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Chong CF, Hasnizan NYU, Ahmad Mokhtar AM. Navigating the landscape of Rho GTPase signalling system in autoimmunity: A bibliometric analysis spanning over three decades (1990 to 2023). Cell Signal 2023; 111:110855. [PMID: 37598919 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Ras-homologous (Rho) guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) are considered a central player in regulating various biological processes, extending to immune regulation. Perturbations in Rho GTPase signalling have been implicated in immune-related dysregulation, contributing to the development of autoimmunity. This study presents a scientometric analysis exploring the interlink between the Rho GTPase signalling system and autoimmunity, while also delving into the trends of past studies. A total of 967 relevant publications from 1990 to 2023 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database after throrough manual filtering of irrelevant articles. The findings show an upward trajectory in publications related to this field since 2006. Over the past three decades, the United States of America (41.68%) emerged as the primary contributor in advancing our understanding of the association between the Rho GTPase signalling system and autoimmunity. Research in autoimmunity has mainly centered around therapeutic interventions, with an emphasis on studying leukocyte (macrophage) and endothelial remodelling. Interestingly, within the domains of multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, the current focus has been directed towards comprehending the role of RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42. Notably, certain subfamilies of Rho (such as RhoB and RhoC), Rac (including Rac2 and RhoG), Cdc42 (specifically RhoJ), and other atypical Rho GTPases (like RhoE and RhoH) consistently demonstrating compelling link with autoimmunity, but still warrants emphasis in the future study. Hence, strategic manipulation of the Rho signalling system holds immense promise as a pivotal approach to addressing the global challenge of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien Fung Chong
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Nik Yasmin Umaira Hasnizan
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Ana Masara Ahmad Mokhtar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia.
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Malmhäll-Bah E, Andersson KM, Erlandsson MC, Silfverswärd ST, Pullerits R, Bokarewa MI. Metabolic signature and proteasome activity controls synovial migration of CDC42hiCD14 + cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1187093. [PMID: 37662900 PMCID: PMC10469903 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1187093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Activation of Rho-GTPases in macrophages causes inflammation and severe arthritis in mice. In this study, we explore if Rho-GTPases define the joint destination of pathogenic leukocytes, the mechanism by which they perpetuate rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and how JAK inhibition mitigates these effects. Methods CD14+ cells of 136 RA patients were characterized by RNA sequencing and cytokine measurement to identify biological processes and transcriptional regulators specific for CDC42 hiCD14+ cells, which were summarized in a metabolic signature (MetSig). The effect of hypoxia and IFN-γ signaling on the metabolic signature of CD14+ cells was assessed experimentally. To investigate its connection with joint inflammation, the signature was translated into the single-cell characteristics of CDC42 hi synovial tissue macrophages. The sensitivity of MetSig to the RA disease activity and the treatment effect were assessed experimentally and clinically. Results CDC42 hiCD14+ cells carried MetSig of genes functional in the oxidative phosphorylation and proteasome-dependent cell remodeling, which correlated with the cytokine-rich migratory phenotype and antigen-presenting capacity of these cells. Integration of CDC42 hiCD14+ and synovial macrophages marked with MetSig revealed the important role of the interferon-rich environment and immunoproteasome expression in the homeostasis of these pathogenic macrophages. The CDC42 hiCD14+ cells were targeted by JAK inhibitors and responded with the downregulation of immunoproteasome and MHC-II molecules, which disintegrated the immunological synapse, reduced cytokine production, and alleviated arthritis. Conclusion This study shows that the CDC42-related MetSig identifies the antigen-presenting CD14+ cells that migrate to joints to coordinate autoimmunity. The accumulation of CDC42 hiCD14+ cells discloses patients perceptive to the JAKi treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Malmhäll-Bah
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin M.E. Andersson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malin C. Erlandsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Rheumatology Clinic, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sofia T. Silfverswärd
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rille Pullerits
- Rheumatology Clinic, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria I. Bokarewa
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Rheumatology Clinic, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Saeidi N, Goudarzvand H, Mohammadi H, Mardi A, Ghoreishizadeh S, Shomali N, Goudarzvand M. Dysregulation of miR-193a serves as a potential contributor to MS pathogenesis via affecting RhoA and Rock1. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 69:104468. [PMID: 36529069 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common neurological diseases that cause chronic inflammation of the central nervous system and demyelination of the myelin sheath. At present, microRNAs (miRNAs) are considered not only a diagnostic and prognostic indicator of diseases but also a new goal in gene therapy. This study aims to find a simple, non-invasive, valuable biomarker for early detection and potential treatment of MS. METHODS In the present study, 30 patients with MS were included. The qRT-PCR method was performed to evaluate the expression level of miR-193a, RhoA, and ROCK1. Besides, western blotting was performed to determine the expression level of RhoA and ROCK1 at protein levels. Moreover, we aimed to clarify the possible correlation between miR-193a-5p and its-regulated target genes so that miR-193a-5p mimic was transfected into MS-derived cultured PBMSs, and the expression level of RhoA and ROCK1 were then evaluated by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. In the final step, the correlation between miR-193a-5p and clinicopathological features of patients was investigated. RESULTS Results showed that miR-193a was decreased while RhoA and ROCK1 were up-regulated in PBMCs obtained from patients with MS compared to the control group. It was also revealed that miR-193a transfection reduced RhoA and ROCK1 expression at mRNA and protein levels. The results from the Chi-square analysis showed that down-regulation of miR-193a was associated with increased CRP level, CSF IgG positivity, and MSSS (Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score), suggesting miR-193a is a potential diagnostic and prognostic indicator. CONCLUSION We implied that miR-193a could modulate RhoA and ROCK 1 expression in MS patients, in which its down-regulation leads to increased expression of RhoA and ROCK1 and poor prognosis of patients with MS. Therefore, miR-193a and its associated targets could serve potential prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic efficacy in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Saeidi
- DNA Laboratory, Analytical Laboratories, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | | | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Mardi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Shadi Ghoreishizadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Shomali
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Goudarzvand
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
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Malmhäll-Bah E, Andersson KME, Erlandsson MC, Akula MK, Brisslert M, Wiel C, El Zowalaty AE, Sayin VI, Bergö MO, Bokarewa MI. Rho-GTPase dependent leukocyte interaction generates pro-inflammatory thymic Tregs and causes arthritis. J Autoimmun 2022; 130:102843. [PMID: 35643017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Conditional mutation of protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I (GGTase-I) in macrophages (GLC) activates Rho-GTPases and causes arthritis in mice. Knocking out Rag1 in GLC mice alleviates arthritis which indicates that lymphocytes are required for arthritis development in those mice. To study GLC dependent changes in the adaptive immunity, we isolated CD4+ T cells from GLC mice (CD4+GLCs). Spleen and joint draining lymph nodes (dLN) CD4+GLCs exhibited high expression of Cdc42 and Rac1, which repressed the caudal HOXA proteins and activated the mechanosensory complex to facilitate migration. These CDC42/RAC1 rich CD4+GLCs presented a complete signature of GARP+NRP1+IKZF2+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) of thymic origin. Activation of the β-catenin/Lef1 axis promoted a pro-inflammatory Th1 phenotype of Tregs, which was strongly associated with arthritis severity. Knockout of Cdc42 in macrophages of GLC mice affected CD4+ cell biology and triggered development of non-thymic Tregs. Knockout of Rac1 and RhoA had no such effects on CD4+ cells although it alleviated arthritis in GLC mice. Disrupting macrophage and T cell interaction with CTLA4 fusion protein reduced the Th1-driven inflammation and enrichment of thymic Tregs into dLNs. Antigen challenge reinforced the CD4+GLC phenotype in non-arthritic heterozygote GLC mice and increased accumulation of Rho-GTPase expressing thymic Tregs in dLNs. Our study demonstrates an unexpected role of macrophages in stimulating the development of pro-inflammatory thymic Tregs and reveal activation of Rho-GTPases behind their arthritogenic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Malmhäll-Bah
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin M E Andersson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malin C Erlandsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden; Rheumatology Clinic, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gröna Stråket 16, 41346, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Murali K Akula
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Brisslert
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Clotilde Wiel
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ahmed E El Zowalaty
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Volkan I Sayin
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin O Bergö
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, 14183, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Maria I Bokarewa
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden; Rheumatology Clinic, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gröna Stråket 16, 41346, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Ahmad Mokhtar AM, Salikin NH, Haron AS, Amin-Nordin S, Hashim IF, Mohd Zaini Makhtar M, Zulfigar SB, Ismail NI. RhoG's Role in T Cell Activation and Function. Front Immunol 2022; 13:845064. [PMID: 35280994 PMCID: PMC8913496 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.845064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of RhoG in T cell development is redundant with other Racs subfamily members, and this redundancy may be attributed to redundant signal transduction pathways. However, the absence of RhoG increases TCR signalling and proliferation, implying that RhoG activity is critical during late T cell activation following antigen–receptor interaction. Moreover, RhoG is required to halt signal transduction and prevent hyper-activated T cells. Despite increase in TCR signalling, cell proliferation is inhibited, implying that RhoG induces T cell anergy by promoting the activities of transcription factors, including nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT)/AP-1. The role of NFAT plays in T cell anergy is inducing the transcription of anergy-associated genes, such as IL-2, IL-5, and IFN-γ. Although information about RhoG in T cell-related diseases is limited, mutant forms of RhoG, Ala151Ser and Glu171Lys have been observed in thymoma and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), respectively. Current information only focuses on these two diseases, and thus the role of RhoG in normal and pathological circumstances should be further investigated. This approach is necessary because RhoG and its associated proteins represent prospective targets for attack particularly in the therapy of cancer and immune-mediated illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Masara Ahmad Mokhtar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hawani Salikin
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia
| | | | - Syafinaz Amin-Nordin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Ilie Fadzilah Hashim
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
| | - Muaz Mohd Zaini Makhtar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia.,Fellow of Center for Global Sustainability Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Balqis Zulfigar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Izza Ismail
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia
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Abstract
Immunity could be viewed as the common factor in neurodevelopmental disorders and cancer. The immune and nervous systems coevolve as the embryo develops. Immunity can release cytokines that activate MAPK signaling in neural cells. In specific embryonic brain cell types, dysregulated signaling that results from germline or embryonic mutations can promote changes in chromatin organization and gene accessibility, and thus expression levels of essential genes in neurodevelopment. In cancer, dysregulated signaling can emerge from sporadic somatic mutations during human life. Neurodevelopmental disorders and cancer share similarities. In neurodevelopmental disorders, immunity, and cancer, there appears an almost invariable involvement of small GTPases (e.g., Ras, RhoA, and Rac) and their pathways. TLRs, IL-1, GIT1, and FGFR signaling pathways, all can be dysregulated in neurodevelopmental disorders and cancer. Although there are signaling similarities, decisive differentiating factors are timing windows, and cell type specific perturbation levels, pointing to chromatin reorganization. Finally, we discuss drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Cancer Innovation Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Corresponding author
| | - Chung-Jung Tsai
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Cancer Innovation Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Cancer Innovation Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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G-protein-coupled receptor P2Y10 facilitates chemokine-induced CD4 T cell migration through autocrine/paracrine mediators. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6798. [PMID: 34815397 PMCID: PMC8611058 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26882-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), especially chemokine receptors, play a central role in the regulation of T cell migration. Various GPCRs are upregulated in activated CD4 T cells, including P2Y10, a putative lysophospholipid receptor that is officially still considered an orphan GPCR, i.e., a receptor with unknown endogenous ligand. Here we show that in mice lacking P2Y10 in the CD4 T cell compartment, the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and cutaneous contact hypersensitivity is reduced. P2Y10-deficient CD4 T cells show normal activation, proliferation and differentiation, but reduced chemokine-induced migration, polarization, and RhoA activation upon in vitro stimulation. Mechanistically, CD4 T cells release the putative P2Y10 ligands lysophosphatidylserine and ATP upon chemokine exposure, and these mediators induce P2Y10-dependent RhoA activation in an autocrine/paracrine fashion. ATP degradation impairs RhoA activation and migration in control CD4 T cells, but not in P2Y10-deficient CD4 T cells. Importantly, the P2Y10 pathway appears to be conserved in human T cells. Taken together, P2Y10 mediates RhoA activation in CD4 T cells in response to auto-/paracrine-acting mediators such as LysoPS and ATP, thereby facilitating chemokine-induced migration and, consecutively, T cell-mediated diseases.
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Carrión B, Liu Y, Hadi M, Lundstrom J, Christensen JR, Ammitzbøll C, Dziegiel MH, Sørensen PS, Comabella M, Montalban X, Sellebjerg F, Issazadeh-Navikas S. Transcriptome and Function of Novel Immunosuppressive Autoreactive Invariant Natural Killer T Cells That Are Absent in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2021; 8:8/6/e1065. [PMID: 34385365 PMCID: PMC8362604 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether natural killer T (NKT) cells, including invariant (i) NKT cells, have clinical value in preventing the progression of multiple sclerosis (MS) by examining the mechanisms by which a distinct self-peptide induces a novel, protective invariant natural killer T cell (iNKT cell) subset. METHODS We performed a transcriptomic and functional analysis of iNKT cells that were reactive to a human collagen type II self-peptide, hCII707-721, measuring differentially induced genes, cytokines, and suppressive capacity. RESULTS We report the first transcriptomic profile of human conventional vs novel hCII707-721-reactive iNKT cells. We determined that hCII707-721 induces protective iNKT cells that are found in the blood of healthy individuals but not progressive patients with MS (PMS). By transcriptomic analysis, we observed that hCII707-721 promotes their development and proliferation, favoring the splicing of full-length AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT1) and effector function of this unique lineage by upregulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related genes. Furthermore, hCII707-721-reactive iNKT cells did not upregulate interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, IL-13, or IL-17 by RNA-seq or at the protein level, unlike the response to the glycolipid alpha-galactosylceramide. hCII707-721-reactive iNKT cells increased TNFα only at the protein level and suppressed autologous-activated T cells through FAS-FAS ligand (FAS-FASL) and TNFα-TNF receptor I signaling but not TNF receptor II. DISCUSSION Based on their immunomodulatory properties, NKT cells have a potential value in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, such as MS. These significant findings suggest that endogenous peptide ligands can be used to expand iNKT cells, without causing a cytokine storm, constituting a potential immunotherapy for autoimmune conditions, including PMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Carrión
- From the Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (B.C., Y.L., M.H., J.L., S.I.-N.), University of Copenhagen; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.R.C., C.A., P.S.S.), University of Copenhagen and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet; Blood Bank (M.H.D.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (M.C.), Cemcat, Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron (HUVH) - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (X.M.), Cemcat, Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron (HUVH) - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of Copenhagen and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Yawei Liu
- From the Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (B.C., Y.L., M.H., J.L., S.I.-N.), University of Copenhagen; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.R.C., C.A., P.S.S.), University of Copenhagen and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet; Blood Bank (M.H.D.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (M.C.), Cemcat, Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron (HUVH) - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (X.M.), Cemcat, Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron (HUVH) - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of Copenhagen and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Mahdieh Hadi
- From the Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (B.C., Y.L., M.H., J.L., S.I.-N.), University of Copenhagen; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.R.C., C.A., P.S.S.), University of Copenhagen and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet; Blood Bank (M.H.D.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (M.C.), Cemcat, Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron (HUVH) - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (X.M.), Cemcat, Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron (HUVH) - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of Copenhagen and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Jon Lundstrom
- From the Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (B.C., Y.L., M.H., J.L., S.I.-N.), University of Copenhagen; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.R.C., C.A., P.S.S.), University of Copenhagen and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet; Blood Bank (M.H.D.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (M.C.), Cemcat, Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron (HUVH) - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (X.M.), Cemcat, Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron (HUVH) - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of Copenhagen and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Romme Christensen
- From the Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (B.C., Y.L., M.H., J.L., S.I.-N.), University of Copenhagen; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.R.C., C.A., P.S.S.), University of Copenhagen and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet; Blood Bank (M.H.D.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (M.C.), Cemcat, Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron (HUVH) - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (X.M.), Cemcat, Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron (HUVH) - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of Copenhagen and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Cecilie Ammitzbøll
- From the Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (B.C., Y.L., M.H., J.L., S.I.-N.), University of Copenhagen; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.R.C., C.A., P.S.S.), University of Copenhagen and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet; Blood Bank (M.H.D.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (M.C.), Cemcat, Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron (HUVH) - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (X.M.), Cemcat, Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron (HUVH) - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of Copenhagen and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Morten Hanefeld Dziegiel
- From the Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (B.C., Y.L., M.H., J.L., S.I.-N.), University of Copenhagen; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.R.C., C.A., P.S.S.), University of Copenhagen and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet; Blood Bank (M.H.D.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (M.C.), Cemcat, Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron (HUVH) - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (X.M.), Cemcat, Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron (HUVH) - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of Copenhagen and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Per Soelberg Sørensen
- From the Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (B.C., Y.L., M.H., J.L., S.I.-N.), University of Copenhagen; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.R.C., C.A., P.S.S.), University of Copenhagen and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet; Blood Bank (M.H.D.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (M.C.), Cemcat, Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron (HUVH) - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (X.M.), Cemcat, Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron (HUVH) - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of Copenhagen and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Manuel Comabella
- From the Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (B.C., Y.L., M.H., J.L., S.I.-N.), University of Copenhagen; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.R.C., C.A., P.S.S.), University of Copenhagen and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet; Blood Bank (M.H.D.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (M.C.), Cemcat, Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron (HUVH) - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (X.M.), Cemcat, Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron (HUVH) - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of Copenhagen and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Xavier Montalban
- From the Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (B.C., Y.L., M.H., J.L., S.I.-N.), University of Copenhagen; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.R.C., C.A., P.S.S.), University of Copenhagen and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet; Blood Bank (M.H.D.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (M.C.), Cemcat, Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron (HUVH) - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (X.M.), Cemcat, Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron (HUVH) - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of Copenhagen and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Finn Sellebjerg
- From the Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (B.C., Y.L., M.H., J.L., S.I.-N.), University of Copenhagen; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.R.C., C.A., P.S.S.), University of Copenhagen and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet; Blood Bank (M.H.D.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (M.C.), Cemcat, Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron (HUVH) - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (X.M.), Cemcat, Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron (HUVH) - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of Copenhagen and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Shohreh Issazadeh-Navikas
- From the Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (B.C., Y.L., M.H., J.L., S.I.-N.), University of Copenhagen; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.R.C., C.A., P.S.S.), University of Copenhagen and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet; Blood Bank (M.H.D.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (M.C.), Cemcat, Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron (HUVH) - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (X.M.), Cemcat, Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron (HUVH) - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of Copenhagen and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Denmark.
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9
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Hashim IF, Ahmad Mokhtar AM. Small Rho GTPases and their associated RhoGEFs mutations promote immunological defects in primary immunodeficiencies. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 137:106034. [PMID: 34216756 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are associated with deleterious mutations of genes that encode proteins involved in actin cytoskeleton reorganisation. This deficiency affects haematopoietic cells. PID results in the defective function of immune cells, such as impaired chemokine-induced motility, receptor signalling, development and maturation. Some of the genes mutated in PIDs are related to small Ras homologous (Rho) guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase), one of the families of the Ras superfamily. Most of these genes act as molecular switches by cycling between active guanosine triphosphate-bound and inactive guanosine diphosphate-bound forms to control multiple cellular functions. They are best studied for their role in promoting cytoskeleton reorganisation, cell adhesion and motility. Currently, only three small Rho GTPases, namely, Rac2, Cdc42 and RhoH, have been identified in PIDs. However, several other Rho small G proteins might also contribute to the deregulation and phenotype observed in PIDs. Their contribution in PIDs may involve their main regulator, Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors such as DOCK2 and DOCK8, wherein mutations may result in the impairment of small Rho GTPase activation. Thus, this review outlines the potential contribution of several small Rho GTPases to the promotion of PIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilie Fadzilah Hashim
- Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Group, Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang, 13200, Malaysia.
| | - Ana Masara Ahmad Mokhtar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang, 11800, Malaysia.
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10
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Chen X, Hou H, Qiao H, Fan H, Zhao T, Dong M. Identification of blood-derived candidate gene markers and a new 7-gene diagnostic model for multiple sclerosis. Biol Res 2021; 54:12. [PMID: 33795012 PMCID: PMC8015180 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-021-00334-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system disease with a high disability rate. Modern molecular biology techniques have identified a number of key genes and diagnostic markers to MS, but the etiology and pathogenesis of MS remain unknown. Results In this study, the integration of three peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) microarray datasets and one peripheral blood T cells microarray dataset allowed comprehensive network and pathway analyses of the biological functions of MS-related genes. Differential expression analysis identified 78 significantly aberrantly expressed genes in MS, and further functional enrichment analysis showed that these genes were associated with innate immune response-activating signal transduction (p = 0.0017), neutrophil mediated immunity (p = 0.002), positive regulation of innate immune response (p = 0.004), IL-17 signaling pathway (p < 0.035) and other immune-related signaling pathways. In addition, a network of MS-specific protein–protein interactions (PPI) was constructed based on differential genes. Subsequent analysis of network topology properties identified the up-regulated CXCR4, ITGAM, ACTB, RHOA, RPS27A, UBA52, and RPL8 genes as the hub genes of the network, and they were also potential biomarkers of MS through Rap1 signaling pathway or leukocyte transendothelial migration. RT-qPCR results demonstrated that CXCR4 was obviously up-regulated, while ACTB, RHOA, and ITGAM were down-regulated in MS patient PBMC in comparison with normal samples. Finally, support vector machine was employed to establish a diagnostic model of MS with a high prediction performance in internal and external datasets (mean AUC = 0.97) and in different chip platform datasets (AUC = (0.93). Conclusion This study provides new understanding for the etiology/pathogenesis of MS, facilitating an early identification and prediction of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Huiqing Hou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Huimin Qiao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Haolong Fan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Tianyi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Mei Dong
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China.
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11
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Swan G, Geng J, Park E, Ding Q, Zhou J, Walcott C, Zhang JJ, Huang HI, Hammer GE, Wang D. A Requirement of Protein Geranylgeranylation for Chemokine Receptor Signaling and Th17 Cell Function in an Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:641188. [PMID: 33828552 PMCID: PMC8019753 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.641188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Precisely controlled lymphocyte migration is critically required for immune surveillance and successful immune responses. Lymphocyte migration is strictly regulated by chemokines and chemokine receptors. Here we show that protein geranylgeranylation, a form of post-translational protein lipid modification, is required for chemokine receptor-proximal signaling. Mature thymocytes deficient for protein geranylgeranylation are impaired for thymus egress. Circulating mature T cells lacking protein geranylgeranylation fail to home to secondary lymphoid organs or to transmigrate in response to chemokines in vitro. Mechanistically, protein geranylgeranylation modifies the γ-subunits of the heterotrimeric small GTPases that are essential for chemokine receptor signaling. In addition, protein geranylgeranylation also promotes the differentiation of IL-17-producing T helper cells while inhibiting the differentiation of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Finally, mice with T cell lineage-specific deficiency of protein geranylgeranylation are resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induction. This study elucidated a critical role of protein geranylgeranylation in regulating T lymphocyte migration and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Swan
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jia Geng
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Eunchong Park
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Quanquan Ding
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - John Zhou
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ciana Walcott
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Junyi J. Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Hsin-I Huang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Gianna Elena Hammer
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Donghai Wang
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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12
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Nikolopoulou PA, Koufaki MA, Kostourou V. The Adhesome Network: Key Components Shaping the Tumour Stroma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:525. [PMID: 33573141 PMCID: PMC7866493 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond the conventional perception of solid tumours as mere masses of cancer cells, advanced cancer research focuses on the complex contributions of tumour-associated host cells that are known as "tumour microenvironment" (TME). It has been long appreciated that the tumour stroma, composed mainly of blood vessels, cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune cells, together with the extracellular matrix (ECM), define the tumour architecture and influence cancer cell properties. Besides soluble cues, that mediate the crosstalk between tumour and stroma cells, cell adhesion to ECM arises as a crucial determinant in cancer progression. In this review, we discuss how adhesome, the intracellular protein network formed at cell adhesions, regulate the TME and control malignancy. The role of adhesome extends beyond the physical attachment of cells to ECM and the regulation of cytoskeletal remodelling and acts as a signalling and mechanosensing hub, orchestrating cellular responses that shape the tumour milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vassiliki Kostourou
- Biomedical Sciences Research Centre “Alexander Fleming”, Institute of Bioinnovation, 34 Fleming Str., 16672 Vari-Athens, Greece; (P.A.N.); (M.A.K.)
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13
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Guo F. RhoA and Cdc42 in T cells: Are they targetable for T cell-mediated inflammatory diseases? PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2021; 4:56-61. [PMID: 33842837 PMCID: PMC8023016 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many inflammatory diseases are not curable, necessitating a better understanding of their pathobiology that may help identify novel biological targets. RhoA and Cdc42 of Rho family small GTPases regulate a variety of cellular functions such as actin cytoskeletal organization, cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and survival. Recent characterization of mouse models of conditional gene knockout of RhoA and Cdc42 has revealed their physiological and cell type-specific roles in a number of cell types. In T lymphocytes, which play an important role in the pathogenesis of most, if not all, of the inflammatory diseases, we and others have investigated the effects of T cell-specific knockout of RhoA and Cdc42 on T cell development in the thymus, peripheral T cell homeostasis, activation, and differentiation to effector and regulatory T cells, and on T cell-mediated allergic airway inflammation and colitis. Here we highlight the phenotypes resulting from RhoA and Cdc42 deletion in T cells and discuss whether pharmacological targeting of RhoA and Cdc42 is feasible in treating asthma that is driven by allergic airway inflammation and colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fukun Guo
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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14
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Pradhan R, Ngo PA, Martínez-Sánchez LDC, Neurath MF, López-Posadas R. Rho GTPases as Key Molecular Players within Intestinal Mucosa and GI Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010066. [PMID: 33406731 PMCID: PMC7823293 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho proteins operate as key regulators of the cytoskeleton, cell morphology and trafficking. Acting as molecular switches, the function of Rho GTPases is determined by guanosine triphosphate (GTP)/guanosine diphosphate (GDP) exchange and their lipidation via prenylation, allowing their binding to cellular membranes and the interaction with downstream effector proteins in close proximity to the membrane. A plethora of in vitro studies demonstrate the indispensable function of Rho proteins for cytoskeleton dynamics within different cell types. However, only in the last decades we have got access to genetically modified mouse models to decipher the intricate regulation between members of the Rho family within specific cell types in the complex in vivo situation. Translationally, alterations of the expression and/or function of Rho GTPases have been associated with several pathological conditions, such as inflammation and cancer. In the context of the GI tract, the continuous crosstalk between the host and the intestinal microbiota requires a tight regulation of the complex interaction between cellular components within the intestinal tissue. Recent studies demonstrate that Rho GTPases play important roles for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis in the gut. We will summarize the current knowledge on Rho protein function within individual cell types in the intestinal mucosa in vivo, with special focus on intestinal epithelial cells and T cells.
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15
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Anti-inflammatory Effects of Statins in Lung Vascular Pathology: From Basic Science to Clinical Trials. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1303:33-56. [PMID: 33788186 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63046-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (or statins) are cholesterol-lowering drugs and are among the most widely prescribed medications in the United States. Statins exhibit pleiotropic effects that extend beyond cholesterol reduction including anti-atherosclerotic, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and antithrombotic effects. Over the last 20 years, statins have been studied and examined in pulmonary vascular disorders, including both chronic pulmonary vascular disease such as pulmonary hypertension, and acute pulmonary vascular endothelial injury such as acute lung injury. In both research and clinical settings, statins have demonstrated promising vascular protection through modulation of the endothelium, attenuation of vascular leak, and promotion of endothelial repair following lung inflammation. This chapter provides a summary of the rapidly changing literature, summarizes the anti-inflammatory mechanism of statins on pulmonary vascular disorders, and explores clinical evidence for statins as a potential therapeutic approach to modulation of the endothelium as well as a means to broaden our understanding of pulmonary vasculopathy pathophysiology.
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16
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Li B, Xu Y, Quan Y, Cai Q, Le Y, Ma T, Liu Z, Wu G, Wang F, Bao C, Li H. Inhibition of RhoA/ROCK Pathway in the Early Stage of Hypoxia Ameliorates Depression in Mice via Protecting Myelin Sheath. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2705-2716. [PMID: 32667781 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroplasticity and connectivity in the central nervous system (CNS) are easily damaged after hypoxia. Long-term exposure to an anoxic environment can lead to neuropsychiatric symptoms and increases the likelihood of depression. Demyelination is an important lesion of CNS injury that may occur in depression. Previous studies have found that the RhoA/ROCK pathway is upregulated in neuropsychiatric disorders such as multiple sclerosis, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the chief aim of this study is to explore the regulatory role of the RhoA/ROCK pathway in the development of depression after hypoxia by behavioral tests, Western blotting, immunostaining as well as electron microscopy. Results showed that HIF-1α, S100β, RhoA/ROCK, and immobility time in FST were increased, sucrose water preference ratio in SPT was decreased, and the aberrant activity of neurocyte and demyelination occurred after hypoxia. After the administration of Y-27632 and fluoxetine in hypoxia, these alterations were improved. Lingo1, a negative regulatory factor, was also overexpressed after hypoxia and its expression was decreased when the pathway blocked. However, fluoxetine had no effect on the expression of Lingo1. Then, we demonstrated that demyelination was associated with failures of oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation and differentiation and increased apoptosis of oligodendrocytes. Collectively, our data indicate that the RhoA/ROCK pathway plays a vital role in the initial depression during hypoxia. Blocking this pathway in the early stage of hypoxia can enhance the effectiveness of antidepressants, rescue myelin damage, and reduce the expression of the negative regulatory protein of myelination. The findings provide new insight into the prophylaxis and treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baichuan Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yong Quan
- Department of Teaching Experiment Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qiyan Cai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yifan Le
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Guangyan Wu
- Department of Teaching Experiment Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chuncha Bao
- Department of Teaching Experiment Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hongli Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Department of Teaching Experiment Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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17
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Haploinsufficient Rock1+/- and Rock2+/- Mice Are Not Protected from Cardiac Inflammation and Postinflammatory Fibrosis in Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030700. [PMID: 32178482 PMCID: PMC7140701 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive cardiac fibrosis is a common cause of heart failure. Rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinases (ROCKs) have been shown to enhance fibrotic processes in the heart and in other organs. In this study, using wild-type, Rock1+/− and Rock2+/− haploinsufficient mice and mouse model of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) we addressed the role of ROCK1 and ROCK2 in development of myocarditis and postinflammatory fibrosis. We found that myocarditis severity was comparable in wild-type, Rock1+/− and Rock2+/− mice at day 21 of EAM. During the acute stage of the disease, hearts of Rock1+/− mice showed unaffected numbers of CD11b+CD36+ macrophages, CD11b+CD36–Ly6GhiLy6chi neutrophils, CD11b+CD36–Ly6G–Ly6chi inflammatory monocytes, CD11b+CD36–Ly6G–Ly6c– monocytes, CD11b+SiglecF+ eosinophils, CD11b+CD11c+ inflammatory dendritic cells and type I collagen-producing fibroblasts. Isolated Rock1+/− cardiac fibroblasts treated with transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) showed attenuated Smad2 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) phosphorylations that were associated with impaired upregulation of smooth muscle actin alpha (αSMA) protein. In contrast to cardiac fibroblasts, expanded Rock1+/− heart inflammatory myeloid cells showed unaffected Smad2 activation but enhanced Erk phosphorylation following TGF-β treatment. Rock1+/− inflammatory cells responded to TGF-β by a reduced transcriptional profibrotic response and failed to upregulate αSMA and fibronectin at the protein levels. Unexpectedly, in the EAM model wild-type, Rock1+/− and Rock2+/− mice developed a similar extent of cardiac fibrosis at day 40. In addition, hearts of the wild-type and Rock1+/− mice showed comparable levels of cardiac vimentin, periostin and αSMA. In conclusion, despite the fact that ROCK1 regulates TGF-β-dependent profibrotic response, neither ROCK1 nor ROCK2 is critically involved in the development of postinflammatory fibrosis in the EAM model.
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18
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López-Posadas R, Fastancz P, Martínez-Sánchez LDC, Panteleev-Ivlev J, Thonn V, Kisseleva T, Becker LS, Schulz-Kuhnt A, Zundler S, Wirtz S, Atreya R, Carlé B, Friedrich O, Schürmann S, Waldner MJ, Neufert C, Brakebusch CH, Bergö MO, Neurath MF, Atreya I. Inhibiting PGGT1B Disrupts Function of RHOA, Resulting in T-cell Expression of Integrin α4β7 and Development of Colitis in Mice. Gastroenterology 2019; 157:1293-1309. [PMID: 31302143 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS It is not clear how regulation of T-cell function is altered during development of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). We studied the mechanisms by which geranylgeranyltransferase-mediated prenylation controls T-cell localization to the intestine and chronic inflammation. METHODS We generated mice with T-cell-specific disruption of the geranylgeranyltransferase type I, beta subunit gene (Pggt1b), called Pggt1bΔCD4 mice, or the ras homolog family member A gene (Rhoa), called RhoaΔCD4 mice. We also studied mice with knockout of CDC42 or RAC1 and wild-type mice (controls). Intestinal tissues were analyzed by histology, multiphoton and confocal microscopy, and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Activation of CDC42, RAC1, and RHOA were measured with G-LISA, cell fractionation, and immunoblots. T cells and lamina propria mononuclear cells from mice were analyzed by flow cytometry or transferred to Rag1-/- mice. Mice were given injections of antibodies against integrin alpha4beta7 or gavaged with the RORC antagonist GSK805. We obtained peripheral blood and intestinal tissue samples from patients with and without IBD and analyzed them by flow cytometry. RESULTS Pggt1bΔCD4 mice developed spontaneous colitis, characterized by thickening of the intestinal wall, edema, fibrosis, accumulation of T cells in the colon, and increased expression of inflammatory cytokines. Compared with control CD4+ T cells, PGGT1B-deficient CD4+ T cells expressed significantly higher levels of integrin alpha4beta7, which regulates their localization to the intestine. Inflammation induced by transfer of PGGT1B-deficient CD4+ T cells to Rag1-/- mice was blocked by injection of an antibody against integrin alpha4beta7. Lamina propria of Pggt1bΔCD4 mice had increased numbers of CD4+ T cells that expressed RORC and higher levels of cytokines produced by T-helper 17 cells (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin [IL]17A, IL17F, IL22, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]). The RORC inverse agonist GSK805, but not antibodies against IL17A or IL17F, prevented colitis in Pggt1bΔCD4 mice. PGGT1B-deficient CD4+ T cells had decreased activation of RHOA. RhoAΔCD4 mice had a similar phenotype to Pggt1bΔCD4 mice, including development of colitis, increased numbers of CD4+ T cells in colon, increased expression of integrin alpha4beta7 by CD4+ T cells, and increased levels of IL17A and other inflammatory cytokines in lamina propria. T cells isolated from intestinal tissues from patients with IBD had significantly lower levels of PGGT1B than tissues from individuals without IBD. CONCLUSION Loss of PGGT1B from T cells in mice impairs RHOA function, increasing CD4+ T-cell expression of integrin alpha4beta7 and localization to colon, resulting in increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and colitis. T cells isolated from gut tissues from patients with IBD have lower levels of PGGT1B than tissues from patients without IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío López-Posadas
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Petra Fastancz
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Julia Panteleev-Ivlev
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Veronika Thonn
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tatyana Kisseleva
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas S Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja Schulz-Kuhnt
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zundler
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wirtz
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raja Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Birgitta Carlé
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schürmann
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian J Waldner
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Clemens Neufert
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cord H Brakebusch
- Biotec Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin O Bergö
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Imke Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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19
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Bros M, Haas K, Moll L, Grabbe S. RhoA as a Key Regulator of Innate and Adaptive Immunity. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070733. [PMID: 31319592 PMCID: PMC6678964 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RhoA is a ubiquitously expressed cytoplasmic protein that belongs to the family of small GTPases. RhoA acts as a molecular switch that is activated in response to binding of chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors, and via mDia and the ROCK signaling cascade regulates the activation of cytoskeletal proteins, and other factors. This review aims to summarize our current knowledge on the role of RhoA as a general key regulator of immune cell differentiation and function. The contribution of RhoA for the primary functions of innate immune cell types, namely neutrophils, macrophages, and conventional dendritic cells (DC) to (i) get activated by pathogen-derived and endogenous danger signals, (ii) migrate to sites of infection and inflammation, and (iii) internalize pathogens has been fairly established. In activated DC, which constitute the most potent antigen-presenting cells of the immune system, RhoA is also important for the presentation of pathogen-derived antigen and the formation of an immunological synapse between DC and antigen-specific T cells as a prerequisite to induce adaptive T cell responses. In T cells and B cells as the effector cells of the adaptive immune system Rho signaling is pivotal for activation and migration. More recently, mutations of Rho and Rho-modulating factors have been identified to predispose for autoimmune diseases and as causative for hematopoietic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bros
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department of Dermatology, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Katharina Haas
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department of Dermatology, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lorna Moll
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department of Dermatology, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department of Dermatology, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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20
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Kim N, Chung W, Eum HH, Lee HO, Park WY. Alternative polyadenylation of single cells delineates cell types and serves as a prognostic marker in early stage breast cancer. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217196. [PMID: 31100099 PMCID: PMC6524824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative polyadenylation (APA) in 3’ untranslated regions (3’ UTR) plays an important role in regulating transcript abundance, localization, and interaction with microRNAs. Length-variation of 3’UTRs by APA contributes to efficient proliferation of cancer cells. In this study, we investigated APA in single cancer cells and tumor microenvironment cells to understand the physiological implication of APA in different cell types. We analyzed APA patterns and the expression level of genes from the 515 single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) dataset from 11 breast cancer patients. Although the overall 3’UTR length of individual genes was distributed equally in tumor and non-tumor cells, we found a differential pattern of polyadenylation in gene sets between tumor and non-tumor cells. In addition, we found a differential pattern of APA across tumor types using scRNA-seq data from 3 glioblastoma patients and 1 renal cell carcinoma patients. In detail, 1,176 gene sets and 53 genes showed the distinct pattern of 3’UTR shortening and over-expression as signatures for five cell types including B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, myeloid cells, stromal cells, and breast cancer cells. Functional categories of gene sets for cellular proliferation demonstrated concordant regulation of APA and gene expression specific to cell types. The expression of APA genes in breast cancer was significantly correlated with the clinical outcome of earlier stage breast cancer patients. We identified cell type-specific APA in single cells, which allows the identification of cell types based on 3’UTR length variation in combination with gene expression. Specifically, an immune-specific APA signature in breast cancer could be utilized as a prognostic marker of early stage breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayoung Kim
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Woosung Chung
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Hyeon Eum
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hae-Ock Lee
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences &Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail: (HOL); (WYP)
| | - Woong-Yang Park
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences &Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
- GENINUS Inc., Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail: (HOL); (WYP)
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21
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CD4 T cells control development and maintenance of brain-resident CD8 T cells during polyomavirus infection. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007365. [PMID: 30372487 PMCID: PMC6224182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8 T (TRM) cells defend against microbial reinfections at mucosal barriers; determinants driving durable TRM cell responses in non-mucosal tissues, which often harbor opportunistic persistent pathogens, are unknown. JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a ubiquitous constituent of the human virome. With altered immunological status, JCPyV can cause the oft-fatal brain demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). JCPyV is a human-only pathogen. Using the mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) encephalitis model, we demonstrate that CD4 T cells regulate development of functional antiviral brain-resident CD8 T cells (bTRM) and renders their maintenance refractory to systemic CD8 T cell depletion. Acquired CD4 T cell deficiency, modeled by delaying systemic CD4 T cell depletion until MuPyV-specific CD8 T cells have infiltrated the brain, impacted the stability of CD8 bTRM, impaired their effector response to reinfection, and rendered their maintenance dependent on circulating CD8 T cells. This dependence of CD8 bTRM differentiation on CD4 T cells was found to extend to encephalitis caused by vesicular stomatitis virus. Together, these findings reveal an intimate association between CD4 T cells and homeostasis of functional bTRM to CNS viral infection.
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