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Carbone F, Russo C, Colamatteo A, La Rocca C, Fusco C, Matarese A, Procaccini C, Matarese G. Cellular and molecular signaling towards T cell immunological self-tolerance. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107134. [PMID: 38432631 PMCID: PMC10981134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The binding of a cognate antigen to T cell receptor (TCR) complex triggers a series of intracellular events controlling T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation. Upon TCR engagement, different negative regulatory feedback mechanisms are rapidly activated to counterbalance T cell activation, thus preventing excessive signal propagation and promoting the induction of immunological self-tolerance. Both positive and negative regulatory processes are tightly controlled to ensure the effective elimination of foreign antigens while limiting surrounding tissue damage and autoimmunity. In this context, signals deriving from co-stimulatory molecules (i.e., CD80, CD86), co-inhibitory receptors (PD-1, CTLA-4), the tyrosine phosphatase CD45 and cytokines such as IL-2 synergize with TCR-derived signals to guide T cell fate and differentiation. The balance of these mechanisms is also crucial for the generation of CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, a cellular subset involved in the control of immunological self-tolerance. This review provides an overview of the most relevant pathways induced by TCR activation combined with those derived from co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules implicated in the cell-intrinsic modulation of T cell activation. In addition to the latter, we dissected mechanisms responsible for T cell-mediated suppression of immune cell activation through regulatory T cell generation, homeostasis, and effector functions. We also discuss how imbalanced signaling derived from TCR and accessory molecules can contribute to autoimmune disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fortunata Carbone
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli, Italy; Unità di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy
| | - Claudia Russo
- D.A.I. Medicina di Laboratorio e Trasfusionale, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandra Colamatteo
- Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudia La Rocca
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Clorinda Fusco
- Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandro Matarese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Procaccini
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli, Italy; Unità di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli, Italy; Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy.
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2
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Heimli M, Flåm ST, Hjorthaug HS, Trinh D, Frisk M, Dumont KA, Ribarska T, Tekpli X, Saare M, Lie BA. Multimodal human thymic profiling reveals trajectories and cellular milieu for T agonist selection. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1092028. [PMID: 36741401 PMCID: PMC9895842 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1092028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To prevent autoimmunity, thymocytes expressing self-reactive T cell receptors (TCRs) are negatively selected, however, divergence into tolerogenic, agonist selected lineages represent an alternative fate. As thymocyte development, selection, and lineage choices are dependent on spatial context and cell-to-cell interactions, we have performed Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes by sequencing (CITE-seq) and spatial transcriptomics on paediatric human thymus. Thymocytes expressing markers of strong TCR signalling diverged from the conventional developmental trajectory prior to CD4+ or CD8+ lineage commitment, while markers of different agonist selected T cell populations (CD8αα(I), CD8αα(II), T(agonist), Treg(diff), and Treg) exhibited variable timing of induction. Expression profiles of chemokines and co-stimulatory molecules, together with spatial localisation, supported that dendritic cells, B cells, and stromal cells contribute to agonist selection, with different subsets influencing thymocytes at specific developmental stages within distinct spatial niches. Understanding factors influencing agonist T cells is needed to benefit from their immunoregulatory effects in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marte Heimli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siri Tennebø Flåm
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Don Trinh
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Frisk
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,KG Jebsen Centre for Cardiac Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karl-Andreas Dumont
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Teodora Ribarska
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Xavier Tekpli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mario Saare
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Benedicte Alexandra Lie
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,*Correspondence: Benedicte Alexandra Lie,
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3
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McRitchie BR, Akkaya B. Exhaust the exhausters: Targeting regulatory T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:940052. [PMID: 36248808 PMCID: PMC9562032 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of cancer immunotherapy has gained immense momentum over the recent years. The advancements in checkpoint blockade have led to a notable progress in treating a plethora of cancer types. However, these approaches also appear to have stalled due to factors such as individuals' genetic make-up, resistant tumor sub-types and immune related adverse events (irAE). While the major focus of immunotherapies has largely been alleviating the cell-intrinsic defects of CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), amending the relationship between tumor specific CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells has started driving attention as well. A major roadblock to improve the cross-talk between CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells is the immune suppressive action of tumor infiltrating T regulatory (Treg) cells. Despite their indispensable in protecting tissues against autoimmune threats, Tregs have also been under scrutiny for helping tumors thrive. This review addresses how Tregs establish themselves at the TME and suppress anti-tumor immunity. Particularly, we delve into factors that promote Treg migration into tumor tissue and discuss the unique cellular and humoral composition of TME that aids survival, differentiation and function of intratumoral Tregs. Furthermore, we summarize the potential suppression mechanisms used by intratumoral Tregs and discuss ways to target those to ultimately guide new immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayley R. McRitchie
- Department of Neurology, The College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Billur Akkaya
- Department of Neurology, The College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Billur Akkaya,
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4
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Liang Z, Zhang Q, Zhang Z, Sun L, Dong X, Li T, Tan L, Xie X, Sun L, Zhao Y. The Development and Survival of Thymic Epithelial Cells Require TSC1-Dependent Negative Regulation of mTORC1 Activity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2039-2050. [PMID: 34535574 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are critical for the development and generation of functionally competent T cells. Until now, the mechanism that regulates the survival of TECs is poorly understood. In the current study, we found that Tsc1 controls the homeostasis of medullary TECs (mTECs) by inhibiting lysosomal-mediated apoptosis pathway in mice. TEC-specific deletion of Tsc1 predominately decreased the cell number of mTECs and, to a lesser content, affected the development cortical TECs. The defect of mTECs caused by Tsc1 deficiency in mice impaired thymocyte development and peripheral T cell homeostasis. Mechanistically, Tsc1 deficiency did not affect the cell proliferation of mTECs but increased the apoptosis of mTECs significantly. RNA-sequencing analysis showed that pathways involved in lysosomal biogenesis, cell metabolism, and apoptosis were remarkably elevated in Tsc1-deficient mTECs compared with their wild-type counterparts. Tsc1-deficient mTECs exhibited overproduction of reactive oxygen species and malfunction of lysosome, with lysosome membrane permeabilization and the release of cathepsin B and cathepsin L to the cytosol, which then lead to Bid cleaved into active truncated Bid and subsequently intrinsic apoptosis. Finally, we showed that the impaired development of mTECs could be partially reversed by decreasing mTORC1 activity via haploinsufficiency of Raptor Thus, Tsc1 is essential for the homeostasis of mTECs by inhibiting lysosomal-mediated apoptosis through mTORC1-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanfeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianxiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Tan
- Department of Urological Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xubiao Xie
- Department of Urological Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liguang Sun
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China; and .,National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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5
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Abstract
Foxp3-expressing CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells play key roles in the prevention of autoimmunity and the maintenance of immune homeostasis and represent a major barrier to the induction of robust antitumor immune responses. Thus, a clear understanding of the mechanisms coordinating Treg cell differentiation is crucial for understanding numerous facets of health and disease and for developing approaches to modulate Treg cells for clinical benefit. Here, we discuss current knowledge of the signals that coordinate Treg cell development, the antigen-presenting cell types that direct Treg cell selection, and the nature of endogenous Treg cell ligands, focusing on evidence from studies in mice. We also highlight recent advances in this area and identify key unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Savage
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA; , ,
| | - David E J Klawon
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA; , ,
| | - Christine H Miller
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA; , ,
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6
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LKB1 expressed in dendritic cells governs the development and expansion of thymus-derived regulatory T cells. Cell Res 2019; 29:406-419. [PMID: 30940876 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-019-0161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver Kinase B1 (LKB1) plays a key role in cellular metabolism by controlling AMPK activation. However, its function in dendritic cell (DC) biology has not been addressed. Here, we find that LKB1 functions as a critical brake on DC immunogenicity, and when lost, leads to reduced mitochondrial fitness and increased maturation, migration, and T cell priming of peripheral DCs. Concurrently, loss of LKB1 in DCs enhances their capacity to promote output of regulatory T cells (Tregs) from the thymus, which dominates the outcome of peripheral immune responses, as suggested by increased resistance to asthma and higher susceptibility to cancer in CD11cΔLKB1 mice. Mechanistically, we find that loss of LKB1 specifically primes thymic CD11b+ DCs to facilitate thymic Treg development and expansion, which is independent from AMPK signalling, but dependent on mTOR and enhanced phospholipase C β1-driven CD86 expression. Together, our results identify LKB1 as a critical regulator of DC-driven effector T cell and Treg responses both in the periphery and the thymus.
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Łyszkiewicz M, Winter SJ, Witzlau K, Föhse L, Brownlie R, Puchałka J, Verheyden NA, Kunze-Schumacher H, Imelmann E, Blume J, Raha S, Sekiya T, Yoshimura A, Frueh JT, Ullrich E, Huehn J, Weiss S, Gutierrez MG, Prinz I, Zamoyska R, Ziętara N, Krueger A. miR-181a/b-1 controls thymic selection of Treg cells and tunes their suppressive capacity. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e2006716. [PMID: 30856173 PMCID: PMC6428341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interdependence of selective cues during development of regulatory T cells (Treg cells) in the thymus and their suppressive function remains incompletely understood. Here, we analyzed this interdependence by taking advantage of highly dynamic changes in expression of microRNA 181 family members miR-181a-1 and miR-181b-1 (miR-181a/b-1) during late T-cell development with very high levels of expression during thymocyte selection, followed by massive down-regulation in the periphery. Loss of miR-181a/b-1 resulted in inefficient de novo generation of Treg cells in the thymus but simultaneously permitted homeostatic expansion in the periphery in the absence of competition. Modulation of T-cell receptor (TCR) signal strength in vivo indicated that miR-181a/b-1 controlled Treg-cell formation via establishing adequate signaling thresholds. Unexpectedly, miR-181a/b-1-deficient Treg cells displayed elevated suppressive capacity in vivo, in line with elevated levels of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated 4 (CTLA-4) protein, but not mRNA, in thymic and peripheral Treg cells. Therefore, we propose that intrathymic miR-181a/b-1 controls development of Treg cells and imposes a developmental legacy on their peripheral function.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Flow Cytometry
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Thymocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Łyszkiewicz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martiensried, Germany
| | - Samantha J. Winter
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katrin Witzlau
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lisa Föhse
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rebecca Brownlie
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jacek Puchałka
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikita A. Verheyden
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Heike Kunze-Schumacher
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Esther Imelmann
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jonas Blume
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Solaiman Raha
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Takashi Sekiya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jochen T. Frueh
- Experimental Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- Experimental Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rose Zamoyska
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Ziętara
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martiensried, Germany
| | - Andreas Krueger
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
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9
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Liang Z, Zhang L, Su H, Luan R, Na N, Sun L, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Li J, Zhang L, Zhao Y. MTOR signaling is essential for the development of thymic epithelial cells and the induction of central immune tolerance. Autophagy 2018; 14:505-517. [PMID: 29099279 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1376161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are critical for the establishment and maintenance of appropriate microenvironment for the positive and negative selection of thymocytes and the induction of central immune tolerance. Yet, little about the molecular regulatory network on TEC development and function is understood. Here, we demonstrate that MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin [serine/threonine kinase]) is essential for proper development and functional maturation of TECs. Pharmacological inhibition of MTOR activity by rapamycin (RPM) causes severe thymic atrophy and reduction of TECs. TEC-specific deletion of Mtor causes the severe reduction of mTECs, the blockage of thymocyte differentiation and output, the reduced generation of thymic regulatory T (Treg) cells and the impaired expression of tissue-restricted antigens (TRAs) including Fabp2, Ins1, Tff3 and Chrna1 molecules. Importantly, specific deletion of Mtor in TECs causes autoimmune diseases characterized by enhanced tissue immune cell infiltration and the presence of autoreactive antibodies. Mechanistically, Mtor deletion causes overdegradation of CTNNB1/Beta-Catenin due to excessive autophagy and the attenuation of WNT (wingless-type MMTV integration site family) signaling in TECs. Selective inhibition of autophagy significantly rescued the poor mTEC development caused by Mtor deficiency. Altogether, MTOR is essential for TEC development and maturation by regulating proliferation and WNT signaling activity through autophagy. The present study also implies that long-term usage of RPM might increase the risk of autoimmunity by impairing TEC maturation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanfeng Liang
- a State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,b College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Lianjun Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Huiting Su
- a State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,b College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Rong Luan
- a State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Ning Na
- c Department of Kidney Transplantation , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Lina Sun
- a State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Yang Zhao
- a State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,b College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- d Department of Urology , Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University , Chaoyang District, Beijing , China
| | - Qian Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,b College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Juan Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,b College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- e Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Yong Zhao
- a State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,b College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
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10
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Hu DY, Wirasinha RC, Goodnow CC, Daley SR. IL-2 prevents deletion of developing T-regulatory cells in the thymus. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1007-1016. [PMID: 28362433 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the thymus, strongly self-reactive T cells may undergo apoptotic deletion or differentiate into Foxp3+ T-regulatory (T-reg) cells. Mechanisms that partition T cells into these two fates are unclear. Here, we show that IL-2 signalling is required to prevent deletion of CD4+ CD8- CCR7+ Helios+ thymocytes poised to upregulate Foxp3. The deletion prevented by IL-2 signalling is Foxp3 independent and occurs later in thymocyte development than the deletion that is prevented by Card11 signalling. Our results distinguish two bottlenecks at which strongly self-reactive thymocytes undergo deletion or progress to the next stage of T-reg differentiation; Card11 regulates the first bottleneck and IL-2 regulates the second.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Y Hu
- Immunology Department, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
| | - Rushika C Wirasinha
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Immunology Department, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia.,Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Stephen R Daley
- Immunology Department, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
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11
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Daley SR, Teh C, Hu DY, Strasser A, Gray DH. Cell death and thymic tolerance. Immunol Rev 2017; 277:9-20. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R. Daley
- Infection and Immunity Program; Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Monash University; Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Charis Teh
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology; The University of Melbourne; Parkville VIC Australia
| | | | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology; The University of Melbourne; Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Daniel H.D. Gray
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology; The University of Melbourne; Parkville VIC Australia
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12
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T cell receptor signalling in the control of regulatory T cell differentiation and function. Nat Rev Immunol 2016; 16:220-33. [PMID: 27026074 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2016.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (TReg cells), a specialized T cell lineage, have a pivotal function in the control of self tolerance and inflammatory responses. Recent studies have revealed a discrete mode of T cell receptor (TCR) signalling that regulates TReg cell differentiation, maintenance and function and that affects gene expression, metabolism, cell adhesion and migration of these cells. Here, we discuss the emerging understanding of TCR-guided differentiation of TReg cells in the context of their function in health and disease.
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13
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Perry JSA, Hsieh CS. Development of T-cell tolerance utilizes both cell-autonomous and cooperative presentation of self-antigen. Immunol Rev 2016; 271:141-55. [PMID: 27088912 PMCID: PMC4837647 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of T-cell self-tolerance in the thymus is important for establishing immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmunity. Here, we review the components of T-cell tolerance, which includes T-cell receptor (TCR) self-reactivity, costimulation, cytokines, and antigen presentation by a variety of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) subsets. We discuss the current evidence on the process of regulatory T (Treg) cell and negative selection and the importance of TCR signaling. We then examine recent evidence showing unique roles for bone marrow (BM)-derived APCs and medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) on the conventional and Treg TCR repertoire, as well as emerging data on the role of B cells in tolerance. Finally, we review the accumulating data that suggest that cooperative antigen presentation is a prominent component of T -ell tolerance. With the development of tools to interrogate the function of individual APC subsets in the medulla, we have gained greater understanding of the complex cellular and molecular events that determine T-cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S A Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Chyi-Song Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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14
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Spitz C, Winkels H, Bürger C, Weber C, Lutgens E, Hansson GK, Gerdes N. Regulatory T cells in atherosclerosis: critical immune regulatory function and therapeutic potential. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:901-22. [PMID: 26518635 PMCID: PMC11108393 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is mediated by innate and adaptive immune responses. The disease is characterized by sub-endothelial accumulation and modification of lipids in the artery wall triggering an inflammatory reaction which promotes lesion progression and eventual plaque rupture, thrombus formation, and the respective clinical sequelae such as myocardial infarction or stroke. During the past decade, T-cell-mediated immune responses, especially control of pro-inflammatory signals by regulatory T cells (Tregs), have increasingly attracted the interest of experimental and clinical researchers. By suppression of T cell proliferation and secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β, Tregs exert their atheroprotective properties. Atherosclerosis-prone, hyperlipidemic mice harbor systemically less Tregs compared to wild-type mice, suggesting an imbalance of immune cells which affects local and systemic inflammatory and potentially metabolic processes leading to atherogenesis. Restoring or increasing Treg frequency and enhancing their suppressive capacity by various modulations may pose a promising approach for treating inflammatory conditions such as cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we briefly summarize the immunological basics of atherosclerosis and introduce the role and contribution of different subsets of T cells. We then discuss experimental data and current knowledge pertaining to Tregs in atherosclerosis and perspectives on manipulating the adaptive immune system to alleviate atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Spitz
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Holger Winkels
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christina Bürger
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Göran K Hansson
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Norbert Gerdes
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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15
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van Nieuwenhuijze A, Liston A. The Molecular Control of Regulatory T Cell Induction. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 136:69-97. [PMID: 26615093 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are characterized by the expression of the master transcription factor forkhead box P3 (Foxp3). Although Foxp3 expression is widely used as a marker of the Treg lineage, recent data show that the Treg fate is determined by a multifactorial signaling pathway, involving cytokines, nuclear factors, and epigenetic modifications. Foxp3 expression and the Treg phenotype can be acquired by T cells in the periphery, illustrating that the Treg fate is not necessarily conferred during thymic development. The two main Treg populations in vivo, thymic Tregs and peripheral Tregs, differ in the pathways followed for their maturation. This chapter discusses the molecular control of Treg induction, in the thymus as well as the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie van Nieuwenhuijze
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Adrian Liston
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Treg Cell Differentiation: From Thymus to Peripheral Tissue. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 136:175-205. [PMID: 26615097 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial mediators of self-tolerance in the periphery. They differentiate in the thymus, where interactions with thymus-resident antigen-presenting cells, an instructive cytokine milieu, and stimulation of the T cell receptor lead to the selection into the Treg lineage and the induction of Foxp3 gene expression. Once mature, Treg cells leave the thymus and migrate into either the secondary lymphoid tissues, e.g., lymph nodes and spleen, or peripheral nonlymphoid tissues. There is growing evidence that Treg cells go beyond the classical modulation of immune responses and also play important functional roles in nonlymphoid peripheral tissues. In this review, we summarize recent findings about the thymic Treg lineage differentiation as well as the further specialization of Treg cells in the secondary lymphoid and in the peripheral nonlymphoid organs.
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17
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Skogberg G, Telemo E, Ekwall O. Exosomes in the Thymus: Antigen Transfer and Vesicles. Front Immunol 2015; 6:366. [PMID: 26257734 PMCID: PMC4507453 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymocytes go through several steps of maturation and selection in the thymus in order to form a functional pool of effector T-cells and regulatory T-cells in the periphery. Close interactions between thymocytes, thymic epithelial cells, and dendritic cells are of vital importance for the maturation, selection, and lineage decision of the thymocytes. One important question that is still unanswered is how a relatively small epithelial cell population can present a vast array of self-antigens to the manifold larger population of developing thymocytes in this selection process. Here, we review and discuss the literature concerning antigen transfer from epithelial cells with a focus on exosomes. Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles released from a cell into the extracellular space. These vesicles can carry proteins, microRNAs, and mRNAs between cells and are thus able to participate in intercellular communication. Exosomes have been shown to be produced by thymic epithelial cells and to carry tissue-restricted antigens and MHC molecules, which may enable them to participate in the thymocyte selection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Skogberg
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Esbjörn Telemo
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Olov Ekwall
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University , Gothenburg , Sweden ; Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University , Gothenburg , Sweden
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18
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Abstract
Induction of specific immune tolerance to grafts remains the sought-after standard following transplantation. Defined by expression of the Foxp3 (forkhead box protein 3) transcription factor, the regulatory T-cell (Treg) lineage has been noted to exert potent immunoregulatory functions that contribute to specific graft tolerance. In this review, we discuss the known signals and pathways which govern Treg development, both in the thymus and in peripheral sites, as well as lineage maintenance and homeostasis. In particular, we highlight the roles of T-cell receptor signaling, CD28 costimulation, and signals through phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and related metabolic pathways in multiple aspects of Treg biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Huynh
- Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Cowan JE, Jenkinson WE, Anderson G. Thymus medulla fosters generation of natural Treg cells, invariant γδ T cells, and invariant NKT cells: what we learn from intrathymic migration. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:652-60. [PMID: 25615828 PMCID: PMC4405047 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The organization of the thymus into distinct cortical and medullary regions enables it to control the step-wise migration and development of immature T-cell precursors. Such a process provides access to specialized cortical and medullary thymic epithelial cells at defined stages of maturation, ensuring the generation of self-tolerant and MHC-restricted conventional CD4+ and CD8+ αβ T cells. The migratory cues and stromal cell requirements that regulate the development of conventional αβ T cells have been well studied. However, the thymus also fosters the generation of several immunoregulatory T-cell populations that form key components of both innate and adaptive immune responses. These include Foxp3+ natural regulatory T cells, invariant γδ T cells, and CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells). While less is known about the intrathymic requirements of these nonconventional T cells, recent studies have highlighted the importance of the thymus medulla in their development. Here, we review recent findings on the mechanisms controlling the intrathymic migration of distinct T-cell subsets, and relate this to knowledge of the microenvironmental requirements of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Cowan
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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20
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Marshall D, Sinclair C, Tung S, Seddon B. Differential requirement for IL-2 and IL-15 during bifurcated development of thymic regulatory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5525-33. [PMID: 25348623 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The developmental pathways of regulatory T cells (T(reg)) generation in the thymus are not fully understood. In this study, we reconstituted thymic development of Zap70-deficient thymocytes with a tetracycline-inducible Zap70 transgene to allow temporal dissection of T(reg) development. We find that T(reg) develop with distinctive kinetics, first appearing by day 4 among CD4 single-positive (SP) thymocytes. Accepted models of CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T(reg) selection suggest development via CD25(+)Foxp3(-) CD4 SP precursors. In contrast, our kinetic analysis revealed the presence of abundant CD25(-)Foxp3(+) cells that are highly efficient at maturing to CD25(+)Foxp3(+) cells in response to IL-2. CD25(-)Foxp3(+) cells more closely resembled mature T(reg) both with respect to kinetics of development and avidity for self-peptide MHC. These population also exhibited distinct requirements for cytokines during their development. CD25(-)Foxp3(+) cells were IL-15 dependent, whereas generation of CD25(+)Foxp3(+) specifically required IL-2. Finally, we found that IL-2 and IL-15 arose from distinct sources in vivo. IL-15 was of stromal origin, whereas IL-2 was of exclusively from hemopoetic cells that depended on intact CD4 lineage development but not either Ag-experienced or NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Marshall
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Sinclair
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Sim Tung
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Benedict Seddon
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
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21
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Perry JSA, Lio CWJ, Kau AL, Nutsch K, Yang Z, Gordon JI, Murphy KM, Hsieh CS. Distinct contributions of Aire and antigen-presenting-cell subsets to the generation of self-tolerance in the thymus. Immunity 2014; 41:414-426. [PMID: 25220213 PMCID: PMC4175925 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of thymic antigen-presenting-cell (APC) subsets in selecting a self-tolerant T cell population remains unclear. We show that bone marrow (BM) APCs and medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) played nonoverlapping roles in shaping the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire by deletion and regulatory T (Treg) cell selection of distinct TCRs. Aire, which induces tissue-specific antigen expression in mTECs, affected the TCR repertoire in a manner distinct from mTEC presentation. Approximately half of Aire-dependent deletion or Treg cell selection utilized a pathway dependent on antigen presentation by BM APCs. Batf3-dependent CD8α⁺ dendritic cells (DCs) were the crucial BM APCs for Treg cell selection via this pathway, showing enhanced ability to present antigens from stromal cells. These results demonstrate the division of function between thymic APCs in shaping the self-tolerant TCR repertoire and reveal an unappreciated cooperation between mTECs and CD8α⁺ DCs for presentation of Aire-induced self-antigens to developing thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S A Perry
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chan-Wang J Lio
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrew L Kau
- Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Katherine Nutsch
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zhuo Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Gordon
- Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chyi-Song Hsieh
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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22
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A regulatory role for TGF-β signaling in the establishment and function of the thymic medulla. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:554-61. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.2869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Delacher M, Schreiber L, Richards DM, Farah C, Feuerer M, Huehn J. Transcriptional control of regulatory T cells. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 381:83-124. [PMID: 24831347 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) constitute unique T cell lineage that plays a key role for immunological tolerance. Tregs are characterized by the expression of the forkhead box transcription factor Foxp3, which acts as a lineage-specifying factor by determining the unique suppression profile of these immune cells. Here, we summarize the recent progress in understanding how Foxp3 expression itself is epigenetically and transcriptionally controlled, how the Treg-specific signature is achieved and how unique properties of Treg subsets are defined by other transcription factors. Finally, we will discuss recent studies focusing on the molecular targeting of Tregs to utilize the specific properties of this unique cell type in therapeutic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Delacher
- Immune Tolerance, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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24
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Cowan JE, Parnell SM, Nakamura K, Caamano JH, Lane PJL, Jenkinson EJ, Jenkinson WE, Anderson G. The thymic medulla is required for Foxp3+ regulatory but not conventional CD4+ thymocyte development. J Exp Med 2013; 210:675-81. [PMID: 23530124 PMCID: PMC3620359 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20122070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A key role of the thymic medulla is to negatively select autoreactive CD4(+) and CD8(+) thymocytes, a process important for T cell tolerance induction. However, the involvement of the thymic medulla in other aspects of αβ T cell development, including the generation of Foxp3(+) natural regulatory T cells (nTreg cells) and the continued maturation of positively selected conventional αβ T cells, is unclear. We show that newly generated conventional CD69(+)Qa2(-) CD4 single-positive thymocytes mature to the late CD69(-)Qa2(+) stage in the absence of RelB-dependent medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs). Furthermore, an increasing ability to continue maturation extrathymically is observed within the CD69(+)CCR7(-/lo)CCR9(+) subset of conventional SP4 thymocytes, providing evidence for an independence from medullary support by the earliest stages after positive selection. In contrast, Foxp3(+) nTreg cell development is medullary dependent, with mTECs fostering the generation of Foxp3(-)CD25(+) nTreg cell precursors at the CD69(+)CCR7(+)CCR9(-) stage. Our results demonstrate a differential requirement for the thymic medulla in relation to CD4 conventional and Foxp3(+) thymocyte lineages, in which an intact mTEC compartment is a prerequisite for Foxp3(+) nTreg cell development through the generation of Foxp3(-)CD25(+) nTreg cell precursors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, CCR/genetics
- Receptors, CCR/immunology
- Receptors, CCR7/genetics
- Receptors, CCR7/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Thymocytes/cytology
- Thymocytes/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Transcription Factor RelB/genetics
- Transcription Factor RelB/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Cowan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, England, UK
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Pilat
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Wekerle
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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26
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Abstract
The generation of regulatory T (T(Reg)) cells in the thymus is crucial for immune homeostasis and self-tolerance. Recent discoveries have revealed the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern the differentiation of a subset of developing thymocytes into natural T(Reg) cells. Several models, centred on the self-reactivity of the T cell receptor (TCR), have been proposed to explain the generation of a T(Reg) cell population that is cognizant of self. Several molecular pathways link TCR and cytokine signalling with the expression of the T(Reg) cell-associated transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FOXP3). Moreover, interplay between thymocytes and thymic antigen-presenting cells is also involved in T(Reg) cell generation.
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27
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Abstract
Gradually improved immunosuppression has contributed significantly to the progress achieved in transplantation medicine so far. Nevertheless, current drug regimens are associated with late graft loss--in particular as a result of immunologic damage or drug toxicity--and substantial morbidity. Recently, the costimulation blocker belatacept (marketed under the name Nulojix®) has been approved for immunosuppression in renal transplantation. Belatacept (a mutated version of CTLA4Ig) is a fusion protein rationally designed to block CD28, a critical activating receptor on T cells, by binding and saturating its ligands B7-1 and B7-2. In phase II and III trials, belatacept was compared with cyclosporine (in combination with basiliximab, MMF, and steroids). Advantages observed with belatacept include superior graft function, preservation of renal structure and improved cardiovascular risk profile. Concerns associated with belatacept are a higher frequency of cellular rejection episodes and more post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) cases especially in EBV seronegative patients, who should be excluded from belatacept-based regimens. Thus, after almost three decades of calcineurin inhibitors as mainstay of immunosuppression, belatacept offers a potential alternative. In this article, we will provide an overview of belatacept's preclinical development and will discuss the available evidence from clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wekerle
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria.
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28
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Abstract
The development of regulatory T (Treg) cells is essential for the maintenance of immune tolerance and homeostasis. Here, we review recent studies that have advanced our understanding of Treg cell differentiation. In the thymus, TCR specificity to self-antigen appears to be a primary determinant for Treg cell lineage commitment, with c-Rel being an important factor that links T cell receptor (TCR) engagement and Foxp3 expression, along with cytokines and costimulatory molecules. It is also clear that postthymic events shape the peripheral Treg cell population. This includes preferential maintenance of Treg cells specific to self-antigens presented in the periphery, as well as the de novo generation of Treg cells from conventional Foxp3(-) T cells. The process of peripheral Treg cell differentiation shares some features with thymic Treg cell development, but there are notable differences. Together, thymic and peripheral Treg cell differentiation appear to generate an "imprint" of both self- and foreign antigens in the peripheral Treg cell population to provide dominant tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang-Mi Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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