1
|
Zhu J, Wang Y, Su Y, Zheng M, Cui H, Chen Z. RNA sequencing identifies key genes involved in intramuscular fat deposition in chickens at different developmental stages. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:219. [PMID: 38413888 PMCID: PMC10900564 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09819-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intramuscular fat (IMF) is an important factor in meat quality, and triglyceride (TG) and Phospholipids (PLIP), as the main components of IMF, are of great significance to the improvement of meat quality. RESULTS In this study, we used 30 RNA sequences generated from the transcriptome of chicken breast muscle tissues at different developmental stages to construct a gene expression matrix to map RNA sequence reads to the chicken genome and identify the transcript of origin. We used weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and identified 27 co-expression modules, 10 of which were related to TG and PLIP. We identified 150 highly-connected hub genes related to TG and PLIP, respectively, which were found to be mainly enriched in the adipocytokine signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, mTOR signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, and TGF-beta signaling pathway. Additionally, using the BioMart database, we identified 134 and 145 candidate genes related to fat development in the TG-related module and PLIP-related module, respectively. Among them, RPS6KB1, BRCA1, CDK1, RPS3, PPARGC1A, ACSL1, NDUFAB1, NDUFA9, ATP5B and PRKAG2 were identified as candidate genes related to fat development and highly-connected hub genes in the module, suggesting that these ten genes may be important candidate genes affecting IMF deposition. CONCLUSIONS RPS6KB1, BRCA1, CDK1, RPS3, PPARGC1A, ACSL1, NDUFAB1, NDUFA9, ATP5B and PRKAG2 may be important candidate genes affecting IMF deposition. The purpose of this study was to identify the co-expressed gene modules related to chicken IMF deposition using WGCNA and determine key genes related to IMF deposition, so as to lay a foundation for further research on the molecular regulation mechanism underlying chicken fat deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinmei Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yongli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yongchun Su
- Guangxi Jingling Agriculture and animal Husbandry Group Co., LTD, Nanning, 530049, China
| | - Maiqing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huanxian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Zhiwu Chen
- Guangxi Jingling Agriculture and animal Husbandry Group Co., LTD, Nanning, 530049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang X, Wang J, Raza SHA, Deng J, Ma J, Qu X, Yu S, Zhang D, Alshammari AM, Almohaimeed HM, Zan L. Identification of the hub genes related to adipose tissue metabolism of bovine. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1014286. [PMID: 36439361 PMCID: PMC9682410 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1014286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the demand for high-quality animal protein, there has been consistent interest in how to obtain more high-quality beef. As well-known, the adipose content of beef has a close connection with the taste and quality of beef, and cattle with different energy or protein diet have corresponding effects on the lipid metabolism of beef. Thus, we performed weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) with subcutaneous adipose genes from Norwegian red heifers fed different diets to identify hub genes regulating bovine lipid metabolism. For this purpose, the RNA sequencing data of subcutaneous adipose tissue of 12-month-old Norwegian red heifers (n = 48) with different energy or protein levels were selected from the GEO database, and 7,630 genes with the largest variation were selected for WGCNA analysis. Then, three modules were selected as hub genes candidate modules according to the correlation between modules and phenotypes, including pink, magenta and grey60 modules. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that genes were related to metabolism, and participated in Rap, MAPK, AMPK, VEGF signaling pathways, and so forth. Combined gene interaction network analysis using Cytoscape software, eight hub genes of lipid metabolism were identified, including TIA1, LOC516108, SNAPC4, CPSF2, ZNF574, CLASRP, MED15 and U2AF2. Further, the expression levels of hub genes in the cattle tissue were also measured to verify the results, and we found hub genes in higher expression in muscle and adipose tissue in adult cattle. In summary, we predicted the key genes of lipid metabolism in the subcutaneous adipose tissue that were affected by the intake of various energy diets to find the hub genes that coordinate lipid metabolism, which provide a theoretical basis for regulating beef quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | | | - Jiahan Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jing Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xiaopeng Qu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Shengchen Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Dianqi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | | | - Hailah M. Almohaimeed
- Department of Basic Science, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Linsen Zan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- National Beef Cattle Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- *Correspondence: Linsen Zan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiao F, Zhou B, Meng L. The regulatory mechanism and therapeutic potential of transcription factor EB in neurodegenerative diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 29:37-59. [PMID: 36184826 PMCID: PMC9804079 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) is involved in the degradation of protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Transcription factor EB (TFEB), a major regulator of ALP, has emerged as a leading factor in addressing neurodegenerative disease pathology, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), PolyQ diseases, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this review, we delineate the regulation of TFEB expression and its functions in ALP. Dysfunctions of TFEB and its role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases are reviewed. We summarize the protective effects and molecular mechanisms of some TFEB-targeted agonists in neurodegenerative diseases. We also offer our perspective on analyzing the pros and cons of these agonists in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases from the perspective of drug development. More studies on the regulatory mechanisms of TFEB in other biological processes will aid our understanding of the application of TFEB-targeted therapy in neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan Jiao
- School of Mental HealthJining Medical UniversityJiningChina,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental HealthJining Medical UniversityJiningChina
| | - Bojie Zhou
- School of Mental HealthJining Medical UniversityJiningChina,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental HealthJining Medical UniversityJiningChina
| | - Lingyan Meng
- School of Mental HealthJining Medical UniversityJiningChina,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental HealthJining Medical UniversityJiningChina
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu ZW, Gao ZR, Liang H, Fang T, Wang Y, Du ZQ, Yang CX. Network analysis reveals different hub genes and molecular pathways for pig in vitro fertilized early embryos and parthenogenotes. Reprod Domest Anim 2022; 57:1544-1553. [PMID: 35997106 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT) occurs when maternal transcripts decay and zygotic genome is activated gradually at early stage of embryo development. Previously, single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) has helped us to uncover the MZT-associated mRNA dynamics of in vitro produced pig early embryos. Here, to further investigate functional modules and hub genes associated with MZT process, the weighted gene-coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed on our previously generated 45 scRNA-seq datasets. For the in vitro fertilized embryo (IVF) group, 5 significant modules were identified (midnightblue/black/red and blue/brown modules, positively correlated with 1-cell (IVF1) and 8-cell (IVF8), respectively), containing genes mainly enriched in signaling pathways such as Wnt, regulation of RNA transcription, fatty acid metabolic process, poly(A) RNA binding and lysosome. For the parthenogenetically activated embryo (PA) group, 9 significant modules were identified (black/purple/red, brown/turquoise/yellow, and magenta/blue/green modules, positively correlated with MII oocytes, 1-cell (PA1), and 8-cell (PA8), respectively), mainly enriched in extracellular exosome, poly(A) RNA binding, mitochondrion, transcription factor activity. Moreover, some of identified hub genes within 3 IVF and 9 PA significant modules, including ADCY2, DHX34, KDM4A, GDF10, ABCC10, PAFAH2, HEXIM2, COQ9, DCAF11, SGK1, ESRRB etc., have been reported to play vital roles in different biological processes. Our findings provide information and resources for subsequent in-depth study on the regulation and function of MZT in pig embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Wei Wu
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, 434025, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Zhuo-Ran Gao
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, 434025, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Liang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, 434025, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Ting Fang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, 434025, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, 434025, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Du
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, 434025, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Cai-Xia Yang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, 434025, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sheng H, Pan C, Wang S, Yang C, Zhang J, Hu C, Hu H, Feng X, Yang M, Lei Z, Gao Y, Wang Z, Ma Y. Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis Identifies Key Modules and Central Genes Associated With Bovine Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:914848. [PMID: 35812879 PMCID: PMC9257221 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.914848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fat deposition is an important economic trait in livestock and poultry production. However, the relationship between various genes and signal pathways of fat deposition is still unclear to a large extent. The purpose of this study is to analyze the potential molecular targets and related molecular pathways in bovine subcutaneous adipose tissue. Results We downloaded the GSE116775 microarray dataset from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The weighted gene co-expression network (WGCNA) was used to analyze the gene expression profile, and the key gene modules with the highest correlation with subcutaneous adipose tissue were identified, and the functional enrichment of the key modules was analyzed. Then, the “real” Hub gene was screened by in-module analysis and protein–protein interaction network (PPI), and its expression level in tissue samples and adipocytes was verified. The study showed that a total of nine co-expression modules were identified, and the number of genes in these modules ranged from 101 to 1,509. Among them, the blue module is most closely related to subcutaneous adipose tissue, containing 1,387 genes. These genes were significantly enriched in 10 gene ontologies including extracellular matrix organization, biological adhesion, and collagen metabolic process, and were mainly involved in pathways including ECM-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, cAMP signaling pathway, PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, and regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes. In the PPI network and coexpression network, five genes (CAV1, ITGA5, COL5A1, ABL1, and HSPG2) were identified as “real” Hub genes. Analysis of Hub gene expression by dataset revealed that the expression of these Hub genes was significantly higher in subcutaneous adipose tissue than in other tissues. In addition, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis based on tissue samples and adipocytes also confirmed the above results. Conclusion In this study, five key genes related to subcutaneous adipose tissue were discovered, which laid a foundation for further study of the molecular regulation mechanism of subcutaneous adipose tissue development and adipose deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Cuili Pan
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shuzhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chaoyun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Junxing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chunli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Honghong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xue Feng
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Mengli Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhaoxiong Lei
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yuhong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Ma
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Luo N, Shu J, Yuan X, Jin Y, Cui H, Zhao G, Wen J. Differential regulation of intramuscular fat and abdominal fat deposition in chickens. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:308. [PMID: 35428174 PMCID: PMC9013108 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chicken intramuscular fat (IMF) content is closely related to meat quality and performance, such as tenderness and flavor. Abdominal fat (AF) in chickens is one of the main waste products at slaughter. Excessive AF reduces feed efficiency and carcass quality. Results To analyze the differential deposition of IMF and AF in chickens, gene expression profiles in the breast muscle (BM) and AF tissues of 18 animals were analyzed by differential expression analysis and weighted co-expression network analysis. The results showed that IMF deposition in BM was associated with pyruvate and citric acid metabolism through GAPDH, LDHA, GPX1, GBE1, and other genes. In contrast, AF deposition was related to acetyl CoA and glycerol metabolism through FABP1, ELOVL6, SCD, ADIPOQ, and other genes. Carbohydrate metabolism plays an essential role in IMF deposition, and fatty acid and glycerol metabolism regulate AF deposition. Conclusion This study elucidated the molecular mechanism governing IMF and AF deposition through crucial genes and signaling pathways and provided a theoretical basis for producing high-quality broilers. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08538-0.
Collapse
|
7
|
RNA-Seq Reveals Function of Bta-miR-149-5p in the Regulation of Bovine Adipocyte Differentiation. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051207. [PMID: 33922274 PMCID: PMC8145242 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramuscular fat is a real challenge for the experts of animal science to improve meat quality traits. Research on the mechanism of adipogenesis provides invaluable information for the improvement of meat quality traits. This study investigated the effect of bta-miR-149-5p and its underlying mechanism on lipid metabolism in bovine adipocytes. Bovine adipocytes were differentiated and transfected with bta-miR-149-5p mimics or its negative control (NC). A total of 115 DEGs including 72 upregulated and 43 downregulated genes were identified in bovine adipocytes. The unigenes and GO term biological processes were the most annotated unigene contributor parts at 80.08%, followed by cellular component at 13.4% and molecular function at 6.7%. The KEGG pathways regulated by the DEGs were PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway, pathways in cancer, MAPK signaling pathway, lipid metabolism/metabolic pathway, PPAR signaling pathway, AMPK signaling pathway, TGF-beta signaling pathway, cAMP signaling pathway, cholesterol metabolism, Wnt signaling pathway, and FoxO signaling pathway. In addition to this, the most important reactome enrichment pathways were R-BTA-373813 receptor CXCR2 binding ligands CXCL1 to 7, R-BTA-373791 receptor CXCR1 binding CXCL6 and CXCL8 ligands, R-BTA-210991 basigin interactions, R-BTA-380108 chemokine receptors binding chemokines, R-BTA-445704 calcium binding caldesmon, and R-BTA-5669034 TNFs binding their physiological receptors. Furthermore, the expression trend of the DEGs in these pathways were also exploited. Moreover, the bta-miR-149-5p significantly (p < 0.01) downregulated the mRNA levels of adipogenic marker genes such as CCND2, KLF6, ACSL1, Cdk2, SCD, SIK2, and ZEB1 in bovine adipocytes. In conclusion, our results suggest that bta-miR-149-5p regulates lipid metabolism in bovine adipocytes. The results of this study provide a basis for studying the function and molecular mechanism of the bta-miR-149-5p in regulating bovine adipogenesis.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang CX, Wu ZW, Liu XM, Liang H, Gao ZR, Wang Y, Fang T, Liu YH, Miao YL, Du ZQ. Single-cell RNA-seq reveals mRNAs and lncRNAs important for oocytes in vitro matured in pigs. Reprod Domest Anim 2021; 56:642-657. [PMID: 33496347 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The faithful execution of molecular programme underlying oocyte maturation and meiosis is vital to generate competent haploid gametes for efficient mammalian reproduction. However, the organization and principle of molecular circuits and modules for oocyte meiosis remain obscure. Here, we employed the recently developed single-cell RNA-seq technique to profile the transcriptomes of germinal vesicle (GV) and metaphase II (MII) oocytes, aiming to discover the dynamic changes of mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) during oocyte in vitro meiotic maturation. During the transition from GV to MII, total number of detected RNAs (mRNAs and lncRNAs) in oocytes decreased. Moreover, 1,807 (602 up- and 1,205 down-regulated) mRNAs and 313 (177 up- and 136 down-regulated) lncRNAs were significantly differentially expressed (DE), i.e., more mRNAs down-regulated, but more lncRNAs up-regulated. During maturation of pig oocytes, mitochondrial mRNAs were actively transcribed, eight of which (ND6, ND5, CYTB, ND1, ND2, COX1, COX2 and COX3) were significantly up-regulated. Both DE mRNAs and targets of DE lncRNAs were enriched in multiple biological and signal pathways potentially associated with oocyte meiosis. Highly abundantly expressed mRNAs (including DNMT1, UHRF2, PCNA, ARMC1, BTG4, ASNS and SEP11) and lncRNAs were also discovered. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed 20 hub mRNAs in three modules to be important for oocyte meiosis and maturation. Taken together, our findings provide insights and resources for further functional investigation of mRNAs/lncRNAs in in vitro meiotic maturation of pig oocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Xia Yang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zi-Wei Wu
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Man Liu
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Hao Liang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Zhuo-Ran Gao
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ting Fang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yun-Hua Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yi-Liang Miao
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Du
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|