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Hargrave A, Mustafa AS, Hanif A, Tunio JH, Hanif SNM. Current Status of HIV-1 Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1026. [PMID: 34579263 PMCID: PMC8471857 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection and its progression to AIDS remains a significant global health challenge, particularly for low-income countries. Developing a vaccine to prevent HIV-1 infections has proven to be immensely challenging with complex biological acquisition and infection, unforeseen clinical trial disappointments, and funding issues. This paper discusses important landmarks of progress in HIV-1 vaccine development, various vaccine strategies, and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hargrave
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Pikeville, Pikeville, KY 41501, USA;
| | - Abu Salim Mustafa
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City 12037, Kuwait;
| | - Asma Hanif
- Department of Restorative Sciences, College of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Kuwait City 12037, Kuwait;
| | - Javed H. Tunio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Shumaila Nida M. Hanif
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Pikeville, Pikeville, KY 41501, USA;
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2
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Jahantigh HR, Stufano A, Lovreglio P, Rezaee SA, Ahmadi K. In silico identification of epitope-based vaccine candidates against HTLV-1. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:6737-6754. [PMID: 33648421 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1889669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is the cause of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), uveitis, and certain pulmonary diseases. In recent decades, many scientists have proposed the development of different treatment and prevention strategies to combat HTLV-1 infection. In this study, we used bioinformatics tools to predict peptide and protein vaccine candidates against HTLV-1 that can potentially induce antibody production and both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immune responses. Five critical proteins, viz., Hbz, Tax, Pol, Gag, and Env, were analyzed for predicting immunogenic T and B cell epitopes and subsequently evaluated using bioinformatics tools. Based on the predictions, the most antigenic epitopes were selected, and their interaction with immune receptors was investigated. We also designed a protein vaccine candidate with an eight-epitopes-rich domain, including overlapping epitopes detected on both B and T cells. Then, the interaction of the epitope and the designed protein with immune receptors was validated in an in silico docking study. The docking analysis showed that the O2 epitope and D8 protein interact strongly with immune receptors, especially the HLA-A*02:01 receptor. The stability of the interactions was investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) for 100 ns. The root mean square deviation, radius of gyration, hydrogen bonds, and solvent-accessible surface area were calculated for the 100 ns trajectory period. MD studies demonstrated that the O2-HLA-A*02:01 and D8-HLA-A*02:01 complexes were stable during the simulation. Analysis of in silico results showed that the peptide and the designed protein could elicit humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Jahantigh
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine - Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,Animal Health and Zoonosis PhD Course, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Stufano
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine - Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,Animal Health and Zoonosis PhD Course, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Piero Lovreglio
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine - Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Ahmadi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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3
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The vaccinologist's "dirty little secret": a better understanding of structure-function relationships of viral immunogens might advance rational HIV vaccine design. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1297-1303. [PMID: 33606111 PMCID: PMC7892722 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-04982-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
I will offer a conceptual analysis of different notions of structure and function of viral immunogens and of different structure-function relationships. My focus will then be on the mechanisms by which the desired immune response is induced and why strategies based on three-dimensional molecular antigen structures and their rational design are limited in their ability to induce the desired immunogenicity. I will look at the mechanisms of action of adjuvants (thus the wordplay with Janeway’s “immunologist’s dirty little secret”). Strategies involving adjuvants and other (more successful) vaccination strategies rely on taking into account activities and functions (“what is going on”), and not just the structures involved (“who is there”), in binding in a “lock and key” fashion. Functional patterns as well as other organizational and temporal patterns, I will argue, are crucial for inducing the desired immune response and immunogenicity. The 3D structural approach by itself has its benefits – and its limits, which I want to highlight by this philosophical analysis, pointing out the importance of structure-function relationships. Different functional aspects such as antigenicity, immunogenicity, and immunity need to be kept separate and cannot be reduced to three-dimensional structures of vaccines. Taking into account different notions of structure and function and their relationships might thus advance our understanding of the immune system and rational HIV vaccine design, to which end philosophy can provide useful tools.
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van Regenmortel MHV. What does it mean to develop an HIV vaccine by rational design? Arch Virol 2020; 166:27-33. [PMID: 33251565 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04884-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review argues that the three popular concepts of design, rationality and reductionism, which guided vaccine research for many years, actually contributed to the inability of vaccinologists to develop an effective HIV vaccine. The strong goal-directed intentionality inherent in the concept of design together with excessive confidence in the power of rational thinking convinced investigators that the accumulated structural knowledge on HIV epitopes, derived from crystallographic studies of complexes of neutralizing antibodies bound to HIV Env epitopes, would allow them to rationally design complementary immunogens capable of inducing anti-HIV protective antibodies. This strategy failed because it was not appreciated that the structures observed in epitope-paratope crystallographic complexes result from mutually induced fit between the two partners and do not represent structures present in the free disordered molecules before they had interacted. In addition, reductionist thinking led investigators to accept that biology could be reduced to chemistry, and this made them neglect the fundamental difference between chemical antigenicity and biological immunogenicity. As a result, they did not investigate which inherent constituents of immune systems controlled the induction of protective antibodies and focused instead only on the steric complementarity that exists between bound epitopes and paratopes.
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5
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Van Regenmortel MH. Truth in science and in molecular recognition, post‐truth in human affairs. J Mol Recognit 2019; 33:e2827. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zutshi S, Kumar S, Chauhan P, Bansode Y, Nair A, Roy S, Sarkar A, Saha B. Anti-Leishmanial Vaccines: Assumptions, Approaches, and Annulments. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040156. [PMID: 31635276 PMCID: PMC6963565 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected protozoan parasitic disease that occurs in 88 countries but a vaccine is unavailable. Vaccination with live, killed, attenuated (physically or genetically) Leishmania have met with limited success, while peptide-, protein-, or DNA-based vaccines showed promise only in animal models. Here, we critically assess several technical issues in vaccination and expectation of a host-protective immune response. Several studies showed that antigen presentation during priming and triggering of the same cells in infected condition are not comparable. Altered proteolytic processing, antigen presentation, protease-susceptible sites, and intracellular expression of pathogenic proteins during Leishmania infection may vary dominant epitope selection, MHC-II/peptide affinity, and may deter the reactivation of desired antigen-specific T cells generated during priming. The robustness of the memory T cells and their functions remains a concern. Presentation of the antigens by Leishmania-infected macrophages to antigen-specific memory T cells may lead to change in the T cells' functional phenotype or anergy or apoptosis. Although cells may be activated, the peptides generated during infection may be different and cross-reactive to the priming peptides. Such altered peptide ligands may lead to suppression of otherwise active antigen-specific T cells. We critically assess these different immunological issues that led to the non-availability of a vaccine for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunil Kumar
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Prashant Chauhan
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Yashwant Bansode
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Arathi Nair
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Somenath Roy
- Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, India.
| | - Arup Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India.
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India.
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Moonmuang S, Saoin S, Chupradit K, Sakkhachornphop S, Israsena N, Rungsiwiwut R, Tayapiwatana C. Modulated expression of the HIV-1 2LTR zinc finger efficiently interferes with the HIV integration process. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181109. [PMID: 30068696 PMCID: PMC6127673 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors have emerged as the most efficient system to stably transfer and insert genes into cells. By adding a tetracycline (Tet)-inducible promoter, transgene expression delivered by a lentiviral vector can be expressed whenever needed and halted when necessary. Here we have constructed a doxycycline (Dox)-inducible lentiviral vector which efficiently introduces a designed zinc finger protein, 2-long terminal repeat zinc-finger protein (2LTRZFP), into hematopoietic cell lines and evaluated its expression in pluripotent stem cells. As a result this lentiviral inducible system can regulate 2LTRZFP expression in the SupT1 T-cell line and in pluripotent stem cells. Using this vector, no basal expression was detected in the T-cell line and its induction was achieved with low Dox concentrations. Remarkably, the intracellular regulatory expression of 2LTRZFP significantly inhibited HIV-1 integration and replication in HIV-inoculated SupT1 cells. This approach could provide a potential tool for gene therapy applications, which efficiently control and reduce the side effect of therapeutic genes expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutpirat Moonmuang
- Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Somphot Saoin
- Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Koollawat Chupradit
- Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | | | - Nipan Israsena
- Stem Cell and Cell Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Ruttachuk Rungsiwiwut
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Tayapiwatana
- Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Van Regenmortel MHV. Development of a Preventive HIV Vaccine Requires Solving Inverse Problems Which Is Unattainable by Rational Vaccine Design. Front Immunol 2018; 8:2009. [PMID: 29387066 PMCID: PMC5776009 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.02009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypotheses and theories are essential constituents of the scientific method. Many vaccinologists are unaware that the problems they try to solve are mostly inverse problems that consist in imagining what could bring about a desired outcome. An inverse problem starts with the result and tries to guess what are the multiple causes that could have produced it. Compared to the usual direct scientific problems that start with the causes and derive or calculate the results using deductive reasoning and known mechanisms, solving an inverse problem uses a less reliable inductive approach and requires the development of a theoretical model that may have different solutions or none at all. Unsuccessful attempts to solve inverse problems in HIV vaccinology by reductionist methods, systems biology and structure-based reverse vaccinology are described. The popular strategy known as rational vaccine design is unable to solve the multiple inverse problems faced by HIV vaccine developers. The term “rational” is derived from “rational drug design” which uses the 3D structure of a biological target for designing molecules that will selectively bind to it and inhibit its biological activity. In vaccine design, however, the word “rational” simply means that the investigator is concentrating on parts of the system for which molecular information is available. The economist and Nobel laureate Herbert Simon introduced the concept of “bounded rationality” to explain why the complexity of the world economic system makes it impossible, for instance, to predict an event like the financial crash of 2007–2008. Humans always operate under unavoidable constraints such as insufficient information, a limited capacity to process huge amounts of data and a limited amount of time available to reach a decision. Such limitations always prevent us from achieving the complete understanding and optimization of a complex system that would be needed to achieve a truly rational design process. This is why the complexity of the human immune system prevents us from rationally designing an HIV vaccine by solving inverse problems.
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Sundaramurthi JC, Ashokkumar M, Swaminathan S, Hanna LE. HLA based selection of epitopes offers a potential window of opportunity for vaccine design against HIV. Vaccine 2017; 35:5568-5575. [PMID: 28888341 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pace of progression to AIDS after HIV infection varies from individual to individual. While some individuals develop AIDS quickly, others are protected from the onset of disease for more than a decade (elite controllers and long term non-progressors). The mechanisms of protection are not yet clearly understood, though various factors including host genetics, immune components and virus attenuation have been elucidated partly. The influence of HLA alleles on HIV-1 infection and disease outcome has been studied extensively. Several HLA alleles are known to be associated with resistance to infection or delayed progression to AIDS after infection. Similarly, certain HLA alleles are reported to be associated with rapid progression to disease. Since HLA alleles influence the outcome of HIV infection differentially, selection of epitopes specifically recognized by protective alleles could serve asa rational means for HIV vaccine design. In this review article, we discuss existing knowledge on HLA alleles and their association with resistance/susceptibility to HIV and its relevance to vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadish Chandrabose Sundaramurthi
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), (Formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre), Chetpet, Chennai 600031, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manickam Ashokkumar
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), (Formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre), Chetpet, Chennai 600031, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Soumya Swaminathan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), (Formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre), Chetpet, Chennai 600031, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Luke Elizabeth Hanna
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), (Formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre), Chetpet, Chennai 600031, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Rivas AL, Leitner G, Jankowski MD, Hoogesteijn AL, Iandiorio MJ, Chatzipanagiotou S, Ioannidis A, Blum SE, Piccinini R, Antoniades A, Fazio JC, Apidianakis Y, Fair JM, Van Regenmortel MHV. Nature and Consequences of Biological Reductionism for the Immunological Study of Infectious Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:612. [PMID: 28620378 PMCID: PMC5449438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution has conserved "economic" systems that perform many functions, faster or better, with less. For example, three to five leukocyte types protect from thousands of pathogens. To achieve so much with so little, biological systems combine their limited elements, creating complex structures. Yet, the prevalent research paradigm is reductionist. Focusing on infectious diseases, reductionist and non-reductionist views are here described. The literature indicates that reductionism is associated with information loss and errors, while non-reductionist operations can extract more information from the same data. When designed to capture one-to-many/many-to-one interactions-including the use of arrows that connect pairs of consecutive observations-non-reductionist (spatial-temporal) constructs eliminate data variability from all dimensions, except along one line, while arrows describe the directionality of temporal changes that occur along the line. To validate the patterns detected by non-reductionist operations, reductionist procedures are needed. Integrated (non-reductionist and reductionist) methods can (i) distinguish data subsets that differ immunologically and statistically; (ii) differentiate false-negative from -positive errors; (iii) discriminate disease stages; (iv) capture in vivo, multilevel interactions that consider the patient, the microbe, and antibiotic-mediated responses; and (v) assess dynamics. Integrated methods provide repeatable and biologically interpretable information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel L. Rivas
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Gabriel Leitner
- National Mastitis Center, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Mark D. Jankowski
- Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Almira L. Hoogesteijn
- Human Ecology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mérida, México
| | - Michelle J. Iandiorio
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Stylianos Chatzipanagiotou
- Department of Biopathology and Clinical Microbiology, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios Ioannidis
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece
| | - Shlomo E. Blum
- National Mastitis Center, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Renata Piccinini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Athos Antoniades
- Department of Computer Science, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Jane C. Fazio
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | | | - Jeanne M. Fair
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Marc H. V. Van Regenmortel
- School of Biotechnology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Van Regenmortel MHV. Structure-Based Reverse Vaccinology Failed in the Case of HIV Because it Disregarded Accepted Immunological Theory. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1591. [PMID: 27657055 PMCID: PMC5037856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two types of reverse vaccinology (RV) should be distinguished: genome-based RV for bacterial vaccines and structure-based RV for viral vaccines. Structure-based RV consists in trying to generate a vaccine by first determining the crystallographic structure of a complex between a viral epitope and a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (nMab) and then reconstructing the epitope by reverse molecular engineering outside the context of the native viral protein. It is based on the unwarranted assumption that the epitope designed to fit the nMab will have acquired the immunogenic capacity to elicit a polyclonal antibody response with the same protective capacity as the nMab. After more than a decade of intensive research using this type of RV, this approach has failed to deliver an effective, preventive HIV-1 vaccine. The structure and dynamics of different types of HIV-1 epitopes and of paratopes are described. The rational design of an anti-HIV-1 vaccine is shown to be a misnomer since investigators who claim that they design a vaccine are actually only improving the antigenic binding capacity of one epitope with respect to only one paratope and not the immunogenic capacity of an epitope to elicit neutralizing antibodies. Because of the degeneracy of the immune system and the polyspecificity of antibodies, each epitope studied by the structure-based RV procedure is only one of the many epitopes that the particular nMab is able to recognize and there is no reason to assume that this nMab must have been elicited by this one epitope of known structure. Recent evidence is presented that the trimeric Env spikes of the virus possess such an enormous plasticity and intrinsic structural flexibility that it is it extremely difficult to determine which Env regions are the best candidate vaccine immunogens most likely to elicit protective antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc H V Van Regenmortel
- UMR 7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, 300, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, CS 10413, 67412 Illkirch Cedex, France.
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12
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Jongwe TI, Chapman R, Douglass N, Chetty S, Chege G, Williamson AL. HIV-1 Subtype C Mosaic Gag Expressed by BCG and MVA Elicits Persistent Effector T Cell Responses in a Prime-Boost Regimen in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159141. [PMID: 27427967 PMCID: PMC4948879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 90% of HIV/AIDS positive individuals in sub-Saharan Africa are infected with highly heterogeneous HIV-1 subtype C (HIV-1C) viruses. One of the best ways to reduce the burden of this disease is the development of an affordable and effective prophylactic vaccine. Mosaic immunogens are computationally designed to overcome the hurdle of HIV diversity by maximizing the expression of potential T cell epitopes. Mycobacterium bovis BCG ΔpanCD auxotroph and modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccines expressing HIV-1C mosaic Gag (GagM) were tested in a prime-boost regimen to demonstrate immunogenicity in a mouse study. The BCG-GagM vaccine was stable and persisted 11.5 weeks post vaccination in BALB/c mice. Priming with BCG-GagM and boosting with MVA-GagM elicited higher Gag-specific IFN-γ ELISPOT responses than the BCG-GagM only and MVA-GagM only homologous vaccination regimens. The heterologous vaccination also generated a more balanced and persistent CD4+ and CD8+ T cell Gag-specific IFN-γ ELISPOT response with a predominant effector memory phenotype. A Th1 bias was induced by the vaccines as determined by the predominant secretion of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2. This study shows that a low dose of MVA (104 pfu) can effectively boost a BCG prime expressing the same mosaic immunogen, generating strong, cellular immune responses against Gag in mice. Our data warrants further evaluation in non-human primates. A low dose vaccine would be an advantage in the resource limited countries of sub-Saharan Africa and India (where the predominating virus is HIV-1 subtype C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsungai Ivai Jongwe
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ros Chapman
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicola Douglass
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shivan Chetty
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerald Chege
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
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13
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Servín-Blanco R, Zamora-Alvarado R, Gevorkian G, Manoutcharian K. Antigenic variability: Obstacles on the road to vaccines against traditionally difficult targets. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:2640-2648. [PMID: 27295540 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1191718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the impressive impact of vaccines on public health, the success of vaccines targeting many important pathogens and cancers has to date been limited. The burden of infectious diseases today is mainly caused by antigenically variable pathogens (AVPs), which escape immune responses induced by prior infection or vaccination through changes in molecular structures recognized by antibodies or T cells. Extensive genetic and antigenic variability is the major obstacle for the development of new or improved vaccines against "difficult" targets. Alternative, qualitatively new approaches leading to the generation of disease- and patient-specific vaccine immunogens that incorporate complex permanently changing epitope landscapes of intended targets accompanied by appropriate immunomodulators are urgently needed. In this review, we highlight some of the most critical common issues related to the development of vaccines against many pathogens and cancers that escape protective immune responses owing to antigenic variation, and discuss recent efforts to overcome the obstacles by applying alternative approaches for the rational design of new types of immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Servín-Blanco
- a Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), AP 70228, Cuidad Universitaria , México DF , México
| | - R Zamora-Alvarado
- a Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), AP 70228, Cuidad Universitaria , México DF , México
| | - G Gevorkian
- a Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), AP 70228, Cuidad Universitaria , México DF , México
| | - K Manoutcharian
- a Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), AP 70228, Cuidad Universitaria , México DF , México
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Lu W, Chen S, Lai C, Lai M, Fang H, Dao H, Kang J, Fan J, Guo W, Fu L, Andrieu JM. Suppression of HIV Replication by CD8(+) Regulatory T-Cells in Elite Controllers. Front Immunol 2016; 7:134. [PMID: 27148256 PMCID: PMC4834299 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated in the Chinese macaque model that an oral vaccine made of inactivated SIV and Lactobacillus plantarum induced CD8(+) regulatory T-cells, which suppressed the activation of SIV(+)CD4(+) T-cells, prevented SIV replication, and protected macaques from SIV challenges. Here, we sought whether a similar population of CD8(+) T-regs would induce the suppression of HIV replication in elite controllers (ECs), a small population (3‰) of HIV-infected patients with undetectable HIV replication. For that purpose, we investigated the in vitro antiviral activity of fresh CD8(+) T-cells on HIV-infected CD4(+) T-cells taken from 10 ECs. The 10 ECs had a classical genomic profile: all of them carried the KIR3DL1 gene and 9 carried at least 1 allele of HLA-B:Bw4-80Ile (i.e., with an isoleucine residue at position 80). In the nine HLA-B:Bw4-80Ile-positive patients, we demonstrated a strong viral suppression by KIR3DL1-expressing CD8(+) T-cells that required cell-to-cell contact to switch off the activation signals in infected CD4(+) T-cells. KIR3DL1-expressing CD8(+) T-cells withdrawal and KIR3DL1 neutralization by a specific anti-killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) antibody inhibited the suppression of viral replication. Our findings provide the first evidence for an instrumental role of KIR-expressing CD8(+) regulatory T-cells in the natural control of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lu
- Institut de Recherche sur les Vaccins et l'Immunothérapie des Cancers et du Sida, Université de Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Sino-French Collaborative Laboratory, Tropical Medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song Chen
- Sino-French Collaborative Laboratory, Tropical Medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Chunhui Lai
- Sino-French Collaborative Laboratory, Tropical Medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Mingyue Lai
- Xishuangbanna Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Jinghong , China
| | - Hua Fang
- Xishuangbanna Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Jinghong , China
| | - Hong Dao
- Xishuangbanna Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Jinghong , China
| | - Jun Kang
- Xishuangbanna Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Jinghong , China
| | - Jianhua Fan
- Xishuangbanna Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Jinghong , China
| | - Weizhong Guo
- Sino-French Collaborative Laboratory, Tropical Medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Linchun Fu
- Sino-French Collaborative Laboratory, Tropical Medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jean-Marie Andrieu
- Institut de Recherche sur les Vaccins et l'Immunothérapie des Cancers et du Sida, Université de Paris Descartes , Paris , France
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15
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Karpenko LI, Bazhan SI, Bogryantseva MP, Ryndyuk NN, Ginko ZI, Kuzubov VI, Lebedev LR, Kaplina ON, Reguzova AY, Ryzhikov AB, Usova SV, Oreshkova SF, Nechaeva EA, Danilenko ED, Ilyichev AA. Results of phase I clinical trials of a combined vaccine against HIV-1 based on synthetic polyepitope immunogens. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162016020060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Laderoute MP, Larocque LJ, Giulivi A, Diaz-Mitoma F. Further Evidence that Human Endogenous Retrovirus K102 is a Replication Competent Foamy Virus that may Antagonize HIV-1 Replication. Open AIDS J 2015; 9:112-22. [PMID: 26793281 PMCID: PMC4714383 DOI: 10.2174/1874613601509010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The goals of the research were to determine if a foamy effect on macrophages was due to human
endogenous retrovirus K102 (HERV-K102) replication, and to further address its potential significance in HIV-1
infection. Methods: An RT-PCR HERV-K HML-2 pol method was used to screen the unknown HERV, and isolated bands were
sent for sequencing. Confirmation of RNA expression was performed by a real time quantitative PCR (qPCR) pol ddCt
method. Rabbit antibodies to Env peptides were used to assess expression by immunohistology and processing of Env by
western blots. A qPCR pol ddCt method to ascertain genomic copy number was performed on genomic DNA isolated
from plasma comparing HIV-1 exposed seronegative (HESN) commercial sex workers (CSW) to normal controls and
contrasted with HIV-1 patients. Results: HERV-K102 expression, particle production and replication were associated with foamy macrophage generation
in the cultures of cord blood mononuclear cells under permissive conditions. A five-fold increased HERV-K102 pol
genomic copy number was found in the HESN cohort over normal which was not found in HIV-1 positive patients
(p=0.0005). Conclusions: This work extends the evidence that HERV-K102 has foamy virus attributes, is replication competent, and is
capable of high replication rate in vivo and in vitro. This may be the first characterization of a replication-competent,
foamy-like virus of humans. High particle production inferred by increased integration in the HESN cohort over HIV-1
patients raises the issue of the clinical importance of HERV-K102 particle production as an early protective innate
immune response against HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian P Laderoute
- Bloodborne Pathogens Division, Blood Zoonotics Unit, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
| | - Louise J Larocque
- Bloodborne Pathogens Division, Blood Zoonotics Unit, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
| | - Antonio Giulivi
- Division of Hematopathology and Transfusion Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
| | - Francisco Diaz-Mitoma
- The Advanced Medical Research Institute of Canada, Sudbury, Ontario Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
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17
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Hardy GAD, Cocker ATH, Imami N. A stepwise advance out of the shadows: leading HIV to its clearance. Future Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gareth AD Hardy
- Center for Immunology and Vaccinology, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Alex TH Cocker
- Center for Immunology and Vaccinology, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Nesrina Imami
- Center for Immunology and Vaccinology, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
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