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Joshi K, Telugu BP, Prather RS, Bryan JN, Hoffman TJ, Kaifi JT, Rachagani S. Benefits and opportunities of the transgenic Oncopig cancer model. Trends Cancer 2024; 10:182-184. [PMID: 38290969 PMCID: PMC10939816 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Cancer remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and a paradigm shift is needed to fundamentally revisit drug development efforts. Pigs share close similarities to humans and may serve as an alternative model. Recently, a transgenic 'Oncopig' line has been generated to induce solid tumors with organ specificity, opening the potential of Oncopigs as a platform for developing novel therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirtan Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Surgery, Section for Thoracic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Roy Blunt NextGen Precision Health Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Bhanu P Telugu
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Randall S Prather
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Bryan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Timothy J Hoffman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jussuf T Kaifi
- Department of Surgery, Section for Thoracic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Roy Blunt NextGen Precision Health Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; MU Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Roy Blunt NextGen Precision Health Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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2
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Benjamin NR, Crooijmans RPMA, Jordan LR, Bolt CR, Schook LB, Schachtschneider KM, Groenen MAM, Roca AL. Swine global genomic resources: insights into wild and domesticated populations. Mamm Genome 2023; 34:520-530. [PMID: 37805667 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-023-10012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Suids, both domesticated and wild, are found on all continents except for Antarctica and provide valuable food resources for humans in addition to serving as important models for biomedical research. Continuing advances in genome sequencing have allowed researchers to compare the genomes from diverse populations of suids helping to clarify their evolution and dispersal. Further analysis of these samples may provide clues to improve disease resistance/resilience and productivity in domestic suids as well as better ways of classifying and conserving genetic diversity within wild and captive suids. Collecting samples from diverse populations of suids is resource intensive and may negatively impact endangered populations. Here we catalog extensive tissue and DNA samples from suids in collections in both Europe and North America. We include samples that have previously been used for whole genome sequencing, targeted DNA sequencing, RNA sequencing, and reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS). This work provides an important centralized resource for researchers who wish to access published databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal R Benjamin
- The Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Luke R Jordan
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Courtni R Bolt
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Lawrence B Schook
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kyle M Schachtschneider
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Martien A M Groenen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alfred L Roca
- The Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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3
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Ghosn M, Elsakka AS, Petre EN, Cheleuitte-Nieves C, Tammela T, Monette S, Ziv E, Schachtschneider KM, Srimathveeravalli G, Yarmohammadi H, Edward Boas F, Solomon SB. Induction and preliminary characterization of neoplastic pulmonary nodules in a transgenic pig model. Lung Cancer 2023; 178:157-165. [PMID: 36868176 PMCID: PMC10538441 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lung cancer models in large animals are lacking. Oncopigs are transgenic pigs that carry both KRASG12D and TP53R167H Cre-inducible mutations. This study aimed to develop and histologically characterize a swine model of lung cancer that could serve for preclinical studies evaluating locoregional therapies. MATERIALS AND METHODS In two Oncopigs, an adenoviral vector encoding the Cre-recombinase gene (AdCre) was injected endovascularly through the pulmonary arteries or inferior vena cava. In two other Oncopigs, a lung biopsy was performed and incubated with AdCre, before reinjecting the mixture into the lungs percutaneously. Animals were clinically and biologically (complete blood count, liver enzymes and lipasemia) monitored. Obtained tumors were characterized on computed tomography (CT) and on pathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS Neoplastic lung nodules developed following 1 (1/10, 10%) endovascular inoculation, and 2 (2/6, 33%) percutaneous inoculations. All lung tumors were visible at the 1-week CT, and appeared as well-circumscribed solid nodules, with a median longest diameter of 14 mm (range: 5-27 mm). Only one complication occurred: an extravasation of the mixture into the thoracic wall during a percutaneous injection that resulted in a thoracic wall tumor. Pigs remained clinically healthy during the entire follow-up (14-21 days). On histology, tumors consisted of inflammatory undifferentiated neoplasms composed of atypical spindle and epithelioid cells and/or a fibrovascular stroma and abundant mixed leukocytic infiltrate. On IHC, atypical cells diffusely displayed expression of vimentin and some showed expression of CK WSS and CK 8/18. The tumor microenvironment contained abundant IBA1 + macrophages and giant cells, CD3 + T cells, and CD31 + blood vessels. CONCLUSION Tumors induced in the lungs of Oncopigs are fast growing poorly differentiated neoplasms associated with a marked inflammatory reaction that can be easily and safely induced at site specific locations. This large animal model might be suitable for interventional and surgical therapies of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ghosn
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ahmed S Elsakka
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elena N Petre
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher Cheleuitte-Nieves
- Center of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tuomas Tammela
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sebastien Monette
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Etay Ziv
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyle M Schachtschneider
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Govind Srimathveeravalli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Life Sciences Laboratories, 240 Thatcher Road Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Hooman Yarmohammadi
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - F Edward Boas
- Department of Radiology, City of Hope Cancer Center, 1500 East Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Stephen B Solomon
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, USA.
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4
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Mondal P, Patel NS, Bailey K, Aravind S, Cartwright SB, Hollingsworth MA, Lazenby AJ, Carlson MA. Induction of pancreatic neoplasia in the KRAS/TP53 Oncopig. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:286617. [PMID: 36579622 PMCID: PMC9884120 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5-year survival of pancreatic cancer (PC) remains low. Murine models may not adequately mimic human PC and can be too small for medical device development. A large-animal PC model could address these issues. We induced and characterized pancreatic tumors in Oncopigs (transgenic swine containing KRASG12D and TP53R167H). The oncopigs underwent injection of adenovirus expressing Cre recombinase (AdCre) into one of the main pancreatic ducts. Resultant tumors were characterized by histology, cytokine expression, exome sequencing and transcriptome analysis. Ten of 14 Oncopigs (71%) had gross tumor within 3 weeks. At necropsy, all of these subjects had gastric outlet obstruction secondary to pancreatic tumor and phlegmon. Oncopigs with injections without Cre recombinase and wild-type pigs with AdCre injection did not show notable effect. Exome and transcriptome analysis of the porcine pancreatic tumors revealed similarity to the molecular signatures and pathways of human PC. Although further optimization and validation of this porcine PC model would be beneficial, it is anticipated that this model will be useful for focused research and development of diagnostic and therapeutic technologies for PC. This article has an associated First Person interview with the joint first authors of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinaki Mondal
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA,Department of Surgery and VA Research Service, Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Neesha S. Patel
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA,Department of Surgery and VA Research Service, Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Katie Bailey
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA,Department of Surgery and VA Research Service, Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Shruthishree Aravind
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA,Department of Surgery and VA Research Service, Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Sara B. Cartwright
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA,Department of Surgery and VA Research Service, Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Michael A. Hollingsworth
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Audrey J. Lazenby
- Department of Pathology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Mark A. Carlson
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA,Department of Surgery and VA Research Service, Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA,Author for correspondence ()
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Bertho A, Iturri L, Prezado Y. Radiation-induced immune response in novel radiotherapy approaches FLASH and spatially fractionated radiotherapies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 376:37-68. [PMID: 36997269 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The last several years have revealed increasing evidence of the immunomodulatory role of radiation therapy. Radiotherapy reshapes the tumoral microenvironment can shift the balance toward a more immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive microenvironment. The immune response to radiation therapy appears to depend on the irradiation configuration (dose, particle, fractionation) and delivery modes (dose rate, spatial distributions). Although an optimal irradiation configuration (dose, temporal fractionation, spatial dose distribution, etc.) has not yet been determined, temporal schemes employing high doses per fraction appear to favor radiation-induced immune response through immunogenic cell death. Through the release of damage-associated molecular patterns and the sensing of double-stranded DNA and RNA breaks, immunogenic cell death activates the innate and adaptive immune response, leading to tumor infiltration by effector T cells and the abscopal effect. Novel radiotherapy approaches such as FLASH and spatially fractionated radiotherapies (SFRT) strongly modulate the dose delivery method. FLASH-RT and SFRT have the potential to trigger the immune system effectively while preserving healthy surrounding tissues. This manuscript reviews the current state of knowledge on the immunomodulation effects of these two new radiotherapy techniques in the tumor, healthy immune cells and non-targeted regions, as well as their therapeutic potential in combination with immunotherapy.
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The CRISPR/Cas9 Minipig-A Transgenic Minipig to Produce Specific Mutations in Designated Tissues. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13123024. [PMID: 34208747 PMCID: PMC8234985 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of large transgenic animals is impeded by complex cloning, long maturation and gastrulation times. An introduction of multiple gene alterations increases the complexity. We have cloned a transgenic Cas9 minipig to introduce multiple mutations by CRISPR in somatic cells. Transgenic Cas9 pigs were generated by somatic cell nuclear transfer and were backcrossed to Göttingen Minipigs for two generations. Cas9 expression was controlled by FlpO-mediated recombination and was visualized by translation from red to yellow fluorescent protein. In vitro analyses in primary fibroblasts, keratinocytes and lung epithelial cells confirmed the genetic alterations executed by the viral delivery of single guide RNAs (sgRNA) to the target cells. Moreover, multiple gene alterations could be introduced simultaneously in a cell by viral delivery of sgRNAs. Cells with loss of TP53, PTEN and gain-of-function mutation in KRASG12D showed increased proliferation, confirming a transformation of the primary cells. An in vivo activation of Cas9 expression could be induced by viral delivery to the skin. Overall, we have generated a minipig with conditional expression of Cas9, where multiple gene alterations can be introduced to somatic cells by viral delivery of sgRNA. The development of a transgenic Cas9 minipig facilitates the creation of complex pre-clinical models for cancer research.
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Segatto NV, Bender CB, Seixas FK, Schachtschneider K, Schook L, Robertson N, Qazi A, Carlino M, Jordan L, Bolt C, Collares T. Perspective: Humanized Pig Models of Bladder Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:681044. [PMID: 34079821 PMCID: PMC8165235 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.681044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the 10th most common neoplasia worldwide and holds expensive treatment costs due to its high recurrence rates, resistance to therapy and the need for lifelong surveillance. Thus, it is necessary to improve the current therapy options and identify more effective treatments for BC. Biological models capable of recapitulating the characteristics of human BC pathology are essential in evaluating the effectiveness of new therapies. Currently, the most commonly used BC models are experimentally induced murine models and spontaneous canine models, which are either insufficient due to their small size and inability to translate results to clinical basis (murine models) or rarely spontaneously observed BC (canine models). Pigs represent a potentially useful animal for the development of personalized tumors due to their size, anatomy, physiology, metabolism, immunity, and genetics similar to humans and the ability to experimentally induce tumors. Pigs have emerged as suitable biomedical models for several human diseases. In this sense, the present perspective focuses on the genetic basis for BC; presents current BC animal models available along with their limitations; and proposes the pig as an adequate animal to develop humanized large animal models of BC. Genetic alterations commonly found in human BC can be explored to create genetically defined porcine models, including the BC driver mutations observed in the FGFR3, PIK3CA, PTEN, RB1, HRAS, and TP53 genes. The development of such robust models for BC has great value in the study of pathology and the screening of new therapeutic and diagnostic approaches to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Vieira Segatto
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Cancer Biotechnology Laboratory, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Camila Bonemann Bender
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Cancer Biotechnology Laboratory, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Kommling Seixas
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Cancer Biotechnology Laboratory, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Kyle Schachtschneider
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Lawrence Schook
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | | | - Aisha Qazi
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Maximillian Carlino
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Luke Jordan
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Courtni Bolt
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Tiago Collares
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Cancer Biotechnology Laboratory, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Käser T. Swine as biomedical animal model for T-cell research-Success and potential for transmittable and non-transmittable human diseases. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:95-115. [PMID: 33873098 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Swine is biologically one of the most relevant large animal models for biomedical research. With its use as food animal that can be exploited as a free cell and tissue source for research and its high susceptibility to human diseases, swine additionally represent an excellent option for both the 3R principle and One Health research. One of the previously most limiting factors of the pig model was its arguably limited immunological toolbox. Yet, in the last decade, this toolbox has vastly improved including the ability to study porcine T-cells. This review summarizes the swine model for biomedical research with focus on T cells. It first contrasts the swine model to the more commonly used mouse and non-human primate model before describing the current capabilities to characterize and extend our knowledge on porcine T cells. Thereafter, it not only reflects on previous biomedical T-cell research but also extends into areas in which more in-depth T-cell analyses could strongly benefit biomedical research. While the former should inform on the successes of biomedical T-cell research in swine, the latter shall inspire swine T-cell researchers to find collaborations with researchers working in other areas - such as nutrition, allergy, cancer, transplantation, infectious diseases, or vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Käser
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, 27607 Raleigh, NC, USA.
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Transarterial Embolization of Liver Cancer in a Transgenic Pig Model. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2021; 32:510-517.e3. [PMID: 33500185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop and characterize a porcine model of liver cancer that could be used to test new locoregional therapies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Liver tumors were induced in 18 Oncopigs (transgenic pigs with Cre-inducible TP53R167H and KRASG12D mutations) by using an adenoviral vector encoding the Cre-recombinase gene. The resulting 60 tumors were characterized on multiphase contrast-enhanced CT, angiography, perfusion, micro-CT, and necropsy. Transarterial embolization was performed using 40-120 μm (4 pigs) or 100-300 μm (4 pigs) Embosphere microspheres. Response to embolization was evaluated on imaging. Complications were determined based on daily clinical evaluation, laboratory results, imaging, and necropsy. RESULTS Liver tumors developed at 60/70 (86%) inoculated sites. Mean tumor size was 2.1 cm (range, 0.3-4 cm) at 1 week. Microscopically, all animals developed poorly differentiated to undifferentiated carcinomas accompanied by a major inflammatory component, which resembled undifferentiated carcinomas of the human pancreatobiliary tract. Cytokeratin and vimentin expression confirmed epithelioid and mesenchymal differentiation, respectively. Lymph node, lung, and peritoneal metastases were seen in some cases. On multiphase CT, all tumors had a hypovascular center, and 17/60 (28%) had a hypervascular rim. After transarterial embolization, noncontrast CT showed retained contrast medium in the tumors. Follow-up contrast-enhanced scan showed reduced size of tumors after embolization using either 40-120 μm or 100-300 μm Embosphere microspheres, while untreated tumors showed continued growth. CONCLUSIONS Liver tumors can be induced in a transgenic pig and can be successfully treated using bland embolization.
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Boas FE, Nurili F, Bendet A, Cheleuitte-Nieves C, Basturk O, Askan G, Michel AO, Monette S, Ziv E, Sofocleous CT, Maxwell AWP, Schook LB, Solomon SB, Kelsen DP, Scherz A, Yarmohammadi H. Induction and characterization of pancreatic cancer in a transgenic pig model. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239391. [PMID: 32956389 PMCID: PMC7505440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical testing of new locoregional therapies for pancreatic cancer has been challenging, due to the lack of a suitable large animal model. PURPOSE To develop and characterize a porcine model of pancreatic cancer. Unlike small animals, pigs have similar physiology, drug dosing, and immune response to humans. Locoregional therapy in pigs can be performed using the same size catheters and devices as in humans. METHODS The Oncopig is a transgenic pig with Cre-inducible TP53R167H and KRASG12D mutations. In 12 Oncopigs, CT-guided core biopsy of the pancreas was performed. The core biopsy was incubated with an adenoviral vector carrying the Cre recombinase gene. The transformed core biopsy was injected back into the pancreas (head, tail, or both). The resulting tumors (n = 19) were characterized on multi-phase contrast-enhanced CT, and on pathology, including immunohistochemistry. Angiographic characterization of the tumors was performed in 3 pigs. RESULTS Pancreatic tumors developed at 19 out of 22 sites (86%) that were inoculated. Average tumor size was 3.0 cm at 1 week (range: 0.5-5.1 cm). H&E and immunohistochemical stains revealed undifferentiated carcinomas, similar to those of the pancreatobiliary system in humans. Neoplastic cells were accompanied by a major inflammatory component. 1 of 12 pigs only had inflammatory nodules without evidence of neoplasia. On multiphase CT, tumors were hypovascular compared to the normal pancreas. There was no pancreatic duct dilation. In 3 pigs, angiography was performed, and in all 3 cases, the artery supplying the pancreatic tumor could be catheterized using a 2.4 F microcatheter. Selective angiography showed the pancreatic tumor, without extra-pancreatic perfusion. CONCLUSION Pancreatic cancer can be induced in a transgenic pig. Intra-arterial procedures using catheters designed for human interventions were technically feasible in this large animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Edward Boas
- Interventional Radiology Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Fuad Nurili
- Interventional Radiology Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Achiude Bendet
- Interventional Radiology Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Olca Basturk
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gokce Askan
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Adam O. Michel
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sebastien Monette
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Etay Ziv
- Interventional Radiology Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Constantinos T. Sofocleous
- Interventional Radiology Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Aaron W. P. Maxwell
- Interventional Radiology Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lawrence B. Schook
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Solomon
- Interventional Radiology Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David P. Kelsen
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Avigdor Scherz
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hooman Yarmohammadi
- Interventional Radiology Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
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11
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Robertson N, Schook LB, Schachtschneider KM. Porcine cancer models: potential tools to enhance cancer drug trials. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:893-902. [PMID: 32378979 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1757644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The amount of time and money invested into cancer drug research, development, and clinical trials has continually increased over the past few decades. Despite record high cancer drug approval rates, cancer remains a leading cause of death. This suggests the need for more effective tools to help bring novel therapies to clinical practice in a timely manner. AREAS COVERED In this review, current issues associated with clinical trials are discussed, specifically focusing on poor accrual rates and time for trial completion. In addition, details regarding preclinical studies required before advancing to clinical trials are discussed, including advantages and limitations of current preclinical animal cancer models and their relevance to human cancer trials. Finally, new translational porcine cancer models (Oncopig Cancer Model (OCM)) are presented as potential co-clinical trial models. EXPERT OPINION In order to address issues impacting the poor success rate of oncology clinical trials, we propose the incorporation of the transformative OCM 'co-clinical trial' pathway into the cancer drug approval process. Due to the Oncopig's high homology to humans and similar tumor phenotypes, their utilization can provide improved preclinical prediction of both drug safety and efficacy prior to investing significant time and money in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Robertson
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lawrence B Schook
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kyle M Schachtschneider
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL, USA
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Kalla D, Kind A, Schnieke A. Genetically Engineered Pigs to Study Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E488. [PMID: 31940967 PMCID: PMC7013672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent decades have seen groundbreaking advances in cancer research. Genetically engineered animal models, mainly in mice, have contributed to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in cancer. However, mice are not ideal for translating basic research into studies closer to the clinic. There is a need for complementary information provided by non-rodent species. Pigs are well suited for translational biomedical research as they share many similarities with humans such as body and organ size, aspects of anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology and can provide valuable means of developing and testing novel diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Porcine oncology is a new field, but it is clear that replication of key oncogenic mutation in pigs can usefully mimic several human cancers. This review briefly outlines the technology used to generate genetically modified pigs, provides an overview of existing cancer models, their applications and how the field may develop in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angelika Schnieke
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany; (D.K.); (A.K.)
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Singhal M, Khatibeghdami M, Principe DR, Mancinelli GE, Schachtschneider KM, Schook LB, Grippo PJ, Grimaldo SR. TM4SF18 is aberrantly expressed in pancreatic cancer and regulates cell growth. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211711. [PMID: 30897168 PMCID: PMC6428261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapies for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) only modestly impact survival and can be highly toxic. A greater understanding of the molecules regulating this disease is critical for identifying new drug targets and developing more effective therapies. The L6 family of proteins are known to be positive regulators of tumor growth and metastasis among various cancers. However, little is known about the L6 family member TM4SF18. We investigated the expression and localization of the TM4SF18 protein in normal human pancreas and in PDAC tissue. Utilizing immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot analysis, our studies for the first time demonstrate that TM4SF18 is highly expressed in PDAC tumor epithelium. Furthermore, we identified TM4SF18 to be expressed in normal acinar tissue and weakly expressed in normal ducts. Although there is minimal expression in normal ducts, we observed increased TM4SF18 levels in preneoplastic ducts and tumor epithelium. To investigate a functional role of TM4SF18 in PDAC we developed stably-expressing inducible shRNA pancreatic cancer cell lines. Knockdown of the TM4SF18 protein led to a significant decrease in Capan-1 cell growth as measured by the MTT assay, demonstrating this molecule to be a novel regulator of PDAC. Uniquely there is no ortholog of the TM4SF18 gene in mouse or rat prompting us to seek other in vivo experimental models. Using IHC and western blot analysis, expression of TM4SF18 was confirmed in the porcine PDAC model, thus we establish an alternative model to investigate this gene. TM4SF18 represents a promising novel biomarker and therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Singhal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mahsa Khatibeghdami
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Principe
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Georgina E. Mancinelli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kyle M. Schachtschneider
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lawrence B. Schook
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Grippo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sam R. Grimaldo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bailey KL, Carlson MA. Porcine Models of Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:144. [PMID: 30915276 PMCID: PMC6423062 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related deaths in both men and women. The 5-year survival rate for metastatic pancreatic cancer is only 8%. There remains a need for improved early diagnosis and therapy for pancreatic cancer. Murine models are the current standard for preclinical study of pancreatic cancer. However, mice may not accurately reflect human biology because of a variety of differences between the two species. Remarkably, only 5-8% of anti-cancer drugs that have emerged from preclinical studies and entered clinical studies have ultimately been approved for clinical use. The cause of this poor approval rate is multi-factorial, but may in part be due to use of murine models that have limited accuracy with respect to human disease. Murine models also have limited utility in the development of diagnostic or interventional technology that require a human-sized model. So, at present, there remains a need for improved animal models of pancreatic cancer. The rationale for a porcine model of pancreatic cancer is (i) to enable development of diagnostic/therapeutic devices for which murine models have limited utility; and (ii) to have a highly predictive preclinical model in which anti-cancer therapies can be tested and optimized prior to a clinical trial. Recently, pancreatic tumors were induced in transgenic Oncopigs and porcine pancreatic ductal cells were transformed that contain oncogenic KRAS and p53-null mutations. Both techniques to induce pancreatic tumors in pigs are undergoing further refinement and expansion. The Oncopig currently is commercially available, and it is conceivable that other porcine models of pancreatic cancer may be available for general use in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L. Bailey
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Mark A. Carlson
- Department of Surgery and Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States,Department of Surgery, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, United States,*Correspondence: Mark A. Carlson
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