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Wang N, Waghray D, Caveney NA, Jude KM, Garcia KC. Structural insights into human MHC-II association with invariant chain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2403031121. [PMID: 38687785 PMCID: PMC11087810 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2403031121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The loading of processed peptides on to major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II) molecules for recognition by T cells is vital to cell-mediated adaptive immunity. As part of this process, MHC-II associates with the invariant chain (Ii) during biosynthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum to prevent premature peptide loading and to serve as a scaffold for subsequent proteolytic processing into MHC-II-CLIP. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of full-length Human Leukocyte Antigen-DR (HLA-DR) and HLA-DQ complexes associated with Ii, resolved at 3.0 to 3.1 Å, elucidate the trimeric assembly of the HLA/Ii complex and define atomic-level interactions between HLA, Ii transmembrane domains, loop domains, and class II-associated invariant chain peptides (CLIP). Together with previous structures of MHC-II peptide loading intermediates DO and DM, our findings complete the structural path governing class II antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- HHMI, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Deepa Waghray
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Nathanael A. Caveney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Kevin M. Jude
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- HHMI, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - K. Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- HHMI, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
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2
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Microglial CD74 Expression Is Regulated by TGFβ Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810247. [PMID: 36142162 PMCID: PMC9499470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In the present study, we provided evidence that TGFβ signaling regulated the expression of the microglia activation marker CD74. Our data demonstrated that TGFβ1 inhibited LPS-induced upregulation of CD74. Moreover, inhibition of microglial TGFβ signaling in vitro and silencing of TGFβ signaling by deletion of Tgfbr2 in vivo resulted in marked upregulation of microglial CD74. Abstract Microglia play important roles during physiological and pathological situations in the CNS. Several reports have described the expression of Cd74 in disease-associated and aged microglia. Here, we demonstrated that TGFβ1 controled the expression of Cd74 in microglia in vitro and in vivo. Using BV2 cells, primary microglia cultures as well as Cx3cr1CreERT2:R26-YFP:Tgfbr2fl/fl in combination with qPCR, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry, we were able to provide evidence that TGFβ1 inhibited LPS-induced upregulation of Cd74 in microglia. Interestingly, TGFβ1 alone was able to mediate downregulation of CD74 in vitro. Moreover, silencing of TGFβ signaling in vivo resulted in marked upregulation of CD74, further underlining the importance of microglial TGFβ signaling during regulation of microglia activation. Taken together, our data indicated that CD74 is a marker for activated microglia and further demonstrated that microglial TGFβ signaling is important for regulation of Cd74 expression during microglia activation.
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Connolly A, Panes R, Tual M, Lafortune R, Bellemare-Pelletier A, Gagnon E. TMEM16F mediates bystander TCR-CD3 membrane dissociation at the immunological synapse and potentiates T cell activation. Sci Signal 2021; 14:eabb5146. [PMID: 33758060 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abb5146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electrostatic interactions regulate many aspects of T cell receptor (TCR) activity, including enabling the dynamic binding of the TCR-associated CD3ε and CD3ζ chains to anionic lipids in the plasma membrane to prevent spontaneous phosphorylation. Substantial changes in the electrostatic potential of the plasma membrane occur at the immunological synapse, the interface between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell. Here, we investigated how the electrostatic interactions that promote dynamic membrane binding of the TCR-CD3 cytoplasmic domains are modulated during signaling and affect T cell activation. We found that Ca2+-dependent activation of the phosphatidylserine scramblase TMEM16F, which was previously implicated in T cell activation, reduced the electrostatic potential of the plasma membrane during immunological synapse formation by locally redistributing phosphatidylserine. This, in turn, increased the dissociation of bystander TCR-CD3 cytoplasmic domains from the plasma membrane and enhanced TCR-dependent signaling and consequently T cell activation. This study establishes the molecular basis for the role of TMEM16F in bystander TCR-induced signal amplification and identifies enhancement of TMEM16F function as a potential therapeutic strategy for promoting T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Connolly
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie, 2950 Chemin de la Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec H3T1J4, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec H3T1J4, Canada
| | - Rébecca Panes
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie, 2950 Chemin de la Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec H3T1J4, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec H3T1J4, Canada
| | - Margaux Tual
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie, 2950 Chemin de la Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec H3T1J4, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec H3T1J4, Canada
| | - Raphaël Lafortune
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec H3T1J4, Canada
| | - Angélique Bellemare-Pelletier
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie, 2950 Chemin de la Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec H3T1J4, Canada
| | - Etienne Gagnon
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie, 2950 Chemin de la Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec H3T1J4, Canada.
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec H3T1J4, Canada
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4
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Álvaro-Benito M, Freund C. Revisiting nonclassical HLA II functions in antigen presentation: Peptide editing and its modulation. HLA 2020; 96:415-429. [PMID: 32767512 DOI: 10.1111/tan.14007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The nonclassical major histocompatibility complex of class II molecules (ncMHCII) HLA-DM (DM) and HLA-DO (DO) feature essential functions for the selection of the peptides that are displayed by classical MHCII proteins (MHCII) for CD4+ Th cell surveillance. Thus, although the binding groove of classical MHCII dictates the main features of the peptides displayed, ncMHCII function defines the preferential loading of peptides from specific cellular compartments and the extent to which they are presented. DM acts as a chaperone for classical MHCII molecules facilitating peptide exchange and thereby favoring the binding of peptide-MHCII complexes of high kinetic stability mostly in late endosomal compartments. DO on the other hand binds to DM blocking its peptide-editing function in B cells and thymic epithelial cells, limiting DM activity in these cellular subsets. DM and DO distinct expression patterns therefore define specific antigen presentation profiles that select unique peptide pools for each set of antigen presenting cell. We have come a long way understanding the mechanistic underpinnings of such distinct editing profiles and start to grasp the implications for ncMHCII biological function. DM acts as filter for the selection of immunodominant, pathogen-derived epitopes while DO blocks DM activity under certain physiological conditions to promote tolerance to self. Interestingly, recent findings have shown that the unexplored and neglected ncMHCII genetic diversity modulates retroviral infection in mouse, and affects human ncMHCII function. This review aims at highlighting the importance of ncMHCII function for CD4+ Th cell responses while integrating and evaluating what could be the impact of distinct editing profiles because of natural genetic variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Álvaro-Benito
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Institute für Chemie und Biochemie, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Freund
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Institute für Chemie und Biochemie, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Mola S, Foisy S, Boucher G, Major F, Beauchamp C, Karaky M, Goyette P, Lesage S, Rioux JD. A transcriptome-based approach to identify functional modules within and across primary human immune cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233543. [PMID: 32469933 PMCID: PMC7259617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide transcriptomic analyses have provided valuable insight into fundamental biology and disease pathophysiology. Many studies have taken advantage of the correlation in the expression patterns of the transcriptome to infer a potential biologic function of uncharacterized genes, and multiple groups have examined the relationship between co-expression, co-regulation, and gene function on a broader scale. Given the unique characteristics of immune cells circulating in the blood, we were interested in determining whether it was possible to identify functional co-expression modules in human immune cells. Specifically, we sequenced the transcriptome of nine immune cell types from peripheral blood cells of healthy donors and, using a combination of global and targeted analyses of genes within co-expression modules, we were able to determine functions for these modules that were cell lineage-specific or shared among multiple cell lineages. In addition, our analyses identified transcription factors likely important for immune cell lineage commitment and/or maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraï Mola
- Centre de recherche, Institut de cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Foisy
- Centre de recherche, Institut de cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Boucher
- Centre de recherche, Institut de cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - François Major
- Unité de recherche en ingénierie des ARN, Institut de recherche en immunologie et en cancérologie, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département d’informatique et de recherche opérationnelle, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Claudine Beauchamp
- Centre de recherche, Institut de cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mohamad Karaky
- Centre de recherche, Institut de cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Goyette
- Centre de recherche, Institut de cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvie Lesage
- Centre de recherche, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - John D. Rioux
- Centre de recherche, Institut de cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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6
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Han C, Choi BK, Kim SH, Sim SJ, Han S, Park B, Tsuchiya Y, Takahashi M, Kim YH, Eom HS, Kitaguchi T, Ueda H, Kwon BS. Polymorphic Region-Specific Antibody for Evaluation of Affinity-Associated Profile of Chimeric Antigen Receptor. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 17:293-305. [PMID: 32368617 PMCID: PMC7191539 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Antibody applications in cancer immunotherapy involve diverse strategies, some of which redirect T cell-mediated immunity via engineered antibodies. Affinity is a trait that is crucial for these strategies, as optimal affinity reduces unwanted side effects while retaining therapeutic function. Antibody-antigen pairs possessing a broad affinity range are required to define optimal affinity and to investigate the affinity-associated functional profiles of T cell-engaging strategies such as bispecific antibodies and chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cells. Here, we demonstrate the unique binding characteristic of the developed antibody clone MVR, which exhibits robust binding to B-lymphoid cell lines. Intriguingly, MVR specifically recognizes the highly polymorphic human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR complex and exhibits varying affinities that are dependent upon the HLA-DRB1 allele type. Remarkably, MVR binds to the conformational epitope that consists of two hypervariable regions. As an application of MVR, we demonstrate an MVR-engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that elicits affinity-dependent function in response to a panel of target cell lines that express different HLA-DRB1 alleles. This tool evaluates the effect of affinity on cytotoxic killing, polyfunctionality, and activation-induced cell death of CAR-engineered T cells. Collectively, MVR exhibits huge potential for the evaluation of the affinity-associated profile of T cells that are redirected by engineered antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungyong Han
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom K Choi
- Biomedicine Production Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Hee Kim
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jung Sim
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongeun Han
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Bomi Park
- Biomedicine Production Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yohei Tsuchiya
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masaki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Young H Kim
- Biomedicine Production Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea.,Eutilex Institute for Biomedical Research, Eutilex, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Seok Eom
- Center for Hematologic Malignancy, Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Tetsuya Kitaguchi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Byoung S Kwon
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea.,Eutilex Institute for Biomedical Research, Eutilex, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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7
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Semple SL, Heath G, Christie D, Braunstein M, Kales SC, Dixon B. Immune stimulation of rainbow trout reveals divergent regulation of MH class II-associated invariant chain isoforms. Immunogenetics 2019; 71:407-420. [PMID: 31037384 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-019-01115-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-associated invariant chain is a chaperone responsible for targeting the MHC class II dimer to the endocytic pathway, thus enabling the loading of exogenous antigens onto the MHC class II receptor. In the current study, in vivo and in vitro methods were used to investigate the regulation of the rainbow trout invariant chain proteins S25-7 and INVX, upon immune system activation. Whole rainbow trout and the macrophage/monocyte-like cell line RTS11 were treated with PMA at concentrations shown to induce IL-1β transcripts and homotypic aggregation of RTS11. S25-7 transcript levels remained unchanged in the gill, spleen, and liver and were found to be significantly decreased in head kidney beginning 24 h post-stimulation. Meanwhile, INVX transcript levels remained unchanged in all tissues studied. Both S25-7 and INVX proteins were produced in gill and spleen tissues but their expression was unaffected by immune system stimulation. Surprisingly, neither INVX nor S25-7 protein was detected in the secondary immune organ, the head kidney. Analysis of RTS11 cultures demonstrated that both INVX and S25-7 transcript levels significantly increased at 96 h and 120 h following PMA stimulation before returning to control levels at 168 h. Meanwhile, at the protein level in RTS11, S25-7 remained unchanged while INVX had a significant decrease at 168 h post-stimulation. These results indicate that neither INVX nor S25-7 is upregulated upon immune system activation; thus, teleosts have evolved a system of immune regulation that is different than that found in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna L Semple
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - George Heath
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Darah Christie
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Marsela Braunstein
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Stephen C Kales
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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8
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Ancient features of the MHC class II presentation pathway, and a model for the possible origin of MHC molecules. Immunogenetics 2018; 71:233-249. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-018-1090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Lacher MD, Bauer G, Fury B, Graeve S, Fledderman EL, Petrie TD, Coleal-Bergum DP, Hackett T, Perotti NH, Kong YY, Kwok WW, Wagner JP, Wiseman CL, Williams WV. SV-BR-1-GM, a Clinically Effective GM-CSF-Secreting Breast Cancer Cell Line, Expresses an Immune Signature and Directly Activates CD4 + T Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:776. [PMID: 29867922 PMCID: PMC5962696 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted cancer immunotherapy with irradiated, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-secreting, allogeneic cancer cell lines has been an effective approach to reduce tumor burden in several patients. It is generally assumed that to be effective, these cell lines need to express immunogenic antigens coexpressed in patient tumor cells, and antigen-presenting cells need to take up such antigens then present them to patient T cells. We have previously reported that, in a phase I pilot study (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00095862), a subject with stage IV breast cancer experienced substantial regression of breast, lung, and brain lesions following inoculation with clinical formulations of SV-BR-1-GM, a GM-CSF-secreting breast tumor cell line. To identify diagnostic features permitting the prospective identification of patients likely to benefit from SV-BR-1-GM, we conducted a molecular analysis of the SV-BR-1-GM cell line and of patient-derived blood, as well as a tumor specimen. Compared to normal human breast cells, SV-BR-1-GM cells overexpress genes encoding tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) such as PRAME, a cancer/testis antigen. Curiously, despite its presumptive breast epithelial origin, the cell line expresses major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes (HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB3, HLA-DMA, HLA-DMB), in addition to several other factors known to play immunostimulatory roles. These factors include MHC class I components (B2M, HLA-A, HLA-B), ADA (encoding adenosine deaminase), ADGRE5 (CD97), CD58 (LFA3), CD74 (encoding invariant chain and CLIP), CD83, CXCL8 (IL8), CXCL16, HLA-F, IL6, IL18, and KITLG. Moreover, both SV-BR-1-GM cells and the responding study subject carried an HLA-DRB3*02:02 allele, raising the question of whether SV-BR-1-GM cells can directly present endogenous antigens to T cells, thereby inducing a tumor-directed immune response. In support of this, SV-BR-1-GM cells (which also carry the HLA-DRB3*01:01 allele) treated with yellow fever virus (YFV) envelope (Env) 43–59 peptides reactivated YFV-DRB3*01:01-specific CD4+ T cells. Thus, the partial HLA allele match between SV-BR-1-GM and the clinical responder might have enabled patient T lymphocytes to directly recognize SV-BR-1-GM TAAs as presented on SV-BR-1-GM MHCs. Taken together, our findings are consistent with a potentially unique mechanism of action by which SV-BR-1-GM cells can act as APCs for previously primed CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerhard Bauer
- GMP Facility, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis (UCD), Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Brian Fury
- GMP Facility, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis (UCD), Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Sanne Graeve
- BriaCell Therapeutics Corp., Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Emily L Fledderman
- GMP Facility, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis (UCD), Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Tye D Petrie
- GMP Facility, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis (UCD), Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Dane P Coleal-Bergum
- GMP Facility, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis (UCD), Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Tia Hackett
- GMP Facility, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis (UCD), Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas H Perotti
- GMP Facility, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis (UCD), Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Ying Y Kong
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - William W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
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10
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Burrack AL, Malhotra D, Dileepan T, Osum KC, Swanson LA, Fife BT, Jenkins MK. Cutting Edge: Allograft Rejection Is Associated with Weak T Cell Responses to Many Different Graft Leukocyte-Derived Peptides. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:477-482. [PMID: 29255075 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Organ transplants are rapidly rejected because T cells in the recipient attack the foreign MHC molecules on the graft. The robustness of the T cell response to histoincompatible tissue is not understood. We found that mice have many small T cell populations with Ag receptors specific for a foreign MHC class II molecule type loaded with peptides from leukocytes from the graft. These T cells proliferated modestly after skin transplantation and underwent relatively weak functional differentiation compared with T cells stimulated by a vaccine. Thus, the potency of the T cell response to histoincompatible tissue is likely due to many small T cell populations responding weakly to hundreds of MHC-bound peptides from graft-derived leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Burrack
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Deepali Malhotra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Thamotharampillai Dileepan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Kevin C Osum
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Linnea A Swanson
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Brian T Fife
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; .,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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11
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Krovi SH, Gapin L. Structure and function of the non-classical major histocompatibility complex molecule MR1. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:549-59. [PMID: 27448212 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0939-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules play a central role in the vertebrate adaptive immune system. By presenting short peptides derived from pathogen-derived proteins, these "classical" MHC molecules can alert the T cell branch of the immune system of infected cells and clear the pathogen. There exist other "non-classical" MHC molecules, which while similar in structure to classical MHC proteins, are contrasted by their limited polymorphism. While the functions of many class Ib MHC molecules have still to be elucidated, the nature and diversity of antigens (if any) that some of them might present to the immune system is expected to be more restricted and might function as another approach to distinguish self from non-self. The MHC-related 1 (MR1) molecule is a member of this family of non-classical MHC proteins. It was recently shown to present unique antigens in the form of vitamin metabolites found in certain microbes. MR1 is strongly conserved genetically, structurally, and functionally through mammalian evolution, indicating its necessity in ensuring an effective immune system for members of this class. Although MR1 will be celebrating 21 years this year since its discovery, most of our understanding of how this molecule functions has only been uncovered in the past decade. Herein, we discuss where MR1 is expressed, how it selectively is able to bind to its appropriate antigens and how it, then, is able to specifically activate a distinct population of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Harsha Krovi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laurent Gapin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO, USA.
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12
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Schröder B. The multifaceted roles of the invariant chain CD74--More than just a chaperone. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1269-81. [PMID: 27033518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The invariant chain (CD74) is well known for its essential role in antigen presentation by mediating assembly and subcellular trafficking of the MHCII complex. Beyond this, CD74 has also been implicated in a number of processes independent of MHCII. These include the regulation of endosomal trafficking, cell migration and cellular signalling as surface receptor of the pro-inflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). In several forms of cancer, CD74 is up-regulated and associated with enhanced proliferation and metastatic potential. In this review, an overview of the diverse biological functions of the CD74 protein is provided with a particular focus on how these may be regulated. In particular, proteolysis of CD74 will be discussed as a central mechanism to control the actions of this important protein at different levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schröder
- Biochemical Institute, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
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Zavašnik-Bergant T, Bergant Marušič M. Exogenous Thyropin from p41 Invariant Chain Diminishes Cysteine Protease Activity and Affects IL-12 Secretion during Maturation of Human Dendritic Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150815. [PMID: 26960148 PMCID: PMC4784741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) play a pivotal role as antigen presenting cells (APC) and their maturation is crucial for effectively eliciting an antigen-specific immune response. The p41 splice variant of MHC class II-associated chaperone, called invariant chain p41 Ii, contains an amino acid sequence, the p41 fragment, which is a thyropin-type inhibitor of proteolytic enzymes. The effects of exogenous p41 fragment and related thyropin inhibitors acting on human immune cells have not been reported yet. In this study we demonstrate that exogenous p41 fragment can enter the endocytic pathway of targeted human immature DC. Internalized p41 fragment has contributed to the total amount of the immunogold labelled p41 Ii-specific epitope, as quantified by transmission electron microscopy, in particular in late endocytic compartments with multivesicular morphology where antigen processing and binding to MHC II take place. In cell lysates of treated immature DC, diminished enzymatic activity of cysteine proteases has been confirmed. Internalized exogenous p41 fragment did not affect the perinuclear clustering of acidic cathepsin S-positive vesicles typical of mature DC. p41 fragment is shown to interfere with the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 subunit in LPS-stimulated DC. p41 fragment is also shown to reduce the secretion of interleukin-12 (IL-12/p70) during the subsequent maturation of treated DC. The inhibition of proteolytic activity of lysosomal cysteine proteases in immature DC and the diminished capability of DC to produce IL-12 upon their subsequent maturation support the immunomodulatory potential of the examined thyropin from p41 Ii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Zavašnik-Bergant
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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Leung CSK. Endogenous Antigen Presentation of MHC Class II Epitopes through Non-Autophagic Pathways. Front Immunol 2015; 6:464. [PMID: 26441969 PMCID: PMC4563256 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigenic peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules are generally derived from exogenous proteins acquired by antigen presenting cells. However, in some circumstances, MHC class II molecules can present intracellular proteins expressed within the antigen-presenting cells. There are several described pathways by which endogenous antigens are degraded and gain access to MHC class II molecules. These include autophagy and other non-autophagic pathways; the latter category includes the MHC class I-like pathways, heat shock protein 90-mediated pathways, and internalization from the plasma membrane. This review will summarize and discuss the non-autophagic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol S K Leung
- Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London , London , UK
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