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Dos Santos GE, Crepaldi C, da Silva MJ, Parise-Maltempi PP. Revealing the Satellite DNA Content in Ancistrus sp. (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) by Genomic and Bioinformatic Analysis. Cytogenet Genome Res 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38631304 DOI: 10.1159/000538926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Eukaryotic genomes are composed of simple, repetitive sequences, including satellite DNAs (satDNA), which are noncoding sequences arranged in tandem arrays. These sequences play a crucial role in genomic functions and innovations, influencing processes such as the maintenance of nuclear material, the formation of heterochromatin and the differentiation of sex chromosomes. In this genomic era, advances in next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics tools have facilitated the exhaustive cataloging of repetitive elements in genomes, particularly in non-model species. This study focuses on the satDNA content of Ancistrus sp., a diverse species of fish from the Loricariidae family. The genus Ancistrus shows significant karyotypic evolution, with extensive variability from the ancestral diploid number. METHODS By means of bioinformatic approaches, 40 satDNA families in Ancistrus sp., constituting 5.19% of the genome were identified. Analysis of the abundance and divergence landscape revealed diverse profiles, indicating recent amplification and homogenization of these satDNA sequences. RESULTS The most abundant satellite, AnSat1-142, constitutes 2.1% of the genome, while the least abundant, AnSat40-52, represents 0.0034%. The length of the monomer repeat varies from 16 to 142 base pairs, with an average length of 61 bp. These results contribute to understanding the genomic dynamics and evolution of satDNAs in Ancistrus sp. CONCLUSION The study underscores the variability of satDNAs between fish species and provides valuable information on chromosome organization and the evolution of repetitive elements in non-model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Esbrisse Dos Santos
- General and Applied Biology Department, Bioscience Institute/São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Carolina Crepaldi
- General and Applied Biology Department, Bioscience Institute/São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo João da Silva
- General and Applied Biology Department, Bioscience Institute/São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
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Kretschmer R, Toma GA, Deon GA, dos Santos N, dos Santos RZ, Utsunomia R, Porto-Foresti F, Gunski RJ, Garnero ADV, Liehr T, de Oliveira EHC, de Freitas TRO, Cioffi MDB. Satellitome Analysis in the Southern Lapwing ( Vanellus chilensis) Genome: Implications for SatDNA Evolution in Charadriiform Birds. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:258. [PMID: 38397247 PMCID: PMC10887557 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Vanellus (Charadriidae; Charadriiformes) comprises around 20 species commonly referred to as lapwings. In this study, by integrating cytogenetic and genomic approaches, we assessed the satellite DNA (satDNA) composition of one typical species, Vanellus chilensis, with a highly conserved karyotype. We additionally underlined its role in the evolution, structure, and differentiation process of the present ZW sex chromosome system. Seven distinct satellite DNA families were identified within its genome, accumulating on the centromeres, microchromosomes, and the W chromosome. However, these identified satellite DNA families were not found in two other Charadriiformes members, namely Jacana jacana and Calidris canutus. The hybridization of microsatellite sequences revealed the presence of a few repetitive sequences in V. chilensis, with only two out of sixteen displaying positive hybridization signals. Overall, our results contribute to understanding the genomic organization and satDNA evolution in Charadriiform birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Kretschmer
- Departamento de Ecologia, Zoologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-900, RS, Brazil;
| | - Gustavo A. Toma
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil; (G.A.T.); (G.A.D.); (M.d.B.C.)
| | - Geize Aparecida Deon
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil; (G.A.T.); (G.A.D.); (M.d.B.C.)
| | - Natalia dos Santos
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru 13506-900, SP, Brazil; (N.d.S.); (R.Z.d.S.); (R.U.); (F.P.-F.)
| | - Rodrigo Zeni dos Santos
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru 13506-900, SP, Brazil; (N.d.S.); (R.Z.d.S.); (R.U.); (F.P.-F.)
| | - Ricardo Utsunomia
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru 13506-900, SP, Brazil; (N.d.S.); (R.Z.d.S.); (R.U.); (F.P.-F.)
| | - Fabio Porto-Foresti
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru 13506-900, SP, Brazil; (N.d.S.); (R.Z.d.S.); (R.U.); (F.P.-F.)
| | - Ricardo José Gunski
- Laboratório de Diversidade Genética Animal, Universidade Federal do Pampa, São Gabriel 97300-162, RS, Brazil; (R.J.G.); (A.D.V.G.)
| | - Analía Del Valle Garnero
- Laboratório de Diversidade Genética Animal, Universidade Federal do Pampa, São Gabriel 97300-162, RS, Brazil; (R.J.G.); (A.D.V.G.)
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Edivaldo Herculano Corra de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Citogenô mica e Mutagênese Ambiental, Seção de Meio Ambiente, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil;
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Thales Renato Ochotorena de Freitas
- Laboratório de Citogenética e Evolução, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91509-900, RS, Brazil;
| | - Marcelo de Bello Cioffi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil; (G.A.T.); (G.A.D.); (M.d.B.C.)
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Cabral-de-Mello DC, Mora P, Rico-Porras JM, Ferretti ABSM, Palomeque T, Lorite P. The spread of satellite DNAs in euchromatin and insights into the multiple sex chromosome evolution in Hemiptera revealed by repeatome analysis of the bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 32:725-737. [PMID: 37615351 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Satellite DNAs (satDNAs) are highly repeated tandem sequences primarily located in heterochromatin, although their occurrence in euchromatin has been reported. Here, our aim was to advance the understanding of satDNA and multiple sex chromosome evolution in heteropterans. We combined cytogenetic and genomic approaches to study, for the first time, the satDNA composition of the genome in an Oxycarenidae bug, Oxycarenus hyalinipennis. The species exhibits a male karyotype of 2n = 19 (14A + 2 m + X1 X2 Y), with a highly differentiated Y chromosome, as demonstrated by C-banding and comparative genomic hybridization, revealing an enrichment of repeats from the male genome. Additionally, comparative analysis between males and females revealed that the 26 identified satDNA families are significantly biased towards male genome, accumulating in discrete regions in the Y chromosome. Exceptionally, the OhyaSat04-125 family was found to be distributed virtually throughout the entire extension of the Y chromosome. This suggests an important role of satDNA in Y chromosome differentiation, in comparison of other repeats, which collectively shows similar abundance between sexes, about 50%. Furthermore, chromosomal mapping of all satDNA families revealed an unexpected high spread in euchromatic regions, covering the entire extension, irrespective of their abundance. Only discrete regions of heterochromatin on the Y chromosome and of the m-chromosomes (peculiar chromosomes commonly observed in heteropterans) were enriched with satDNAs. The putative causes of the intense enrichment of satDNAs in euchromatin are discussed, including the possible existence of burst cycles similar to transposable elements and as a result of holocentricity. These data challenge the classical notion that euchromatin is not enriched with satDNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo C Cabral-de-Mello
- Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Instituto de Biociências/IB, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, Brazil
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Área de Genética, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Pablo Mora
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Área de Genética, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - José M Rico-Porras
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Área de Genética, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Ana B S M Ferretti
- Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Instituto de Biociências/IB, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Teresa Palomeque
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Área de Genética, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Pedro Lorite
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Área de Genética, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
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de Moraes RLR, de Menezes Cavalcante Sassi F, Vidal JAD, Goes CAG, dos Santos RZ, Stornioli JHF, Porto-Foresti F, Liehr T, Utsunomia R, de Bello Cioffi M. Chromosomal Rearrangements and Satellite DNAs: Extensive Chromosome Reshuffling and the Evolution of Neo-Sex Chromosomes in the Genus Pyrrhulina (Teleostei; Characiformes). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13654. [PMID: 37686460 PMCID: PMC10563077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements play a significant role in the evolution of fish genomes, being important forces in the rise of multiple sex chromosomes and in speciation events. Repetitive DNAs constitute a major component of the genome and are frequently found in heterochromatic regions, where satellite DNA sequences (satDNAs) usually represent their main components. In this work, we investigated the association of satDNAs with chromosome-shuffling events, as well as their potential relevance in both sex and karyotype evolution, using the well-known Pyrrhulina fish model. Pyrrhulina species have a conserved karyotype dominated by acrocentric chromosomes present in all examined species up to date. However, two species, namely P. marilynae and P. semifasciata, stand out for exhibiting unique traits that distinguish them from others in this group. The first shows a reduced diploid number (with 2n = 32), while the latter has a well-differentiated multiple X1X2Y sex chromosome system. In addition to isolating and characterizing the full collection of satDNAs (satellitomes) of both species, we also in situ mapped these sequences in the chromosomes of both species. Moreover, the satDNAs that displayed signals on the sex chromosomes of P. semifasciata were also mapped in some phylogenetically related species to estimate their potential accumulation on proto-sex chromosomes. Thus, a large collection of satDNAs for both species, with several classes being shared between them, was characterized for the first time. In addition, the possible involvement of these satellites in the karyotype evolution of P. marilynae and P. semifasciata, especially sex-chromosome formation and karyotype reduction in P. marilynae, could be shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Luiza Rosa de Moraes
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil; (R.L.R.d.M.); (F.d.M.C.S.); (J.A.D.V.)
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Francisco de Menezes Cavalcante Sassi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil; (R.L.R.d.M.); (F.d.M.C.S.); (J.A.D.V.)
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Jhon Alex Dziechciarz Vidal
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil; (R.L.R.d.M.); (F.d.M.C.S.); (J.A.D.V.)
| | - Caio Augusto Gomes Goes
- Faculdade de Ciências, UNESP, Bauru 17033-36, SP, Brazil; (C.A.G.G.); (R.Z.d.S.); (F.P.-F.); (R.U.)
| | - Rodrigo Zeni dos Santos
- Faculdade de Ciências, UNESP, Bauru 17033-36, SP, Brazil; (C.A.G.G.); (R.Z.d.S.); (F.P.-F.); (R.U.)
| | - José Henrique Forte Stornioli
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23890-000, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Fábio Porto-Foresti
- Faculdade de Ciências, UNESP, Bauru 17033-36, SP, Brazil; (C.A.G.G.); (R.Z.d.S.); (F.P.-F.); (R.U.)
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Ricardo Utsunomia
- Faculdade de Ciências, UNESP, Bauru 17033-36, SP, Brazil; (C.A.G.G.); (R.Z.d.S.); (F.P.-F.); (R.U.)
| | - Marcelo de Bello Cioffi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil; (R.L.R.d.M.); (F.d.M.C.S.); (J.A.D.V.)
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
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de Oliveira MPB, Kretschmer R, Deon GA, Toma GA, Ezaz T, Goes CAG, Porto-Foresti F, Liehr T, Utsunomia R, Cioffi MDB. Following the Pathway of W Chromosome Differentiation in Triportheus (Teleostei: Characiformes). BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1114. [PMID: 37626998 PMCID: PMC10452202 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we trace the dynamics of satellite DNAs (SatDNAs) accumulation and elimination along the pathway of W chromosome differentiation using the well-known Triportheus fish model. Triportheus stands out due to a conserved ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system present in all examined species. While the Z chromosome is conserved in all species, the W chromosome is invariably smaller and exhibits differences in size and morphology. The presumed ancestral W chromosome is comparable to that of T. auritus, and contains 19 different SatDNA families. Here, by examining five additional Triportheus species, we showed that the majority of these repetitive sequences were eliminated as speciation was taking place. The W chromosomes continued degeneration, while the Z chromosomes of some species began to accumulate some TauSatDNAs. Additional species-specific SatDNAs that made up the heterochromatic region of both Z and W chromosomes were most likely amplified in each species. Therefore, the W chromosomes of the various Triportheus species have undergone significant evolutionary changes in a short period of time (15-25 Myr) after their divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Kretschmer
- Departamento de Ecologia, Zoologia e Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-610, Brazil;
| | - Geize Aparecida Deon
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sao Carlos 13565-905, Brazil; (M.P.B.d.O.); (G.A.D.); (G.A.T.); (M.d.B.C.)
| | - Gustavo Akira Toma
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sao Carlos 13565-905, Brazil; (M.P.B.d.O.); (G.A.D.); (G.A.T.); (M.d.B.C.)
| | - Tariq Ezaz
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Centre for Conservation Ecology and Genomics, University of Canberra, Canberra 2617, Australia;
| | - Caio Augusto Gomes Goes
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru 13506-900, Brazil; (C.A.G.G.); (F.P.-F.); (R.U.)
| | - Fábio Porto-Foresti
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru 13506-900, Brazil; (C.A.G.G.); (F.P.-F.); (R.U.)
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Ricardo Utsunomia
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru 13506-900, Brazil; (C.A.G.G.); (F.P.-F.); (R.U.)
| | - Marcelo de Bello Cioffi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sao Carlos 13565-905, Brazil; (M.P.B.d.O.); (G.A.D.); (G.A.T.); (M.d.B.C.)
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João Da Silva M, Gazoni T, Haddad CFB, Parise-Maltempi PP. Analysis in Proceratophrys boiei genome illuminates the satellite DNA content in a frog from the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Front Genet 2023; 14:1101397. [PMID: 37065500 PMCID: PMC10095563 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1101397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Satellite DNAs (satDNAs) are one of the most abundant elements in genomes. Characterized as tandemly organized sequences that can be amplified into multiple copies, mainly in heterochromatic regions. The frog P. boiei (2n = 22, ZZ♂/ZW♀) is found in the Brazilian Atlantic forest and has an atypical pattern of heterochromatin distribution when compared to other anuran amphibians, with large pericentromeric blocks on all chromosomes. In addition, females of Proceratophrys boiei have a metacentric sex chromosome W showing heterochromatin in all chromosomal extension. In this work, we performed high-throughput genomic, bioinformatic, and cytogenetic analyses to characterize the satellite DNA content (satellitome) in P. boiei, mainly due to high amount of C-positive heterochromatin and the highly heterochromatic W sex chromosome. After all the analyses, it is remarkable that the satellitome of P. boiei is composed of a high number of satDNA families (226), making P. boiei the frog species with the highest number of satellites described so far. Consistent with the observation of large centromeric C-positive heterochromatin blocks, the genome of P. boiei is enriched with high copy number of repetitive DNAs, with total satDNA abundance comprising 16.87% of the genome. We successfully mapped via Fluorescence in situ hybridization the two most abundant repeats in the genome, PboSat01-176 and PboSat02-192, highlighting the presence of certain satDNAs sequences in strategic chromosomal regions (e.g., centromere and pericentromeric region), which leads to their participation in crucial processes for genomic organization and maintenance. Our study reveals a great diversity of satellite repeats that are driving genomic organization in this frog species. The characterization and approaches regarding satDNAs in this species of frog allowed the confirmation of some insights from satellite biology and a possible relationship with the evolution of sex chromosomes, especially in anuran amphibians, including P. boiei, for which data were not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo João Da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Instituto de Biociências (IB), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Gazoni
- Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Instituto de Biociências (IB), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Célio Fernando Baptista Haddad
- Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura, Instituto de Biociências (IB), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Pasquali Parise-Maltempi
- Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Instituto de Biociências (IB), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Patricia Pasquali Parise-Maltempi,
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Šatović-Vukšić E, Plohl M. Satellite DNAs-From Localized to Highly Dispersed Genome Components. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030742. [PMID: 36981013 PMCID: PMC10048060 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the established classical view, satellite DNAs are defined as abundant non-coding DNA sequences repeated in tandem that build long arrays located in heterochromatin. Advances in sequencing methodologies and development of specialized bioinformatics tools enabled defining a collection of all repetitive DNAs and satellite DNAs in a genome, the repeatome and the satellitome, respectively, as well as their reliable annotation on sequenced genomes. Supported by various non-model species included in recent studies, the patterns of satellite DNAs and satellitomes as a whole showed much more diversity and complexity than initially thought. Differences are not only in number and abundance of satellite DNAs but also in their distribution across the genome, array length, interspersion patterns, association with transposable elements, localization in heterochromatin and/or in euchromatin. In this review, we compare characteristic organizational features of satellite DNAs and satellitomes across different animal and plant species in order to summarize organizational forms and evolutionary processes that may lead to satellitomes' diversity and revisit some basic notions regarding repetitive DNA landscapes in genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Šatović-Vukšić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Miroslav Plohl
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Kretschmer R, Goes CAG, Bertollo LAC, Ezaz T, Porto-Foresti F, Toma GA, Utsunomia R, de Bello Cioffi M. Satellitome analysis illuminates the evolution of ZW sex chromosomes of Triportheidae fishes (Teleostei: Characiformes). Chromosoma 2022; 131:29-45. [PMID: 35099570 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-022-00768-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Satellites are an abundant source of repetitive DNAs that play an essential role in the chromosomal organization and are tightly linked with the evolution of sex chromosomes. Among fishes, Triportheidae stands out as the only family where almost all species have a homeologous ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes system. While the Z chromosome is typically conserved, the W is always smaller, with variations in size and morphology between species. Here, we report an analysis of the satellitome of Triportheus auritus (TauSat) by integrating genomic and chromosomal data, with a special focus on the highly abundant and female-biased satDNAs. In addition, we investigated the evolutionary trajectories of the ZW sex chromosomes in the Triportheidae family by mapping satDNAs in selected representative species of this family. The satellitome of T. auritus comprised 53 satDNA families of which 24 were also hybridized by FISH. Most satDNAs differed significantly between sexes, with 19 out of 24 being enriched on the W chromosome of T. auritus. The number of satDNAs hybridized into the W chromosomes of T. signatus and T. albus decreased to six and four, respectively, in accordance with the size of their W chromosomes. No TauSat probes produced FISH signals on the chromosomes of Agoniates halecinus. Despite its apparent conservation, our results indicate that each species differs in the satDNA accumulation on the Z chromosome. Minimum spanning trees (MSTs), generated for three satDNA families with different patterns of FISH mapping data, revealed different homogenization rates between the Z and W chromosomes. These results were linked to different levels of recombination between them. The most abundant satDNA family (TauSat01) was exclusively hybridized in the centromeres of all 52 chromosomes of T. auritus, and its putative role in the centromere evolution was also highlighted. Our results identified a high differentiation of both ZW chromosomes regarding satellites composition, highlighting their dynamic role in the sex chromosomes evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Kretschmer
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tariq Ezaz
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Gustavo Akira Toma
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Utsunomia
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, ICBS, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo de Bello Cioffi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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