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Zhang Z, Zhong Q, Qian Z, Zeng X, Zhang J, Xu X, Hylkema MN, Nolte IM, Snieder H, Huo X. Alterations of gut microbiota and its metabolomics in children with 6PPDQ, PBDE, PCB, and metal(loid) exposure. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 475:134862. [PMID: 38885585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The composition and metabolites of the gut microbiota can be altered by environmental pollutants. However, the effect of co-exposure to multiple pollutants on the human gut microbiota has not been sufficiently studied. In this study, gut microorganisms and their metabolites were compared between 33 children from Guiyu, an e-waste dismantling and recycling area, and 34 children from Haojiang, a healthy environment. The exposure level was assessed by estimating the daily intake (EDI) of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 6PPD-quinone (6PPDQ), and metal(loid)s in kindergarten dust. Significant correlations were found between the EDIs of 6PPDQ, BDE28, PCB52, Ni, Cu, and the composition of gut microbiota and specific metabolites. The Bayesian kernel machine regression model showed negative correlations between the EDIs of five pollutants (6PPDQ, BDE28, PCB52, Ni, and Cu) and the composition of gut microbiota. The EDIs of these five pollutants were positively correlated with the levels of the metabolite 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, while negatively correlated with the levels of d-erythro-sphingosine and d-threitol. Our study suggests that exposure to 6PPDQ, BDE28, PCB52, Ni, and Cu in kindergarten dust is associated with alterations in the composition and metabolites of the gut microbiota. These alterations may be associated with children's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuxia Zhang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi Zhong
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, Guangdong, China; Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Ziyi Qian
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, Guangdong, China; School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310053, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, Guangdong, China
| | - Xijin Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Machteld N Hylkema
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, Guangdong, China; Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China.
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Abudurexiti M, Abuduhalike R, Naman T, Wupuer N, Duan D, Keranmu M, Mahemuti A. Integrated proteomic and metabolomic profiling reveals novel insights on the inflammation and immune response in HFpEF. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:676. [PMID: 38977985 PMCID: PMC11229282 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10575-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The precise mechanisms leading to the development of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) remain incompletely defined. In this study, an integrative approach utilizing untargeted proteomics and metabolomics was employed to delineate the altered proteomic and metabolomic profiles in patients with HFpEF compared to healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were collected from a prospective cohort consisting of 30 HFpEF participants and 30 healthy controls, matched by gender and age. plasma samples were analyzed by multi-omics platforms. The quantification of plasma proteins and metabolites was performed using data-independent acquisition-based liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), respectively. Additionally, Proteomic and metabolomic results were analyzed separately and integrated using correlation and pathway analysis. This was followed by the execution of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment studies to elucidate the biological relevance of the observed results. RESULTS A total of 46 significantly differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and 102 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were identified. Then, GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed by DEPs and DEMs. Integrated analysis of proteomics and metabolomics has revealed Tuberculosis and African trypanosomiasis pathways that are significantly enriched and the DEPs and DEMs enriched within them, are associated with inflammation and immune response. CONCLUSIONS Integrated proteomic and metabolomic analyses revealed distinct inflammatory and immune response pathways in HFpEF, highlighting novel therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyashaer Abudurexiti
- Department of Heart Failure, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Refukaiti Abuduhalike
- Department of Heart Failure, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tuersunjiang Naman
- Department of Heart Failure, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Nuerdun Wupuer
- Department of Heart Failure, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dongqin Duan
- Department of Heart Failure, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Mayire Keranmu
- Department of Heart Failure, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ailiman Mahemuti
- Department of Heart Failure, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China.
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Zhang F, Zhang Y, Zhou Q, Shi Y, Gao X, Zhai S, Zhang H. Using machine learning to identify proteomic and metabolomic signatures of stroke in atrial fibrillation. Comput Biol Med 2024; 173:108375. [PMID: 38569232 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common cardiac arrhythmia, with stroke being its most detrimental comorbidity. The exact mechanism of AF related stroke (AFS) still needs to be explored. In this study, we integrated proteomics and metabolomics platform to explore disordered plasma proteins and metabolites between AF patients and AFS patients. There were 22 up-regulated and 31 down-regulated differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in AFS plasma samples. Moreover, 63 up-regulated and 51 down-regulated differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were discovered in AFS plasma samples. We integrated proteomics and metabolomics based on the topological interactions of DEPs and DEMs, which yielded revealed several related pathways such as arachidonic acid metabolism, serotonergic synapse, purine metabolism, tyrosine metabolism and steroid hormone biosynthesis. We then performed a machine learning model to identify potential biomarkers of stroke in AF. Finally, we selected 6 proteins and 6 metabolites as candidate biomarkers for predicting stroke in AF by random forest, the area under the curve being 0.976. In conclusion, this study provides new perspectives for understanding the progressive mechanisms of AF related stroke and discovering innovative biomarkers for determining the prognosis of stroke in AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Beidahuang Industry Group General Hospital, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Research Management Office, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yuanqi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Acousto-Optic Electromagnetic Diagnosis and Treatment in Heilongjiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xiangyuan Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Siqi Zhai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Haiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Acousto-Optic Electromagnetic Diagnosis and Treatment in Heilongjiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
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Ouyang J, Wang H, Huang J. The role of lactate in cardiovascular diseases. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:317. [PMID: 37924124 PMCID: PMC10623854 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01350-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases pose a major threat worldwide. Common cardiovascular diseases include acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure, atrial fibrillation (AF) and atherosclerosis. Glycolysis process often has changed during these cardiovascular diseases. Lactate, the end-product of glycolysis, has been overlooked in the past but has gradually been identified to play major biological functions in recent years. Similarly, the role of lactate in cardiovascular disease is gradually being recognized. Targeting lactate production, regulating lactate transport, and modulating circulating lactate levels may serve as potential strategies for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in the future. The purpose of this review is to integrate relevant clinical and basic research on the role of lactate in the pathophysiological process of cardiovascular disease in recent years to clarify the important role of lactate in cardiovascular disease and to guide further studies exploring the role of lactate in cardiovascular and other diseases. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ouyang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
| | - Jiangnan Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
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Mouron S, Bueno MJ, Lluch A, Manso L, Calvo I, Cortes J, Garcia-Saenz JA, Gil-Gil M, Martinez-Janez N, Apala JV, Caleiras E, Ximénez-Embún P, Muñoz J, Gonzalez-Cortijo L, Murillo R, Sánchez-Bayona R, Cejalvo JM, Gómez-López G, Fustero-Torre C, Sabroso-Lasa S, Malats N, Martinez M, Moreno A, Megias D, Malumbres M, Colomer R, Quintela-Fandino M. Phosphoproteomic analysis of neoadjuvant breast cancer suggests that increased sensitivity to paclitaxel is driven by CDK4 and filamin A. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7529. [PMID: 36477027 PMCID: PMC9729295 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35065-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision oncology research is challenging outside the contexts of oncogenic addiction and/or targeted therapies. We previously showed that phosphoproteomics is a powerful approach to reveal patient subsets of interest characterized by the activity of a few kinases where the underlying genomics is complex. Here, we conduct a phosphoproteomic screening of samples from HER2-negative female breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant paclitaxel (N = 130), aiming to find candidate biomarkers of paclitaxel sensitivity. Filtering 11 candidate biomarkers through 2 independent patient sets (N = 218) allowed the identification of a subgroup of patients characterized by high levels of CDK4 and filamin-A who had a 90% chance of achieving a pCR in response to paclitaxel. Mechanistically, CDK4 regulates filamin-A transcription, which in turn forms a complex with tubulin and CLIP-170, which elicits increased binding of paclitaxel to microtubules, microtubule acetylation and stabilization, and mitotic catastrophe. Thus, phosphoproteomics allows the identification of explainable factors for predicting response to paclitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mouron
- Breast Cancer Clinical Research Unit Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas - CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - M J Bueno
- Breast Cancer Clinical Research Unit Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas - CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Lluch
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, Spain
| | - L Manso
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Calvo
- Medical Oncology Department MD, Anderson Cancer Center Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Cortes
- International Breast Cancer Center Quiron Group, Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J A Garcia-Saenz
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Gil-Gil
- Medical Oncoogy Department Institut, Catala d'Oncologia-IDIBELL L'Hospitalet de, Llobregat, Spain
| | - N Martinez-Janez
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - J V Apala
- Breast Cancer Clinical Research Unit Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas - CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Caleiras
- Histopathology Unit Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas - CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Ximénez-Embún
- Proteomics Unit Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas - CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Muñoz
- Proteomics Unit Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas - CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Gonzalez-Cortijo
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Quironsalud, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Murillo
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Quironsalud, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Sánchez-Bayona
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Cejalvo
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, Spain
| | - G Gómez-López
- Bioinformatics Unit Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas - CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Fustero-Torre
- Bioinformatics Unit Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas - CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Sabroso-Lasa
- Genetic & Molecular Epidemiology Group Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas - CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - N Malats
- Genetic & Molecular Epidemiology Group Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas - CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Martinez
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Moreno
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Megias
- Confocal Microscopy Unit Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas - CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Malumbres
- Cell Division and Cancer Group Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas - CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Colomer
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Endowed Chair of Personalized Precision Medicine Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM) - Fundacion Instituto Roche, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Quintela-Fandino
- Breast Cancer Clinical Research Unit Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas - CNIO, Madrid, Spain.
- Endowed Chair of Personalized Precision Medicine Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM) - Fundacion Instituto Roche, Madrid, Spain.
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Zhang H, Wang L, Yin D, Zhou Q, Lv L, Dong Z, Shi Y. Integration of proteomic and metabolomic characterization in atrial fibrillation-induced heart failure. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:789. [PMID: 36456901 PMCID: PMC9714089 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-09044-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exact mechanism of atrial fibrillation (AF)-induced heart failure (HF) remains unclear. Proteomics and metabolomics were integrated to in this study, as to describe AF patients' dysregulated proteins and metabolites, comparing patients without HF to patients with HF. METHODS Plasma samples of 20 AF patients without HF and another 20 with HF were analyzed by multi-omics platforms. Proteomics was performed with data independent acquisition-based liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), as metabolomics was performed with LC-MS/MS platform. Proteomic and metabolomic results were analyzed separately and integrated using univariate statistical methods, multivariate statistical methods or machine learning model. RESULTS We found 35 up-regulated and 15 down-regulated differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in AF patients with HF compared to AF patients without HF. Moreover, 121 up-regulated and 14 down-regulated differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were discovered in HF patients compared to AF patients without HF. An integrated analysis of proteomics and metabolomics revealed several significantly enriched pathways, including Glycolysis or Gluconeogenesis, Tyrosine metabolism and Pentose phosphate pathway. A total of 10 DEPs and DEMs selected as potential biomarkers provided excellent predictive performance, with an AUC of 0.94. In addition, subgroup analysis of HF classification was performed based on metabolomics, which yielded 9 DEMs that can distinguish between AF and HF for HF classification. CONCLUSIONS This study provides novel insights to understanding the mechanisms of AF-induced HF progression and identifying novel biomarkers for prognosis of AF with HF by using metabolomics and proteomics analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyu Zhang
- grid.410736.70000 0001 2204 9268Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Acousto-Optic Electromagnetic Diagnosis and Treatment in Heilongjiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Lu Wang
- grid.410736.70000 0001 2204 9268Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Acousto-Optic Electromagnetic Diagnosis and Treatment in Heilongjiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Dechun Yin
- grid.410736.70000 0001 2204 9268Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Qi Zhou
- grid.410736.70000 0001 2204 9268Research Management Office, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Lin Lv
- grid.410736.70000 0001 2204 9268Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Acousto-Optic Electromagnetic Diagnosis and Treatment in Heilongjiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Zengxiang Dong
- grid.410736.70000 0001 2204 9268Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Acousto-Optic Electromagnetic Diagnosis and Treatment in Heilongjiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Yuanqi Shi
- grid.410736.70000 0001 2204 9268Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Acousto-Optic Electromagnetic Diagnosis and Treatment in Heilongjiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 China
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Lu C, Liu C, Mei D, Yu M, Bai J, Bao X, Wang M, Fu K, Yi X, Ge W, Shen J, Peng Y, Xu W. Comprehensive metabolomic characterization of atrial fibrillation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:911845. [PMID: 36003904 PMCID: PMC9393302 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.911845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundUsing human humoral metabolomic profiling, we can discover the diagnostic biomarkers and pathogenesis of disease. The specific characterization of atrial fibrillation (AF) subtypes with metabolomics may facilitate effective and targeted treatment, especially in early stages.ObjectivesBy investigating disturbed metabolic pathways, we could evaluate the diagnostic value of biomarkers based on metabolomics for different types of AF.MethodsA cohort of 363 patients was enrolled and divided into a discovery and validation set. Patients underwent an electrocardiogram (ECG) for suspected AF. Groups were divided as follows: healthy individuals (Control), suspected AF (Sus-AF), first diagnosed AF (Fir-AF), paroxysmal AF (Par-AF), persistent AF (Per-AF), and AF causing a cardiogenic ischemic stroke (Car-AF). Serum metabolomic profiles were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). Metabolomic variables were analyzed with clinical information to identify relevant diagnostic biomarkers.ResultsThe metabolic disorders were characterized by 16 cross-comparisons. We focused on comparing all of the types of AF (All-AFs) plus Car-AF vs. Control, All-AFs vs. Car-AF, Par-AF vs. Control, and Par-AF vs. Per-AF. Then, 117 and 94 metabolites were identified by GC/MS and LC-QTOF-MS, respectively. The essential altered metabolic pathways during AF progression included D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, etc. For differential diagnosis, the area under the curve (AUC) of specific metabolomic biomarkers ranged from 0.8237 to 0.9890 during the discovery phase, and the predictive values in the validation cohort were 78.8–90.2%.ConclusionsSerum metabolomics is a powerful way to identify metabolic disturbances. Differences in small–molecule metabolites may serve as biomarkers for AF onset, progression, and differential diagnosis.
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