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Bonilla DA, Orozco CA, Forero DA, Odriozola A. Techniques, procedures, and applications in host genetic analysis. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2024; 111:1-79. [PMID: 38908897 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
This chapter overviews genetic techniques' fundamentals and methodological features, including different approaches, analyses, and applications that have contributed to advancing health and disease. The aim is to describe laboratory methodologies and analyses employed to understand the genetic landscape of different biological contexts, from conventional techniques to cutting-edge technologies. Besides describing detailed aspects of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and derived types as one of the principles for many novel techniques, we also discuss microarray analysis, next-generation sequencing, and genome editing technologies such as transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems. These techniques study several phenotypes, ranging from autoimmune disorders to viral diseases. The significance of integrating diverse genetic methodologies and tools to understand host genetics comprehensively and addressing the ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) associated with using genetic information is highlighted. Overall, the methods, procedures, and applications in host genetic analysis provided in this chapter furnish researchers and practitioners with a roadmap for navigating the dynamic landscape of host-genome interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Bonilla
- Hologenomiks Research Group, Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society-DBSS International SAS, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Carlos A Orozco
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diego A Forero
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adrián Odriozola
- Hologenomiks Research Group, Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
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Guo X, Zhu Y, Pan Z, Pan H, Li H. Single primer site-specific nested PCR for accurate and rapid genome-walking. J Microbiol Methods 2024; 220:106926. [PMID: 38555034 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2024.106926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Genome-walking is a molecular tool used to unveil uncharacterized DNA regions flanking a known DNA, which has been widely used in bioscience and related areas. This study developed a reliable and efficient PCR-based genome-walking approach, named as single primer site-specific nested PCR (SPN-PCR). A SPN-PCR set sequentially consists of three single-primer nested PCR amplifications. The primary relaxed thermal cycle promotes outmost nested site-specific primer (NSSP) to partially combine with numerous places on DNA template, synthesizing many single-stranded DNAs (ssDNA). Among them, the target ssDNA is exponentially amplified in the subsequent stringent cycles, as its 3' part possesses the outmost NSSP complement; but a non-target ssDNA cannot be amplified, because it does not possess such a complement. Stringent secondary and tertiary PCRs also exclusively enrich this target DNA. Finally, the target DNA product becomes predominant. The feasibility of SPN-PCR was validated by genome-walking several selected genes from two divergent species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China; International Institute of Food Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Yisong Zhu
- Hangzhou Xiaoshan Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311200, PR China
| | - Zhenkang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China; International Institute of Food Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Hao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China; International Institute of Food Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Haixing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China; International Institute of Food Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China.
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Chen H, Wei C, Lin Z, Pei J, Pan H, Li H. Protocol to retrieve unknown flanking DNA sequences using semi-site-specific PCR-based genome walking. STAR Protoc 2024; 5:102864. [PMID: 38308839 PMCID: PMC10850853 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2024.102864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe a protocol based on semi-site-specific primer PCR (3SP-PCR) to access unknown flanking DNA sequences. We specify the guidelines for designing primers for 3SP-PCR. We also describe experimental procedures for the 3SP-PCR, along with PCR product purification and subsequent sequencing and analysis. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Wei et al.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P.R. China
| | - Jinfen Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China
| | - Hao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P.R. China
| | - Haixing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P.R. China.
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Li H, Lin Z, Guo X, Pan Z, Pan H, Wang D. Primer extension refractory PCR: an efficient and reliable genome walking method. Mol Genet Genomics 2024; 299:27. [PMID: 38466442 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-024-02126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Genome walking, a molecular technique for obtaining unknown flanking genomic sequences from a known genomic sequence, has been broadly applied to determine transgenic sites, mine new genetic resources, and fill in chromosomal gaps. This technique has advanced genomics, genetics, and related disciplines. Here, an efficient and reliable genome walking technique, called primer extension refractory PCR (PER-PCR), is presented. PER-PCR uses a set of primary, secondary, and tertiary walking primers. The middle 15 nt of the primary walking primer overlaps with the 3' parts of the secondary and tertiary primers. The 5' parts of the three primers are heterologous to each other. The short overlap allows the walking primer to anneal to its predecessor only in a relaxed-stringency PCR cycle, resulting in a series of single-stranded DNAs; however, the heterologous 5' part prevents the creation of a perfect binding site for the walking primer. In the next stringent cycle, the target single strand can be extended into a double-stranded DNA molecule by the sequence-specific primer and thus can be exponentially amplified by the remaining stringent cycles. The nontarget single strand fails to be enriched due to the lack of a perfect binding site for any primer. PER-PCR was validated by extension into unknown flanking regions of the hyg gene in rice and the gadR gene in Levilactobacillus brevis CD0817. In summary, in this study, a new practical PER-PCR method was constructed as a potential alternative to existing genome walking methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
- Boya Bio-Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, High-Tech Industrial Development Zone, Fuzhou, 344100, People's Republic of China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenkang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongying Wang
- Physical Education Department, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
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Pan H, Guo X, Pan Z, Wang R, Tian B, Li H. Fork PCR: a universal and efficient genome-walking tool. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1265580. [PMID: 37808312 PMCID: PMC10556450 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1265580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The reported genome-walking methods still suffer from some deficiencies, such as cumbersome experimental steps, short target amplicon, or deep background. Here, a simple and practical fork PCR was proposed for genome-walking. The fork PCR employs a fork primer set of three random oligomers to implement walking task. In primary fork PCR, the low-stringency amplification cycle mediates the random binding of primary fork primer to some places on genome, producing a batch of single-stranded DNAs. In the subsequent high-stringency amplification, the target single-strand is processed into double-strand by the site-specific primer, but a non-target single-stranded DNA cannot be processed by any primer. As a result, only the target DNA can be exponentially amplified in the remaining high-stringency cycles. Secondary/tertiary nested fork PCR(s) further magnifies the amplification difference between the both DNAs by selectively enriching target DNA. The applicability of fork PCR was validated by walking several gene loci. The fork PCR could be a perspective substitution for the existing genome-walking schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xinyue Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhenkang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Rongrong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bingkun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Haixing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Li H, Pei J, Wei C, Lin Z, Pan H, Pan Z, Guo X, Yu Z. Sodium-Ion-Free Fermentative Production of GABA with Levilactobacillus brevis CD0817. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13050608. [PMID: 37233649 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has positive effects on many physiological processes. Lactic acid bacterial production of GABA is a future trend. This study aimed to produce a sodium-ion-free GABA fermentation process for Levilactobacillus brevis CD0817. In this fermentation, both the seed and fermentation media used L-glutamic acid instead of monosodium L-glutamate as the substrate. We optimized the key factors influencing GABA formation, adopting Erlenmeyer flask fermentation. The optimized values of the key factors of glucose, yeast extract, Tween 80, manganese ion, and fermentation temperature were 10 g/L, 35 g/L, 1.5 g/L, 0.2 mM, and 30 °C, respectively. Based on the optimized data, a sodium-ion-free GABA fermentation process was developed using a 10-L fermenter. During the fermentation, L-glutamic acid powder was continuously dissolved to supply substrate and to provide the acidic environment essential for GABA synthesis. The current bioprocess accumulated GABA at up to 331 ± 8.3 g/L after 48 h. The productivity of GABA was 6.9 g/L/h and the molar conversion rate of the substrate was 98.1%. These findings demonstrate that the proposed method is promising in the fermentative preparation of GABA by lactic acid bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jinfeng Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Cheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Zhiyu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Hao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zhenkang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xinyue Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Zhou Yu
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
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Wang L, Jia M, Li Z, Liu X, Sun T, Pei J, Wei C, Lin Z, Li H. Protocol to access unknown flanking DNA sequences using Wristwatch-PCR for genome-walking. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102037. [PMID: 36853735 PMCID: PMC9871321 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.102037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we describe a protocol for wristwatch PCR, an approach based on wristwatch-like structure formed between walking primers to obtain unknown flanks. We specify the criteria for designing wristwatch primers and gene-specific primers. We detail how to set wristwatch primer permutations to obtain personalized walking outcomes and improve walking efficiency. We describe experimental procedures for isolating a DNA of interest using three rounds of nested wristwatch PCR as well as the subsequent steps for DNA purification, cloning, and sequencing. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Wang et al. (2022).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Mengya Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Zhaoqin Li
- Charles W. Davidson College of Engineering, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Tianyi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Cheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Zhiyu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Haixing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China.
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Bridging PCR: An Efficient and Reliable Scheme Implemented for Genome-Walking. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:501-511. [PMID: 36661519 PMCID: PMC9857710 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of the available genome-walking methods is restricted by low specificity, high background, or composite operations. We herein conceived bridging PCR, an efficient genome-walking approach. Three primers with random sequences, inner walker primer (IWP), bridging primer (BP), and outer walker primer (OWP), are involved in bridging PCR. The BP is fabricated by splicing OWP to the 5'-end of IWP's 5'-part. A bridging PCR set is constituted by three rounds of amplification reactions, sequentially performed by IWP, BP plus OWP, and OWP, respectively pairing with three nested sequence-specific primers (SSP). A non-target product arising from IWP alone undergoes end-lengthening mediated by BP. This modified non-target product is a preferentially formed hairpin between the lengthened ends, instead of binding with shorter OWP. Meanwhile, a non-target product, triggered by SSP alone or SSP plus IWP, is removed by nested SSP. As a result, only the target DNA is accumulated. The efficacy of bridging PCR was validated by walking the gadA/R genes of Levilactobacillus brevis CD0817 and the hyg gene of rice.
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Wei C, Lin Z, Pei J, Pan H, Li H. Semi-Site-Specific Primer PCR: A Simple but Reliable Genome-Walking Tool. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:512-523. [PMID: 36661520 PMCID: PMC9857434 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-walking has been frequently applied to molecular biology and related areas. Herein, a simple but reliable genome-walking technique, termed semi-site-specific primer PCR (3SP-PCR), is presented. The key to 3SP-PCR is the use of a semi-site-specific primer in secondary PCR that partially overlaps its corresponding primary site-specific primer. A 3SP-PCR set comprises two rounds of nested amplification reactions. In each round of reaction, any primer is allowed to partially anneal to the DNA template once only in the single relaxed-stringency cycle, creating a pool of single-stranded DNAs. The target single-stranded DNA can be converted into a double-stranded molecule directed by the site-specific primer, and thus can be exponentially amplified by the subsequent high-stringency cycles. The non-target one cannot be converted into a double-strand due to the lack of a perfect binding site to any primer, and thus fails to be amplified. We validated the 3SP-PCR method by using it to probe the unknown DNA regions of rice hygromycin genes and Levilactobacillus brevis CD0817 glutamic acid decarboxylase genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Zhiyu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jinfeng Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Hao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Haixing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Correspondence:
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