5, BMP4 CRELD1, and 22q11.2 gene regions in Chinese children with sporadic congenital heart disease. J Clin Lab Anal 2018; 33:e22660. [PMID: 30221396 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a common birth defect originating from both environmental and genetic factors. An overabundance of copy number variations (CNVs) affecting cardiac-related genes has previously been detected in individuals with CHD. OBJECTIVE To evaluate if the presence of CNVs in the 22q11.2 region, and to determine whether GATA4, NKX2-5, TBX5, BMP, and CRELD1 genes contributed toward the pathogenesis of isolated incidences of CHDs in southwest China. METHODS In total 167 patients from southwest China with sporadic CHD were studied, including 121 patients with ventricular septal defect (VSD), 24 with atrial septal defect (ASD), 12 with tetralogy of fallot (TOF), six VSD cases with TOF, two cases with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and two VSD cases with ASD. 22q11.2, GATA4, NKX2-5, TBX5, BMP4, and CRELD1 regions were screened using MLPA and copy number variation sequencing (CNV-Seq). RESULTS A 2.5-2.8 Mb deletion in the 22q11.2 region was identified in 5 patients with CHD. Two of these patients were diagnosed with VSD, while two had VSD and ASD, and the other had TOF. 5 patients correspond to the same classical DiGeorge syndrome. A 0.86 Mb duplication in the 22q11.2 region was identified in a PDA patient, whom was without extracardiac symptoms. CONCLUSION These data suggest that copy number variation in the 22q11.2 region is common in CHD patients in southwest China. Regardless of the presence or absence of extracardiac symptoms, results also indicate that it is necessary to perform prenatal screening for CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhetao Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, Liuzhou Maternal and Children Healthcare Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Jiwei Huang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Liuzhou Maternal and Children Healthcare Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Biao Liang
- Department of Pediatrics Surgery, Liuzhou Maternal and Children Healthcare Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Dingyuan Zeng
- Deparment of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Liuzhou Maternal and Children Healthcare Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Shiqiang Luo
- Department of Medical Genetics, Liuzhou Maternal and Children Healthcare Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Tizhen Yan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Liuzhou Maternal and Children Healthcare Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Fengwen Liao
- Department of Pediatrics Surgery, Liuzhou Maternal and Children Healthcare Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Liuzhou Maternal and Children Healthcare Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Jingwen Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, Liuzhou Maternal and Children Healthcare Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Ren Cai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Liuzhou Maternal and Children Healthcare Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Xine Deng
- Department of the Perinatal Division, Liuzhou Maternal and Children Healthcare Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Ning Tang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Liuzhou Maternal and Children Healthcare Hospital, Liuzhou, China
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Jaillard S, Tucker EJ, Akloul L, Beaumont M, Domin M, Pasquier L, Jouve G, Odent S, Belaud-Rotureau MA, Ravel C. 22q11.2 rearrangements found in women with low ovarian reserve and premature ovarian insufficiency. J Hum Genet 2018. [PMID: 29540854 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-018-0433-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian reserve represents the number of available follicles/oocytes within ovaries and it can be assessed by follicle stimulating hormone levels, anti-Müllerian hormone levels, and/or antral follicle count determined by ultrasounds. A low ovarian reserve is defined by an abnormal ovarian reserve test. This condition can be considered premature if it occurs before the age of 40, leading to premature ovarian insufficiency. Despite the growing knowledge concerning the genetic basis of ovarian deficiency, the majority of cases remain without a genetic diagnosis. Although 22q11.2 deletions and duplications have been associated with genitourinary malformations, ovarian deficiency is not a commonly reported feature. We report here four patients bearing a 22q11.2 rearrangement, identified during the clinical assessment of their low ovarian reserve or premature ovarian insufficiency, and discuss the molecular basis of the ovarian defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Jaillard
- CHU Rennes, Service de Cytogénétique et Biologie Cellulaire, F-35033, Rennes, France. .,INSERM U1085-IRSET, Université de Rennes1, F-35042, Rennes, France. .,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Elena J Tucker
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Linda Akloul
- CHU Rennes, Service de Génétique Clinique, CLAD Ouest, F-35033, Rennes, France
| | - Marion Beaumont
- CHU Rennes, Service de Cytogénétique et Biologie Cellulaire, F-35033, Rennes, France
| | - Mathilde Domin
- Département de Gynécologie Obstétrique et Reproduction Humaine, CHU Rennes, F-35033, Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Pasquier
- CHU Rennes, Service de Génétique Clinique, CLAD Ouest, F-35033, Rennes, France
| | - Guilhem Jouve
- CHU Rennes, Service de Biologie de la Reproduction-CECOS, F-35033, Rennes, France
| | - Sylvie Odent
- CHU Rennes, Service de Génétique Clinique, CLAD Ouest, F-35033, Rennes, France
| | - Marc-Antoine Belaud-Rotureau
- CHU Rennes, Service de Cytogénétique et Biologie Cellulaire, F-35033, Rennes, France.,INSERM U1085-IRSET, Université de Rennes1, F-35042, Rennes, France
| | - Célia Ravel
- INSERM U1085-IRSET, Université de Rennes1, F-35042, Rennes, France.,CHU Rennes, Service de Biologie de la Reproduction-CECOS, F-35033, Rennes, France
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