A review on the role of miRNA-324 in various diseases

Identification of a Novel hsa_circ_0058058/miR-324-5p Axis and Prognostic/Predictive Molecules for Acute Myeloid Leukemia Outcome by Bioinformatics-Based Analysis

Acute myeloid leukemia (LAML) is one of the most prevalent hematological malignancies. In recent years, while targeted approaches have shown promise in the fight against cancer, the treatability and prognosis of patients remain inadequate due to the shortage of drugs. Noncoding RNAs, especially circular RNA (circRNA) and microRNA (miRNA), have been shown to play a unique role in tumor development. This study aims to identify the disease-associated circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network by bioinformatic analysis and investigate the mechanisms in the development and progression of LAML. Additionally, it reveals the promising roles of these molecules as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for LAML treatment. Using various bioinformatics approaches, we identified the hsa_circ_0058058/miR-324-5p axis in LAML and its possible functions in LAML development. According to our results, hsa circ-0058058 can regulate the expression of AP1G1 and SP1 through miR-324-5p to support angiogenesis, the cell cycle, and DNA replication processes. Downregulation of hsa circ-0058058 may contribute to the anticancer functions of miR-324-5p on LAML tumorigenesis, and upregulation of miR-324-5p can abolish the oncogenic effects of AP1G1 and SP1 on LAML tumorigenesis. Additionally, highly enriched pathways indicated possible interactions between molecules underlying LAML pathology. Targeted molecules within this network may be able to function as therapeutic and diagnostic biomarkers for disease, while more research and clinical confirmation are needed.

Non-coding RNAs in disease: from mechanisms to therapeutics

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a heterogeneous group of transcripts that, by definition, are not translated into proteins. Since their discovery, ncRNAs have emerged as important regulators of multiple biological functions across a range of cell types and tissues, and their dysregulation has been implicated in disease. Notably, much research has focused on the link between microRNAs (miRNAs) and human cancers, although other ncRNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are also emerging as relevant contributors to human disease. In this Review, we summarize our current understanding of the roles of miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs in cancer and other major human diseases, notably cardiovascular, neurological and infectious diseases. Further, we discuss the potential use of ncRNAs as biomarkers of disease and as therapeutic targets.

Small RNA Deep Sequencing of Circulating Small RNAs Discovers a Unique Panel of microRNAs as Feasible and Reliable Biomarkers of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers in Northern Thailand

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to assess the practicality and reliability of utilizing microRNAs (miRNAs) as a potential screening and diagnosing tool for non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) in Northern Thailand.

METHODS

Small RNA sequencing and a literature review was performed to obtain a list of serum miRNA candidates. Serum levels of these selected miRNA candidates were measured in patients with NSCLC and healthy volunteers by real-time RT-PCR and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) were used to assess diagnostic performance.

RESULTS

Sequencing data revealed 148 known miRNAs and 230 novel putative miRNAs in serum samples; 19 serum miRNAs were significantly downregulated and 242 were upregulated. Seven miRNAs selected according to sequencing data and 11 miRNAs according to previous reports were evaluated in training cohort (45 lung cancer patients, 26 controls) and 6 miRNAs were found differentially expressed (p < 0.05, Mann Whitney U test) and associated (p < 0.05, Chi-square test) with NSCLC development. Further analysis and verification identified an optimal combination of 4 miRNAs composed of hsa-miR23a, hsa-miR26b, hsa-miR4488 and novel-130 to provide the optimal AUC of 0.901±0.034. Detection of serum miRNA by real-time RT-PCR showed good reproducibility with the coefficient of variation (CV) ≤ 4%. The optimal screening miRNAs panel was primarily identified through sequencing data of local patient population, thus indicating that the etiology of NSCLCs may differ from one population to other and thus require a unique panel of miRNAs for their identification.

CONCLUSION

Circulating miRNA is a feasible screening tool for NSCLCs. Nevertheless, populations with different lung cancer etiology may need to identify their own most suitable miRNA panel.

The potential role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of salivary gland cancer - A Focus on signaling pathways interplay

Salivary gland cancer (SGC) is immensely heterogeneous, both in terms of its physical manifestation and its aggressiveness. Developing a novel diagnostic and prognostic detection method based on the noninvasive profiling of microribonucleic acids (miRs) could be a goal for the clinical management of these specific malignancies, sparing the patients' valuable time. miRs are promising candidates as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets or factors that can advance the therapy of SGC due to their ability to posttranscriptionally regulate the expression of various genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, cell cycle, apoptosis, invasion, and angiogenesis. Depending on their biological function, many miRs may contribute to the development of SGC. Therefore, this article serves as an accelerated study guide for SGC and the biogenesis of miRs. Here, we shall list the miRs whose function in SGC pathogenesis has recently been determined with an emphasis on their potential applications as therapeutic targets. We will also offer a synopsis of the current state of knowledge about oncogenic and tumor suppressor miRs in relation to SGC.