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Kim JA, Kim SH, Kim JJ, Noh H, Lee SB, Jeong H, Kim J, Jeon D, Seo JS, On D, Yoon S, Lee SG, Lee YW, Jang HJ, Park IH, Oh J, Seok SH, Lee YJ, Hong SM, An SH, Bae JY, Choi JA, Kim SY, Kim YB, Hwang JY, Lee HJ, Kim HB, Jeong DG, Song D, Song M, Park MS, Choi KS, Park JW, Yun JW, Shin JS, Lee HY, Kwon HK, Seo JY, Nam KT, Gee HY, Seong JK. Immune Cells Are Differentially Affected by SARS-CoV-2 Viral Loads in K18-hACE2 Mice. Immune Netw 2024; 24:e7. [PMID: 38725670 PMCID: PMC11076298 DOI: 10.4110/in.2024.24.e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral load and the duration of viral shedding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are important determinants of the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019. In this study, we examined the effects of viral doses on the lung and spleen of K18-hACE2 transgenic mice by temporal histological and transcriptional analyses. Approximately, 1×105 plaque-forming units (PFU) of SARS-CoV-2 induced strong host responses in the lungs from 2 days post inoculation (dpi) which did not recover until the mice died, whereas responses to the virus were obvious at 5 days, recovering to the basal state by 14 dpi at 1×102 PFU. Further, flow cytometry showed that number of CD8+ T cells continuously increased in 1×102 PFU-virus-infected lungs from 2 dpi, but not in 1×105 PFU-virus-infected lungs. In spleens, responses to the virus were prominent from 2 dpi, and number of B cells was significantly decreased at 1×105 PFU; however, 1×102 PFU of virus induced very weak responses from 2 dpi which recovered by 10 dpi. Although the defense responses returned to normal and the mice survived, lung histology showed evidence of fibrosis, suggesting sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our findings indicate that specific effectors of the immune response in the lung and spleen were either increased or depleted in response to doses of SARS-CoV-2. This study demonstrated that the response of local and systemic immune effectors to a viral infection varies with viral dose, which either exacerbates the severity of the infection or accelerates its elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ah Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jeong Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hyuna Noh
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Su-bin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Haengdueng Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jiseon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Donghun Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jung Seon Seo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Dain On
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Suhyeon Yoon
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sang Gyu Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Youn Woo Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 23488, Korea
| | - Hui Jeong Jang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 23488, Korea
| | - In Ho Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Institute of Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jooyeon Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyuk Seok
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24342, Korea
| | - Yu Jin Lee
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24342, Korea
| | - Seung-Min Hong
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, BK21 PLUS Program for Veterinary Science and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Se-Hee An
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, BK21 PLUS Program for Veterinary Science and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Bae
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Biosafety Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02842, Korea
| | - Jung-ah Choi
- Science Unit, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seo Yeon Kim
- Preclinical Research Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 23488, Korea
| | - Young Been Kim
- Preclinical Research Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 23488, Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Hwang
- Preclinical Research Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 23488, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Lee
- Department of Periodontology, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 23620, Korea
| | - Hong Bin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 23620, Korea
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34242, Korea
| | - Daesub Song
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Manki Song
- Science Unit, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Biosafety Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02842, Korea
| | - Kang-Seuk Choi
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, BK21 PLUS Program for Veterinary Science and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jun Won Park
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24342, Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jeon-Soo Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Institute of Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 23488, Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Ho-Keun Kwon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jun-Young Seo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Heon Yung Gee
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- BIO-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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