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Hanton AJ, Waddell LA, Hope JC, Gray M, Wu Z. Bovine NK subsets in the afferent lymph and lymph nodes have distinct expression of naïve and activation-associated cell surface expressed molecules, and are differentially stimulated by BCG vaccination. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 266:110682. [PMID: 38000215 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Bovine natural killer (bNK) cells are heterogeneous cell populations defined by constitutive expression of the natural cytotoxicity receptor, NKp46 (CD335). Two major subsets of bNK cells, classified by differential expression of CD2, display divergent functions in innate immunity, and are hypothesised to contribute to adaptive immunity following vaccination. Here we characterised phenotypic variation of bNK cells within afferent lymph and lymph node (LN) tissues and between CD2+ and CD2- bNK subsets, and report phenotypic changes induced by BCG vaccination. CD2- bNK cells, which dominate in the afferent lymph and LN, displayed lower expression of the activation marker CD25 within the LN, with CD25+ cells being less than half as frequent as in afferent lymph. Furthermore, we found bNK cells had a lower expression of CD45RB, associated in cattle with naïve cell status, within LN compared to afferent lymph. Following BCG vaccination, bNK cells in afferent lymph draining the vaccination site showed increased CD2-CD25+ frequencies and increased expression of CD25 on CD2+ bNK cells, although the frequency of these cells remained unchanged. In summary, we provide an overview of the phenotype of bNK cells within bovine lymphatic tissues, and provide an indication of how subsets may diverge following BCG vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jayne C Hope
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Mark Gray
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Zhiguang Wu
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.
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Structure and Immune Function of Afferent Lymphatics and Their Mechanistic Contribution to Dendritic Cell and T Cell Trafficking. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051269. [PMID: 34065513 PMCID: PMC8161367 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Afferent lymphatic vessels (LVs) mediate the transport of antigen and leukocytes to draining lymph nodes (dLNs), thereby serving as immunologic communication highways between peripheral tissues and LNs. The main cell types migrating via this route are antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) and antigen-experienced T cells. While DC migration is important for maintenance of tolerance and for induction of protective immunity, T cell migration through afferent LVs contributes to immune surveillance. In recent years, great progress has been made in elucidating the mechanisms of lymphatic migration. Specifically, time-lapse imaging has revealed that, upon entry into capillaries, both DCs and T cells are not simply flushed away with the lymph flow, but actively crawl and patrol and even interact with each other in this compartment. Detachment and passive transport to the dLN only takes place once the cells have reached the downstream, contracting collecting vessel segments. In this review, we describe how the anatomy of the lymphatic network supports leukocyte trafficking and provide updated knowledge regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for lymphatic migration of DCs and T cells. In addition, we discuss the relevance of DC and T cell migration through afferent LVs and its presumed implications on immunity.
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Lee S, Kang H, Park D, Yu J, Koh SK, Cho D, Kim D, Kang K, Jeon NL. Modeling 3D Human Tumor Lymphatic Vessel Network Using High‐Throughput Platform. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Somin Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering Seoul National University 1, Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐gu Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Habin Kang
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering Seoul National University 1, Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐gu Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyun Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Seoul National University 1, Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐gu Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - James Yu
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering Seoul National University 1, Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐gu Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Kwon Koh
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology SAIHST Sungkyunkwan University 115, Irwon‐ro, Gangnam‐gu Seoul 06355 Republic of Korea
| | - Duck Cho
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology SAIHST Sungkyunkwan University 115, Irwon‐ro, Gangnam‐gu Seoul 06355 Republic of Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine 115, Irwon‐ro, Gangnam‐gu Seoul 06355 Republic of Korea
| | - Da‐Hyun Kim
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science College of Veterinary Medicine Seoul National University 1, Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐gu Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung‐Sun Kang
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science College of Veterinary Medicine Seoul National University 1, Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐gu Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Noo Li Jeon
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering Seoul National University 1, Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐gu Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Seoul National University 1, Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐gu Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design Seoul National University 1, Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐gu Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- Institute of BioEngineering Seoul National University 1, Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐gu Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
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Hamilton CA, Mahan S, Bell CR, Villarreal-Ramos B, Charleston B, Entrican G, Hope JC. Frequency and phenotype of natural killer cells and natural killer cell subsets in bovine lymphoid compartments and blood. Immunology 2017; 151:89-97. [PMID: 28063176 PMCID: PMC5382329 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are widely distributed in lymphoid and non‐lymphoid tissues, but little is known about the recirculation of NK cells between blood and tissues. This is relevant to understanding recirculation in the steady‐state and also for determining the roles for NK cells in vaccine‐induced immunity and responses to infection. Therefore, the percentage of NK cells and their phenotype across peripheral blood, afferent lymph and lymph nodes in steady‐state conditions was investigated in cattle using the pseudo‐afferent lymphatic cannulation model. CD2+ CD25lo NK cells were the predominant subset of NK cells within the blood. In contrast, CD2− CD25hi NK cells were the main subset present within the skin‐draining afferent lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes, indicating that CD2− NK cells are the principal NK cell subset trafficking to lymph nodes via the afferent lymphatic vessel. Furthermore, a low percentage of NK cells were present in efferent lymph, which were predominantly of the CD2− subset, indicating that NK cells can egress from lymph nodes and return to circulation in steady‐state conditions. These compartmentalization data indicate that NK cells represent a population of recirculating lymphocytes in steady‐state conditions and therefore may be important during immune responses to vaccination or infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gary Entrican
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.,Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, UK
| | - Jayne C Hope
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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Lund H, Boysen P, Åkesson CP, Lewandowska-Sabat AM, Storset AK. Transient Migration of Large Numbers of CD14(++) CD16(+) Monocytes to the Draining Lymph Node after Onset of Inflammation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:322. [PMID: 27621730 PMCID: PMC5002921 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of skin-draining cells following infection or vaccination provide important insight into the initiation of immune responses. In this study, the local recruitment and activation of immune cells in draining lymph nodes (LNs) was studied in calves in an adjuvant-induced inflammation. A transient but remarkably strong recruitment of monocytes was demonstrated after onset of inflammation, constituting up to 41% of live cells in the draining LNs after 24 h. Numerous CD14(+) cells were visualized in subcutaneous tissues and draining LNs, and the majority of these cells did not express dendritic cell-associated markers CD205 and CD11c. In the LNs, recruited cells were predominately of a CD14(++) and CD16(+) phenotype, consistent with an intermediate monocyte subset characterized to possess a high inflammatory potential. Moreover, monocytes from the draining LN showed a high expression of genes coding for pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, TNFa, and TGFβ. Shortly after their appearance in the LN cortical areas, the monocytes had moved into the medulla followed by an increase in peripheral blood. In conclusion, this study provides novel information on in vivo monocyte recruitment and migration after onset of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hege Lund
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - Preben Boysen
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - Caroline Piercey Åkesson
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | | | - Anne K Storset
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Oslo , Norway
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Hamilton CA, Mahan S, Entrican G, Hope JC. Interactions between natural killer cells and dendritic cells favour T helper1-type responses to BCG in calves. Vet Res 2016; 47:85. [PMID: 27530534 PMCID: PMC4988014 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination of neonatal calves with BCG induces a significant level of protection from infection with Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis. Since neonatal vaccination of humans with BCG induces activation of NK cells, and young calves have high circulating numbers of these cells, we hypothesised that NK cells are important in the protective response to BCG. Furthermore, since NK cells play a role in shaping adaptive immune responses through interactions with DCs, we investigated the interactions between NK cells and DCs in the context of BCG. DCs infected with BCG expressed significantly higher levels of MHC class II and the co-stimulatory molecules CD40 and CD80, alongside augmented production of the Th1 polarising cytokine IL-12, when compared with uninfected DCs. Following in vitro co-culture with BCG-infected DCs, NK cells increased their expression of the activatory molecule CD25, with preferential activation of the CD2- NK cell subset. NK cell effector function, as measured by production of IFN-γ, was also significantly enhanced following co-culture with BCG-infected DCs. This study provides novel evidence to demonstrate that NK cells phenotypically and functionally mature after interactions with DCs in the context of BCG. Furthermore, through the production of IFN-γ and IL-12 by NK cells and DCs respectively, this interaction may drive protective Th1-type immune responses to Mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly A Hamilton
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK.
| | - Suman Mahan
- Zoetis, Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - Gary Entrican
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK.,Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Jayne C Hope
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
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Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has long been associated with a wide variety of clinical syndromes and immune dysregulation, many which result in secondary bacterial infections. Current understanding of immune cell interactions that result in activation and tolerance are explored in light of BVDV infection including: depletion of lymphocytes, effects on neutrophils, natural killer cells, and the role of receptors and cytokines. In addition, we review some new information on the effect of BVDV on immune development in the fetal liver, the role of resident macrophages, and greater implications for persistent infection.
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Neeland MR, Elhay MJ, Powell DR, Rossello FJ, Meeusen ENT, de Veer MJ. Transcriptional profile in afferent lymph cells following vaccination with liposomes incorporating CpG. Immunology 2015; 144:518-529. [PMID: 25308816 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine formulations incorporating innate immune stimulants are highly immunogenic; however, the biological signals that originate in the peripheral tissues at the site of injection and are transmitted to the local lymph node to induce immunity remain unclear. By directly cannulating the ovine afferent lymphatic vessels, we have previously shown that it takes 72 hr for mature antigen-loaded dendritic cells and monocytes to appear within afferent lymph following injection of a liposomal formulation containing the Toll-like receptor ligand CpG. In this present study, we characterize the global transcriptional signatures at this time-point in ovine afferent lymph cells as they migrate from the injection site into the lymphatics following vaccination with a liposome antigen formulation incorporating CpG. We show that at 72 hr post vaccination, liposomes alone induce no changes in gene expression and inflammatory profiles within afferent lymph; however, the incorporation of CpG drives interferon, antiviral and cytotoxic gene programmes. This study also measures the expression of key genes within individual cell types in afferent lymph. Antiviral gene signatures are most prominent in lymphocytes, which may play a significant and unexpected role in sustaining the immune response to vaccination at the site of injection. These findings provide a comprehensive analysis of the in vivo immunological pathways that connect the injection site with the local draining lymph node following vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Neeland
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Martin J Elhay
- Zoetis Research and Manufacturing Australia P/L, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - David R Powell
- Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Life Sciences Computation Centre, Carlton, Vic., Australia
| | - Fernando J Rossello
- Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Life Sciences Computation Centre, Carlton, Vic., Australia
| | - Els N T Meeusen
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Michael J de Veer
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
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Carrega P, Bonaccorsi I, Di Carlo E, Morandi B, Paul P, Rizzello V, Cipollone G, Navarra G, Mingari MC, Moretta L, Ferlazzo G. CD56(bright)perforin(low) noncytotoxic human NK cells are abundant in both healthy and neoplastic solid tissues and recirculate to secondary lymphoid organs via afferent lymph. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3805-15. [PMID: 24646734 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As limited information is available regarding the distribution and trafficking of NK cells among solid organs, we have analyzed a wide array of tissues derived from different human compartments. NK cells were widely distributed in most solid tissues, although their amount varied significantly depending on the tissue/organ analyzed. Interestingly, the distribution appeared to be subset specific, as some tissues were preferentially populated by CD56(bright)perforin(low) NK cells, with others by the CD56(dim)perforin(high) cytotoxic counterpart. Nevertheless, most tissues were highly enriched in CD56(bright)perforin(low) cells, and the distribution of NK subsets appeared in accordance with tissue gene expression of chemotactic factors, for which receptors are differently represented in the two subsets. Remarkably, chemokine expression pattern of tissues was modified after neoplastic transformation. As a result, although the total amount of NK cells infiltrating the tissues did not significantly change upon malignant transformation, the relative proportion of NK subsets infiltrating the tissues was different, with a trend toward a tumor-infiltrating NK population enriched in noncytotoxic cells. Besides solid tissues, CD56(bright)perforin(low) NK cells were also detected in seroma fluids, which represents an accrual of human afferent lymph, indicating that they may leave peripheral solid tissues and recirculate to secondary lymphoid organs via lymphatic vessels. Our results provide a comprehensive mapping of NK cells in human tissues, demonstrating that discrete NK subsets populate and recirculate through most human tissues and that organ-specific chemokine expression patterns might affect their distribution. In this context, chemokine switch upon neoplastic transformation might represent a novel mechanism of tumor immune escape.
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