1
|
Kalami A, Shahgolzari M, Khosroushahi AY, Fiering S. Combining in situ vaccination and immunogenic apoptosis to treat cancer. Immunotherapy 2023; 15:367-381. [PMID: 36852419 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2022-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunization approaches are designed to stimulate the immune system and eliminate the tumor. Studies indicate that cancer immunization combined with certain chemotherapeutics and immunostimulatory agents can improve outcomes. Chemotherapeutics-based immunogenic cell death makes the tumor more recognizable by the immune system. In situ vaccination (ISV) utilizes established tumors as antigen sources and directly applies an immune adjuvant to the tumor to reverse a cold tumor microenvironment to a hot one. Immunogenic cell death and ISV highlight for the immune system the tumor antigens that are recognizable by immune cells and support a T-cell attack of the tumor cells. This review presents the concept of immunogenic apoptosis and ISV as a powerful platform for cancer immunization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arman Kalami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shahgolzari
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Yari Khosroushahi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Steven Fiering
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth & Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abakushina EV, Popova LI, Zamyatnin AA, Werner J, Mikhailovsky NV, Bazhin AV. The Advantages and Challenges of Anticancer Dendritic Cell Vaccines and NK Cells in Adoptive Cell Immunotherapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1363. [PMID: 34835294 PMCID: PMC8625865 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, an impressive advance was achieved in adoptive cell therapy (ACT), which has improved therapeutic potential and significant value in promising cancer treatment for patients. The ACT is based on the cell transfer of dendritic cells (DCs) and/or immune effector cells. DCs are often used as vaccine carriers or antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to prime naive T cells ex vivo or in vivo. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells are used as major tool effector cells for ACT. Despite the fact that NK cell immunotherapy is highly effective and promising against many cancer types, there are still some limitations, including insignificant infiltration, adverse conditions of the microenvironment, the immunosuppressive cellular populations, and the low cytotoxic activity in solid tumors. To overcome these difficulties, novel methods of NK cell isolation, expansion, and stimulation of cytotoxic activity should be designed. In this review, we discuss the basic characteristics of DC vaccines and NK cells as potential adoptive cell preparations in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Abakushina
- Department for Development and Research in Immunology, LLC “Tecon Medical Devices”, 123298 Moscow, Russia; (L.I.P.); (N.V.M.)
| | - Liubov I. Popova
- Department for Development and Research in Immunology, LLC “Tecon Medical Devices”, 123298 Moscow, Russia; (L.I.P.); (N.V.M.)
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia;
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Ave, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (J.W.); (A.V.B.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nikolay V. Mikhailovsky
- Department for Development and Research in Immunology, LLC “Tecon Medical Devices”, 123298 Moscow, Russia; (L.I.P.); (N.V.M.)
| | - Alexandr V. Bazhin
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (J.W.); (A.V.B.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Menzner AK, Rottmar T, Voelkl S, Bosch JJ, Mougiakakos D, Mackensen A, Resheq YJ. Hydrogen-Peroxide Synthesis and LDL-Uptake Controls Immunosuppressive Properties in Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:461. [PMID: 33530408 PMCID: PMC7865547 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Induction of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) is a critical step in immune cell evasion by different cancer types, including liver cancer. In the liver, hepatic stromal cells orchestrate induction of MDSCs, employing a mechanism dependent on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) depletion. However, the effects on monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) are unknown. METHODS Monocytes from healthy donors were differentiated to moDCs in the presence of extracellular enzymatic H2O2-depletion (hereinafter CAT-DCs), and studied phenotypically and functionally. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms, we analyzed H2O2- and LDL-metabolism as they are interconnected in monocyte-driven phagocytosis. RESULTS CAT-DCs were of an immature DC phenotype, particularly characterized by impaired expression of the costimulatory molecules CD80/86. Moreover, CAT-DCs were able to suppress T-cells using indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), and induced IL10/IL17-secreting T-cells-a subtype reported to exert immunosuppression in acute myeloid leukemia. CAT-DCs also displayed significantly increased NADPH-oxidase-driven H2O2-production, enhancing low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-uptake. Blocking LDL-uptake restored maturation, and attenuated the immunosuppressive properties of CAT-DCs. DISCUSSION Here, we report a novel axis between H2O2- and LDL-metabolism controlling tolerogenic properties in moDCs. Given that moDCs are pivotal in tumor-rejection, and lipid-accumulation is associated with tumor-immune-escape, LDL-metabolism appears to play an important role in tumor-immunology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Katrin Menzner
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.-K.M.); (T.R.); (S.V.); (J.J.B.); (D.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Tanja Rottmar
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.-K.M.); (T.R.); (S.V.); (J.J.B.); (D.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Simon Voelkl
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.-K.M.); (T.R.); (S.V.); (J.J.B.); (D.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Jacobus J. Bosch
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.-K.M.); (T.R.); (S.V.); (J.J.B.); (D.M.); (A.M.)
- Clinical Research Center Hannover, MH Hannover, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 15, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.-K.M.); (T.R.); (S.V.); (J.J.B.); (D.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Andreas Mackensen
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.-K.M.); (T.R.); (S.V.); (J.J.B.); (D.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Yazid J. Resheq
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.-K.M.); (T.R.); (S.V.); (J.J.B.); (D.M.); (A.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Andersen MM, Larsen J, Hansen M, Pedersen AE, Gad M. Development of an In Vitro Assay to Assess Pharmacological Compounds and Reversion of Tumor-Derived Immunosuppression of Dendritic Cells. Immunol Invest 2020; 50:527-543. [PMID: 32573300 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2020.1778024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer immunotherapies have achieved much success and have become the forefront treatment of cancers previously associated with poor prognosis. However, a major challenge in cancer immunotherapies remains the heterogeneity of the immunoregulatory capacities of cancers, and not all patients of a given cancer responds to current therapeutic strategies. To address this issue and to facilitate the development of new pharmacological compounds, we here describe an in vitro model of dendritic cell suppression by cancer cells. METHODS We treated monocyte-derived dendritic cells with conditioned medium from cancer cell lines and assessed their maturation using ELISA and flow cytometry. In addition, we assessed their ability to induce T cell activation and differentiation. RESULTS We found that both the phenotypic and functional maturation of dendritic cells was suppressed by the conditioned medium. The expression of IL-12p70, TNF-α, CD80, CD83, and CD86 was significantly reduced by conditioned medium from the 786-O and HeLa cell lines, and CD4+ T cells had a weaker TH1 phenotype with significantly decreased expression of IFN-γ and T-bet following co-culturing. Furthermore, we use our model to characterize the differential immunoregulatory capacities of primary cancers by using conditioned medium of cultured primary cancer cells. CONCLUSION This model can be used to screen pharmacological compounds seeking to alleviate the immunosuppression of the tumor microenvironment and can furthermore be used to investigate the immunoregulatory capacities of primary cancer cells, which could be a helpful prognostic tool following tumor resection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Møller Andersen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Morten Hansen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Anders Elm Pedersen
- Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rotolo R, Leuci V, Donini C, Cykowska A, Gammaitoni L, Medico G, Valabrega G, Aglietta M, Sangiolo D. CAR-Based Strategies beyond T Lymphocytes: Integrative Opportunities for Cancer Adoptive Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112839. [PMID: 31212634 PMCID: PMC6600566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T lymphocytes (CAR Ts) produced impressive clinical results against selected hematological malignancies, but the extension of CAR T cell therapy to the challenging field of solid tumors has not, so far, replicated similar clinical outcomes. Many efforts are currently dedicated to improve the efficacy and safety of CAR-based adoptive immunotherapies, including application against solid tumors. A promising approach is CAR engineering of immune effectors different from αβT lymphocytes. Herein we reviewed biological features, therapeutic potential, and safety of alternative effectors to conventional CAR T cells: γδT, natural killer (NK), NKT, or cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells. The intrinsic CAR-independent antitumor activities, safety profile, and ex vivo expansibility of these alternative immune effectors may favorably contribute to the clinical development of CAR strategies. The proper biological features of innate immune response effectors may represent an added value in tumor settings with heterogeneous CAR target expression, limiting the risk of tumor clonal escape. All these properties bring out CAR engineering of alternative immune effectors as a promising integrative option to be explored in future clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Rotolo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10140 Torino, Italy.
| | - Valeria Leuci
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10140 Torino, Italy.
- Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo TO, Italy.
| | - Chiara Donini
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10140 Torino, Italy.
| | - Anna Cykowska
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10140 Torino, Italy.
| | | | - Giovanni Medico
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10140 Torino, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Valabrega
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10140 Torino, Italy.
- Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo TO, Italy.
| | - Massimo Aglietta
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10140 Torino, Italy.
- Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo TO, Italy.
| | - Dario Sangiolo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10140 Torino, Italy.
- Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo TO, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bockel S, Antoni D, Deutsch É, Mornex F. Immunothérapie et radiothérapie. Cancer Radiother 2017; 21:244-255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
7
|
Klauber TC, Laursen JM, Zucker D, Brix S, Jensen SS, Andresen TL. Delivery of TLR7 agonist to monocytes and dendritic cells by DCIR targeted liposomes induces robust production of anti-cancer cytokines. Acta Biomater 2017; 53:367-377. [PMID: 28153581 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor immune escape is today recognized as an important cancer hallmark and is therefore a major focus area in cancer therapy. Monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs), which are central to creating a robust anti-tumor immune response and establishing an anti-tumorigenic microenvironment, are directly targeted by the tumor escape mechanisms to develop immunosuppressive phenotypes. Providing activated monocytes and DCs to the tumor tissue is therefore an attractive way to break the tumor-derived immune suppression and reinstate cancer immune surveillance. To activate monocytes and DCs with high efficiency, we have investigated an immunotherapeutic Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist delivery system comprising liposomes targeted to the dendritic cell immunoreceptor (DCIR). We formulated the immune stimulating TLR7 agonist TMX-202 in the liposomes and examined the targeting of the liposomes as well as their immune activating potential in blood-derived monocytes, myeloid DCs (mDCs), and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). Monocytes and mDCs were targeted with high specificity over lymphocytes, and exhibited potent TLR7-specific secretion of the anti-cancer cytokines IL-12p70, IFN-α 2a, and IFN-γ. This delivery system could be a way to improve cancer treatment either in the form of a vaccine with co-formulated antigen or as an immunotherapeutic vector to boost monocyte and DC activity in combination with other treatment protocols such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Cancer immunotherapy is a powerful new tool in the oncologist's therapeutic arsenal, with our increased knowledge of anti-tumor immunity providing many new targets for intervention. Monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) are attractive targets for enhancing the anti-tumor immune response, but systemic delivery of immunomodulators has proven to be associated with a high risk of fatal adverse events due to the systemic activation of the immune system. We address this important obstacle by targeting the delivery of an immunomodulator, a Toll-like receptor agonist, to DCs and monocytes in the bloodstream. We thus focus the activation, potentially avoiding the above-mentioned adverse effects, and demonstrate greatly increased ability of the agonist to induce secretion of anti-cancer cytokines.
Collapse
|
8
|
Santegoets SJAM, Welters MJP, van der Burg SH. Monitoring of the Immune Dysfunction in Cancer Patients. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4030029. [PMID: 27598210 PMCID: PMC5041023 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy shows promising clinical results in patients with different types of cancer, but its full potential is not reached due to immune dysfunction as a result of several suppressive mechanisms that play a role in cancer development and progression. Monitoring of immune dysfunction is a prerequisite for the development of strategies aiming to alleviate cancer-induced immune suppression. At this point, the level at which immune dysfunction occurs has to be established, the underlying mechanism(s) need to be known, as well as the techniques to assess this. While it is relatively easy to measure general signs of immune suppression, it turns out that accurate monitoring of the frequency and function of immune-suppressive cells is still difficult. A lack of truly specific markers, the phenotypic complexity among suppressive cells of the same lineage, but potentially with different functions and functional assays that may not cover every mechanistic aspect of immune suppression are among the reasons complicating proper assessments. Technical innovations in flow and mass cytometry will allow for more complete sets of markers to precisely determine phenotype and associated function. There is, however, a clear need for functional assays that recapitulate more of the mechanisms employed to suppress the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saskia J A M Santegoets
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Marij J P Welters
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The discrepancy between the in vitro and in vivo response to radiation is readily explained by the fact that tumors do not exist independently of the host organism; cancer cells grow in the context of a complex microenvironment composed of stromal cells, vasculature, and elements of the immune system. As the antitumor effect of radiotherapy depends in part on the immune system, and myeloid-derived cells in the tumor microenvironment modulate the immune response to tumors, it follows that understanding the effect of radiation on myeloid cells in the tumor is likely to be essential for comprehending the antitumor effects of radiotherapy. In this review, we describe the phenotype and function of these myeloid-derived cells, and stress the complexity of studying this important cell compartment owing to its intrinsic plasticity. With regard to the response to radiation of myeloid cells in the tumor, evidence has emerged demonstrating that it is both model and dose dependent. Deciphering the effects of myeloid-derived cells in tumors, particularly in irradiated tumors, is key for attempting to pharmacologically modulate their actions in the clinic as part of cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph E Vatner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Silvia C Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Effect and Molecular Mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Regulating Tumor Immunosuppressive Microenvironment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:261620. [PMID: 26161392 PMCID: PMC4486742 DOI: 10.1155/2015/261620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an important complementary strategy for treating cancer in China. The mechanism is related to regulating the internal environment and remodeling the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment (TIM). Herein we illustrate how TIM is reformed and its protumor activity on promoting tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, tumor invasion, and the oncogenicity of cancer stem cells. Furthermore we summarize the effects and mechanism of TCM on regulating TIM via enhancing antitumor immune responses (e.g., regulating the expression of MHC molecules and Fas/FasL, attenuating cancerigenic ability of cancer stem cells) and remolding immunosuppressive cells (e.g., reversing immune phenotypes of T lymphocytes and tumor associated macrophages, promoting dendritic cells mature, restraining myeloid derived suppressor cells function, and regulating Th1/Th2 factors). We also reveal the bidirectional and multitargeting functions of TCM on regulating TIM. Hopefully, it provides new theoretical basis for TCM clinical practice in cancer treatment and prevention.
Collapse
|
11
|
Vatner RE, Cooper BT, Vanpouille-Box C, Demaria S, Formenti SC. Combinations of immunotherapy and radiation in cancer therapy. Front Oncol 2014; 4:325. [PMID: 25506582 PMCID: PMC4246656 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system has the ability to recognize and specifically reject tumors, and tumors only become clinically apparent once they have evaded immune destruction by creating an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Radiotherapy (RT) can cause immunogenic tumor cell death resulting in cross-priming of tumor-specific T-cells, acting as an in situ tumor vaccine; however, RT alone rarely induces effective anti-tumor immunity resulting in systemic tumor rejection. Immunotherapy can complement RT to help overcome tumor-induced immune suppression, as demonstrated in pre-clinical tumor models. Here, we provide the rationale for combinations of different immunotherapies and RT, and review the pre-clinical and emerging clinical evidence for these combinations in the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph E Vatner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine , New York, NY , USA
| | - Benjamin T Cooper
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine , New York, NY , USA
| | - Claire Vanpouille-Box
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine , New York, NY , USA
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine , New York, NY , USA
| | - Silvia C Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine , New York, NY , USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lu Y, Hu J, Sun W, Duan X, Chen X. Nitric oxide signaling pathway activation inhibits the immune escape of pancreatic carcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:2371-2378. [PMID: 25364398 PMCID: PMC4214498 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the nitric oxide signaling pathway on immune escape; thus, a tumorigenesis model was established using nude mice. The mice were inoculated with pancreatic carcinoma cells and divided into two groups, a glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) and a placebo group. When tumor volumes reached 150 mm3, the mice in the GTN group were treated with GTN transdermal patches (dose, 7.3 μg/h) while the mice in the placebo group were administered untreated patches. Following treatment, the tumor volume was recorded every 3-4 days and after 28 days, the tumors were analyzed. The results indicated that GTN treatment may reduce the levels of soluble major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related molecules, and natural killer group 2 member D, as well as inhibiting tumor growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yebin Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Juanjuan Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Weijia Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Duan
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xiong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hargadon KM, Bullock TNJ. The role of tumor/dendritic cell interactions in the regulation of anti-tumor immunity: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Front Immunol 2014; 5:178. [PMID: 24795721 PMCID: PMC3997028 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|