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St. Peter C, Hossain WA, Lovell S, Rafi SK, Butler MG. Mowat-Wilson Syndrome: Case Report and Review of ZEB2 Gene Variant Types, Protein Defects and Molecular Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2838. [PMID: 38474085 PMCID: PMC10932183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Mowat-Wilson syndrome (MWS) is a rare genetic neurodevelopmental congenital disorder associated with various defects of the zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2) gene. The ZEB2 gene is autosomal dominant and encodes six protein domains including the SMAD-binding protein, which functions as a transcriptional corepressor involved in the conversion of neuroepithelial cells in early brain development and as a mediator of trophoblast differentiation. This review summarizes reported ZEB2 gene variants, their types, and frequencies among the 10 exons of ZEB2. Additionally, we summarized their corresponding encoded protein defects including the most common variant, c.2083 C>T in exon 8, which directly impacts the homeodomain (HD) protein domain. This single defect was found in 11% of the 298 reported patients with MWS. This review demonstrates that exon 8 encodes at least three of the six protein domains and accounts for 66% (198/298) of the variants identified. More than 90% of the defects were due to nonsense or frameshift changes. We show examples of protein modeling changes that occurred as a result of ZEB2 gene defects. We also report a novel pathogenic variant in exon 8 in a 5-year-old female proband with MWS. This review further explores other genes predicted to be interacting with the ZEB2 gene and their predicted gene-gene molecular interactions with protein binding effects on embryonic multi-system development such as craniofacial, spine, brain, kidney, cardiovascular, and hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline St. Peter
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd. MS 4015, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (C.S.P.); (W.A.H.); (S.K.R.)
| | - Waheeda A. Hossain
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd. MS 4015, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (C.S.P.); (W.A.H.); (S.K.R.)
| | - Scott Lovell
- Protein Structure Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA;
| | - Syed K. Rafi
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd. MS 4015, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (C.S.P.); (W.A.H.); (S.K.R.)
| | - Merlin G. Butler
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd. MS 4015, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (C.S.P.); (W.A.H.); (S.K.R.)
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Crawford J, Morawski M, Eliason S, Wuebker S, Van Otterloo E, Cao H, Moreno L, Amendt B, Venugopalan SR. Transcriptome analyses of murine right and left maxilla-mandibular complex. Orthod Craniofac Res 2023; 26 Suppl 1:39-47. [PMID: 37073503 PMCID: PMC11292856 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate differential gene expression between murine right and left maxilla-mandibular (MxMn) complexes. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION Wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 embryonic (E) day 14.5 (n = 3) and 18.5 (n = 3) murine embryos. METHODS The E14.5 and 18.5 embryos were harvested and hemi-sectioned the MxMn complexes into right and left halves in the mid-sagittal plane. We isolated total RNA using Trizol reagent and further purified using the RNA-easy kit (QIAGEN). We confirmed equal expression of house-keeping genes in right and left halves using RT-PCR and then performed paired-end whole mRNA sequencing in LC Sciences (Houston, TX) followed by differential transcript analyses (>1 or <-1 log fold change; p < .05; q < .05; and FPKM >0.5 in 2/3 samples). The Mouse Genome Informatics and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man databases as well as gnomAD constraint scores were used to prioritize differentially expressed transcripts. RESULTS There were 19 upregulated and 19 downregulated transcripts at E14.5 and 8 upregulated and 17 downregulated transcripts at E18.5 time-points. These differentially expressed transcripts were statistically significant and shown to be associated with craniofacial phenotypes in mouse models. These transcripts also have significant gnomAD constraint scores and are enriched in biological processes critical for embryogenesis. CONCLUSIONS We identified significant differential expression of transcripts between E14.5 and 18.5 murine right and left MxMn complexes. These findings when extrapolated to humans, they may provide a biological basis for facial asymmetry. Further experiments are required to validate these findings in murine models with craniofacial asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Crawford
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Melissa Morawski
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Steve Eliason
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Samantha Wuebker
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Eric Van Otterloo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Huojun Cao
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Endodontics, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Lina Moreno
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Brad Amendt
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Shankar Rengasamy Venugopalan
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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