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Islam MM, Kim K, Lee JC, Shin M. LeuO, a LysR-Type Transcriptional Regulator, Is Involved in Biofilm Formation and Virulence of Acinetobacter baumannii. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:738706. [PMID: 34708004 PMCID: PMC8543017 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.738706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is an important nosocomial pathogen that can survive in different environmental conditions and poses a severe threat to public health due to its multidrug resistance properties. Research on transcriptional regulators, which play an essential role in adjusting to new environments, could provide new insights into A. baumannii pathogenesis. LysR-type transcriptional regulators (LTTRs) are structurally conserved among bacterial species and regulate virulence in many pathogens. We identified a novel LTTR, designated as LeuO encoded in the A. baumannii genome. After construction of LeuO mutant strain, transcriptome analysis showed that LeuO regulates the expression of 194 upregulated genes and 108 downregulated genes responsible for various functions and our qPCR validation of several differentially expressed genes support transcriptome data. Our results demonstrated that disruption of LeuO led to increased biofilm formation and increased pathogenicity in an animal model. However, the adherence and surface motility of the LeuO mutant were reduced compared with those of the wild-type strain. We observed some mutations on amino acids sequence of LeuO in clinical isolates. These mutations in the A. baumannii biofilm regulator LeuO may cause hyper-biofilm in the tested clinical isolates. This study is the first to demonstrate the association between the LTTR member LeuO and virulence traits of A. baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Maidul Islam
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyeongmin Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Je Chul Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Minsang Shin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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2
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Fernández-Mora M, Sánchez-Popoca D, Altamirano-Cruz G, López-Méndez G, Téllez-Galicia AT, Guadarrama C, Calva E. The S. Typhi leuO gene contains multiple functional promoters. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 34590996 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The S. Typhi leuO gene, which codes for the LysR-type transcriptional regulator LeuO, contains five forward promoters named P3, P1, P2, P5 and P4, and two reverse promoters, P6 and P7. The activity of the forward promoters was revealed by primer extension using gene reporter fusions in an S. Typhi hns lrp mutant strain. Likewise, the activity of the reverse promoters was revealed in an hns background. Derepression of the transcription of the chromosomal gene was confirmed by RT-PCR in the hns lrp mutant. The leuOP1 transcriptional reporter fusion, which contained only the major P1 promoter, had a lower expression in a relA spoT mutant strain, indicating that the steady-state levels of the (p)ppGpp alarmone positively regulate it. In contrast, the leuOP3, leuOP5P4, leuOP6 and leuOP7 transcriptional fusions were derepressed in the relA spoT background, indicating that the alarmone has a negative effect on their expression. Thus, the search for genetic regulators and environmental cues that would differentially derepress leuO gene expression by antagonizing the action of the H-NS and Lrp nucleoid-associated proteins, or that would fine-tune the expression of the various promoters, will further our understanding of the significance that multiple promoters have in the control of LeuO expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Fernández-Mora
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Diego Sánchez-Popoca
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Gloria Altamirano-Cruz
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Grecia López-Méndez
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Andrea Teresa Téllez-Galicia
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Carmen Guadarrama
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
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Mendoza-Mejía BD, Medina-Aparicio L, Serrano-Fujarte I, Vázquez A, Calva E, Hernández-Lucas I. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi genomic regions involved in low pH resistance and in invasion and replication in human macrophages. ANN MICROBIOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-021-01629-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the etiological agent of typhoid fever, causes a systemic life-threatening disease. To carry out a successful infection process, this bacterium needs to survive alkaline and acid pH conditions presented in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, and gallbladder. Therefore, in this work, a genetic screening to identify S. Typhi genes involved in acid and circumneutral pH resistance was performed.
Methods
A collection of S. Typhi mutants deleted of fragments ranging from 6 to 80 kb were obtained by the Datsenko and Wanner method. Bacterial growth rate assays of each mutant were performed to identify S. Typhi genes involved in circumneutral and acid pH resistance. S. Typhi mutants deficient to growth at specific pH were evaluated in their capacity to invade and replicate in phagocytic cells.
Results
In this work, it is reported that S. Typhi ∆F4 (pH 4.5), S. Typhi ∆F44 (pH 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5), and S. Typhi ∆F73 (pH 4.5, 5.5, 6.5, and 7.5) were deficient to grow in the pH indicated. These three mutant strains were also affected in their ability to invade and replicate in human macrophages.
Conclusions
S. Typhi contains defined genomic regions that influence the survival at specific pH values, as well as the invasion and replication inside human cells. Thus, this genetic information probably allows the bacteria to survive in different human compartments for an efficient infection cycle.
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Sensitive colorimetric aptasensor based on g-C3N4@Cu2O composites for detection of Salmonella typhimurium in food and water. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04745-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Park NY, Lee KW, Kim KS. H-NS Silences Gene Expression of LeuO, the Master Regulator of the Cyclic(Phe-Pro)-dependent Signal Pathway, in Vibrio vulnificus. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:830-838. [PMID: 32238773 PMCID: PMC9728156 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2001.01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (H-NS) is an abundant global regulator of environmentally controlled gene expression. Herein, we demonstrate that H-NS represses the expression of LeuO, the master regulator of the cyclic(Phe-Pro)-dependent signaling pathway, by directly binding to the upstream region of the gene. H-NS binds to a long stretched region (more than 160-bp long), which overlaps with binding sites for ToxR and LeuO. A high quantity of H-NS outcompetes ToxR for binding to the cis-acting element of leuO. However, our footprinting analyses suggests that the binding of H-NS is relatively weaker than LeuO or ToxR at the same molarity. Considering that the DNA nucleotide sequences of the upstream regions of leuO genes are highly conserved among various Vibrio, such patterns as those found in V. vulnificus would be a common feature in the regulation of leuO gene expression in Vibrionaceae. Taken together, these results suggest that, in species belonging to Vibrionaceae, H-NS regulates the expression of leuO as a basal stopper when cFP-ToxR mediated signaling is absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Young Park
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Woo Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun-Soo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-2-705-8460 Fax: +82-2-704-3601 E-mail:
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Cui L, Wang X, Huang D, Zhao Y, Feng J, Lu Q, Pu Q, Wang Y, Cheng G, Wu M, Dai M. CRISPR- cas3 of Salmonella Upregulates Bacterial Biofilm Formation and Virulence to Host Cells by Targeting Quorum-Sensing Systems. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9010053. [PMID: 31936769 PMCID: PMC7168661 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is recognized as one of the most common microbial pathogens worldwide. The bacterium contains the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems, providing adaptive immunity against invading foreign nucleic acids. Previous studies suggested that certain bacteria employ the Cas proteins of CRISPR-Cas systems to target their own genes, which also alters the virulence during invasion of mammals. However, whether CRISPR-Cas systems in Salmonella have similar functions during bacterial invasion of host cells remains unknown. Here, we systematically analyzed the genes that are regulated by Cas3 in a type I-E CRISPR-Cas system and the virulence changes due to the deletion of cas3 in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Compared to the cas3 gene wild-type (cas3 WT) Salmonella strain, cas3 deletion upregulated the lsrFGBE genes in lsr (luxS regulated) operon related to quorum sensing (QS) and downregulated biofilm-forming-related genes and Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) genes related to the type three secretion system (T3SS). Consistently, the biofilm formation ability was downregulated in the cas3 deletion mutant (Δcas3). The bacterial invasive and intracellular capacity of Δcas3 to host cells was also reduced, thereby increasing the survival of infected host cells and live chickens. By the transcriptome-wide screen (RNA-Seq), we found that the cas3 gene impacts a series of genes related to QS, the flagellum, and SPI-1-T3SS system, thereby altering the virulence phenotypes. As QS SPI-1-T3SS and CRISPR-Cas systems are widely distributed in the bacteria kingdom, our findings extend our understanding of virulence regulation and pathogenicity in mammalian hosts for Salmonella and potentially other bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqing Cui
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA;
| | - Xiangru Wang
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.)
| | - Deyu Huang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (D.H.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.); (G.C.)
| | - Yue Zhao
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.)
| | - Jiawei Feng
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.)
| | - Qirong Lu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (D.H.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.); (G.C.)
| | - Qinqin Pu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA;
| | - Yulian Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (D.H.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.); (G.C.)
| | - Guyue Cheng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (D.H.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.); (G.C.)
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA;
- Correspondence: (M.W.); (M.D.); Tel.: +1-701-777-4875 (M.W.); +86-027-8767-2232 (M.D.); Fax: +1-701-777-2382 (M.W.); +86-027-8767-2232 (M.D.)
| | - Menghong Dai
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.)
- Correspondence: (M.W.); (M.D.); Tel.: +1-701-777-4875 (M.W.); +86-027-8767-2232 (M.D.); Fax: +1-701-777-2382 (M.W.); +86-027-8767-2232 (M.D.)
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7
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Park NY, Kim IH, Wen Y, Lee KW, Lee S, Kim JA, Jung KH, Lee KH, Kim KS. Multi-Factor Regulation of the Master Modulator LeuO for the Cyclic-(Phe-Pro) Signaling Pathway in Vibrio vulnificus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20135. [PMID: 31882984 PMCID: PMC6934829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56855-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
LeuO plays the role of a master regulator in the cyclic-L-phenylalanine-L-proline (cFP)-dependent signaling pathway in Vibrio vulnificus. cFP, as shown through isothermal titration calorimetry analysis, binds specifically to the periplasmic domain of ToxR. Binding of cFP triggers a change in the cytoplasmic domain of ToxR, which then activates transcription of leuO encoding a LysR-type regulator. LeuO binds to the region upstream of its own coding sequence, inhibiting its own transcription and maintaining a controlled level of expression. A five-bp deletion in this region abolished expression of LeuO, but a ten-bp deletion did not, suggesting that a DNA bending mechanism is involved in the regulation. Furthermore, binding of RNA polymerase was significantly lower both in the deletion of the ToxR binding site and in the five-bp deletion, but not in the ten-bp deletion, as shown in pull-down assays using an antibody against RNA polymerase subunit α. In summary, multiple factors are involved in control of the expression of LeuO, a master regulator that orchestrates downstream regulators to modulate factors required for survival and pathogenicity of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Young Park
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Hwang Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yancheng Wen
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Keun-Woo Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sora Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-A Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang-Hwan Jung
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Biological Interfaces3, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu-Ho Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kun-Soo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea. .,Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea.
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8
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Medina-Aparicio L, Dávila S, Rebollar-Flores JE, Calva E, Hernández-Lucas I. The CRISPR-Cas system in Enterobacteriaceae. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4794941. [PMID: 29325038 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, microorganisms are constantly exposed to multiple viral infections and thus have developed many strategies to survive phage attack and invasion by foreign DNA. One of such strategies is the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas) bacterial immunological system. This defense mechanism is widespread in prokaryotes including several families such as Enterobacteriaceae. Much knowledge about the CRISPR-Cas system has been generated, including its biological functions, transcriptional regulation, distribution, utility as a molecular marker and as a tool for specific genome editing. This review focuses on these aspects and describes the state of the art of the CRISPR-Cas system in the Enterobacteriaceae bacterial family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Medina-Aparicio
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México
| | - Sonia Dávila
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad No. 1001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, México
| | - Javier E Rebollar-Flores
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México
| | - Edmundo Calva
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México
| | - Ismael Hernández-Lucas
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México
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Medina-Aparicio L, Rebollar-Flores JE, Beltrán-Luviano AA, Vázquez A, Gutiérrez-Ríos RM, Olvera L, Calva E, Hernández-Lucas I. CRISPR-Cas system presents multiple transcriptional units including antisense RNAs that are expressed in minimal medium and upregulated by pH in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:253-265. [PMID: 28270274 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The CRISPR-Cas system is involved in bacterial immunity, virulence, gene regulation, biofilm formation and sporulation. In Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, this system consists of five transcriptional units including antisense RNAs. It was determined that these genetic elements are expressed in minimal medium and are up-regulated by pH. In addition, a transcriptional characterization of cas3 and ascse2-1 is included herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Medina-Aparicio
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Javier E Rebollar-Flores
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - América A Beltrán-Luviano
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Vázquez
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Rosa M Gutiérrez-Ríos
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Leticia Olvera
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Edmundo Calva
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Ismael Hernández-Lucas
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
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Identification of Transcriptional Modules and Key Genes in Chickens Infected with Salmonella enterica Serovar Pullorum Using Integrated Coexpression Analyses. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:8347085. [PMID: 28529955 PMCID: PMC5424481 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8347085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica Pullorum is one of the leading causes of mortality in poultry. Understanding the molecular response in chickens in response to the infection by S. enterica is important in revealing the mechanisms of pathogenesis and disease progress. There have been studies on identifying genes associated with Salmonella infection by differential expression analysis, but the relationships among regulated genes have not been investigated. In this study, we employed weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) and differential coexpression analysis (DCEA) to identify coexpression modules by exploring microarray data derived from chicken splenic tissues in response to the S. enterica infection. A total of 19 modules from 13,538 genes were associated with the Jak-STAT signaling pathway, the extracellular matrix, cytoskeleton organization, the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, G-protein coupled receptor activity, Toll-like receptor signaling pathways, and immune system processes; among them, 14 differentially coexpressed modules (DCMs) and 2,856 differentially coexpressed genes (DCGs) were identified. The global expression of module genes between infected and uninfected chickens showed slight differences but considerable changes for global coexpression. Furthermore, DCGs were consistently linked to the hubs of the modules. These results will help prioritize candidate genes for future studies of Salmonella infection.
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López-Macías C, Cunningham AF. Editorial: How Salmonella Infection can Inform on Mechanisms of Immune Function and Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:451. [PMID: 26388874 PMCID: PMC4558537 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Constantino López-Macías
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Mexican Institute for Social Security, Specialties Hospital , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute for Biomedical Research, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
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