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Oertel FC, Hastermann M, Paul F. Delimiting MOGAD as a disease entity using translational imaging. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1216477. [PMID: 38333186 PMCID: PMC10851159 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1216477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The first formal consensus diagnostic criteria for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) were recently proposed. Yet, the distinction of MOGAD-defining characteristics from characteristics of its important differential diagnoses such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and aquaporin-4 antibody seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is still obstructed. In preclinical research, MOG antibody-based animal models were used for decades to derive knowledge about MS. In clinical research, people with MOGAD have been combined into cohorts with other diagnoses. Thus, it remains unclear to which extent the generated knowledge is specifically applicable to MOGAD. Translational research can contribute to identifying MOGAD characteristic features by establishing imaging methods and outcome parameters on proven pathophysiological grounds. This article reviews suitable animal models for translational MOGAD research and the current state and prospect of translational imaging in MOGAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike Cosima Oertel
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Hastermann
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Immune Functions of Astrocytes in Viral Neuroinfections. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043514. [PMID: 36834929 PMCID: PMC9960577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinfections of the central nervous system (CNS) can be triggered by various pathogens. Viruses are the most widespread and have the potential to induce long-term neurologic symptoms with potentially lethal outcomes. In addition to directly affecting their host cells and inducing immediate changes in a plethora of cellular processes, viral infections of the CNS also trigger an intense immune response. Regulation of the innate immune response in the CNS depends not only on microglia, which are fundamental immune cells of the CNS, but also on astrocytes. These cells align blood vessels and ventricle cavities, and consequently, they are one of the first cell types to become infected after the virus breaches the CNS. Moreover, astrocytes are increasingly recognized as a potential viral reservoir in the CNS; therefore, the immune response initiated by the presence of intracellular virus particles may have a profound effect on cellular and tissue physiology and morphology. These changes should be addressed in terms of persisting infections because they may contribute to recurring neurologic sequelae. To date, infections of astrocytes with different viruses originating from genetically distinct families, including Flaviviridae, Coronaviridae, Retroviridae, Togaviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Picomaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Herpesviridae, have been confirmed. Astrocytes express a plethora of receptors that detect viral particles and trigger signaling cascades, leading to an innate immune response. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on virus receptors that initiate the release of inflammatory cytokines from astrocytes and depict the involvement of astrocytes in immune functions of the CNS.
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Papiri G, D’Andreamatteo G, Cacchiò G, Alia S, Silvestrini M, Paci C, Luzzi S, Vignini A. Multiple Sclerosis: Inflammatory and Neuroglial Aspects. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:1443-1470. [PMID: 36826039 PMCID: PMC9954863 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) represents the most common acquired demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). Its pathogenesis, in parallel with the well-established role of mechanisms pertaining to autoimmunity, involves several key functions of immune, glial and nerve cells. The disease's natural history is complex, heterogeneous and may evolve over a relapsing-remitting (RRMS) or progressive (PPMS/SPMS) course. Acute inflammation, driven by infiltration of peripheral cells in the CNS, is thought to be the most relevant process during the earliest phases and in RRMS, while disruption in glial and neural cells of pathways pertaining to energy metabolism, survival cascades, synaptic and ionic homeostasis are thought to be mostly relevant in long-standing disease, such as in progressive forms. In this complex scenario, many mechanisms originally thought to be distinctive of neurodegenerative disorders are being increasingly recognized as crucial from the beginning of the disease. The present review aims at highlighting mechanisms in common between MS, autoimmune diseases and biology of neurodegenerative disorders. In fact, there is an unmet need to explore new targets that might be involved as master regulators of autoimmunity, inflammation and survival of nerve cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Papiri
- Neurology Unit, Ospedale Provinciale “Madonna del Soccorso”, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | - Giordano D’Andreamatteo
- Neurology Unit, Ospedale Provinciale “Madonna del Soccorso”, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | - Gabriella Cacchiò
- Neurology Unit, Ospedale Provinciale “Madonna del Soccorso”, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | - Sonila Alia
- Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60100 Ancona, Italy
| | - Mauro Silvestrini
- Neurology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60100 Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristina Paci
- Neurology Unit, Ospedale Provinciale “Madonna del Soccorso”, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | - Simona Luzzi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60100 Ancona, Italy
| | - Arianna Vignini
- Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60100 Ancona, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Reviewing the Potential Links between Viral Infections and TDP-43 Proteinopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021581. [PMID: 36675095 PMCID: PMC9867397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Transactive response DNA binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43) was discovered in 2001 as a cellular factor capable to inhibit HIV-1 gene expression. Successively, it was brought to new life as the most prevalent RNA-binding protein involved in several neurological disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Despite the fact that these two research areas could be considered very distant from each other, in recent years an increasing number of publications pointed out the existence of a potentially important connection. Indeed, the ability of TDP-43 to act as an important regulator of all aspects of RNA metabolism makes this protein also a critical factor during expression of viral RNAs. Here, we summarize all recent observations regarding the involvement of TDP-43 in viral entry, replication and latency in several viruses that include enteroviruses (EVs), Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), hepatitis B virus (HBV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), West Nile virus (WNV), and herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV). In particular, in this work, we aimed to highlight the presence of similarities with the most commonly studied TDP-43 related neuronal dysfunctions.
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Pike SC, Welsh N, Linzey M, Gilli F. Theiler’s virus-induced demyelinating disease as an infectious model of progressive multiple sclerosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1019799. [PMID: 36311024 PMCID: PMC9606571 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1019799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of unknown etiology. However, several studies suggest that infectious agents, e.g., Human Herpes Viruses (HHV), may be involved in triggering the disease. Molecular mimicry, bystander effect, and epitope spreading are three mechanisms that can initiate immunoreactivity leading to CNS autoimmunity in MS. Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) is a pre-clinical model of MS in which intracerebral inoculation of TMEV results in a CNS autoimmune disease that causes demyelination, neuroaxonal damage, and progressive clinical disability. Given the spectra of different murine models used to study MS, this review highlights why TMEV-IDD represents a valuable tool for testing the viral hypotheses of MS. We initially describe how the main mechanisms of CNS autoimmunity have been identified across both MS and TMEV-IDD etiology. Next, we discuss how adaptive, innate, and CNS resident immune cells contribute to TMEV-IDD immunopathology and how this relates to MS. Lastly, we highlight the sexual dimorphism observed in TMEV-IDD and MS and how this may be tied to sexually dimorphic responses to viral infections. In summary, TMEV-IDD is an underutilized murine model that recapitulates many unique aspects of MS; as we learn more about the nature of viral infections in MS, TMEV-IDD will be critical in testing the future therapeutics that aim to intervene with disease onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C. Pike
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, United States
- Integrative Neuroscience at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Nora Welsh
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, United States
- Integrative Neuroscience at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Michael Linzey
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, United States
- Integrative Neuroscience at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Francesca Gilli
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, United States
- Integrative Neuroscience at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
- *Correspondence: Francesca Gilli,
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6
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Cardani‐Boulton A, Boylan BT, Stetsenko V, Bergmann CC. B cells going viral in the CNS: Dynamics, complexities, and functions of B cells responding to viral encephalitis. Immunol Rev 2022; 311:75-89. [PMID: 35984298 PMCID: PMC9804320 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A diverse number of DNA and RNA viruses have the potential to invade the central nervous system (CNS), causing inflammation and injury to cells that have a limited capacity for repair and regeneration. While rare, viral encephalitis in humans is often fatal and survivors commonly suffer from permanent neurological sequelae including seizures. Established treatment options are extremely limited, predominantly relying on vaccines, antivirals, or supportive care. Many viral CNS infections are characterized by the presence of antiviral antibodies in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), indicating local maintenance of protective antibody secreting cells. However, the mechanisms maintaining these humoral responses are poorly characterized. Furthermore, while both viral and autoimmune encephalitis are associated with the recruitment of diverse B cell subsets to the CNS, their protective and pathogenic roles aside from antibody production are just beginning to be understood. This review will focus on the relevance of B cell responses to viral CNS infections, with an emphasis on the importance of intrathecal immunity and the potential contribution to autoimmunity. Specifically, it will summarize the newest data characterizing B cell activation, differentiation, migration, and localization in clinical samples as well as experimental models of acute and persistent viral encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brendan T. Boylan
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, NeuroscienceClevelandOhioUSA,Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, PathologyClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Volodymyr Stetsenko
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, NeuroscienceClevelandOhioUSA,Kent State University, School of Biomedical SciencesKentOhioUSA
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Hülskötter K, Jin W, Allnoch L, Hansmann F, Schmidtke D, Rohn K, Flügel A, Lühder F, Baumgärtner W, Herder V. Double-edged effects of tamoxifen-in-oil-gavage on an infectious murine model for multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol 2021; 31:e12994. [PMID: 34137105 PMCID: PMC8549030 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen gavage is a commonly used method to induce genetic modifications in cre-loxP systems. As a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), the compound is known to have immunomodulatory and neuroprotective properties in non-infectious central nervous system (CNS) disorders. It can even cause complete prevention of lesion development as seen in experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE). The effect on infectious brain disorders is scarcely investigated. In this study, susceptible SJL mice were infected intracerebrally with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) and treated three times with a tamoxifen-in-oil-gavage (TOG), resembling an application scheme for genetically modified mice, starting at 0, 18, or 38 days post infection (dpi). All mice developed 'TMEV-induced demyelinating disease' (TMEV-IDD) resulting in inflammation, axonal loss, and demyelination of the spinal cord. TOG had a positive effect on the numbers of oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, irrespective of the time point of application, whereas late application (starting 38 dpi) was associated with increased demyelination of the spinal cord white matter 85 dpi. Furthermore, TOG had differential effects on the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell infiltration into the CNS, especially a long lasting increase of CD8+ cells was detected in the inflamed spinal cord, depending of the time point of TOG application. Number of TMEV-positive cells, astrogliosis, astrocyte phenotype, apoptosis, clinical score, and motor function were not measurably affected. These data indicate that tamoxifen gavage has a double-edged effect on TMEV-IDD with the promotion of oligodendrocyte differentiation and proliferation, but also increased demyelination, depending on the time point of application. The data of this study suggest that tamoxifen has also partially protective functions in infectious CNS disease. These effects should be considered in experimental studies using the cre-loxP system, especially in models investigating neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Hülskötter
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannoverGermany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannoverGermany
| | - Wen Jin
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannoverGermany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannoverGermany
| | - Lisa Allnoch
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannoverGermany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannoverGermany
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannoverGermany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannoverGermany
- Institute of Veterinary PathologyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Daniel Schmidtke
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannoverGermany
- Institute of ZoologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Karl Rohn
- Institute of Biometry, Epidemiology, and Information ProcessingUniversity of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Alexander Flügel
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannoverGermany
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis ResearchUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Fred Lühder
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis ResearchUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannoverGermany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannoverGermany
| | - Vanessa Herder
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannoverGermany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannoverGermany
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Hülskötter K, Lühder F, Flügel A, Herder V, Baumgärtner W. Tamoxifen Application Is Associated with Transiently Increased Loss of Hippocampal Neurons following Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8486. [PMID: 34445189 PMCID: PMC8395206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen is frequently used in murine knockout systems with CreER/LoxP. Besides possible neuroprotective effects, tamoxifen is described as having a negative impact on adult neurogenesis. The present study investigated the effect of a high-dose tamoxifen application on Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced hippocampal damage. Two weeks after TMEV infection, 42% of the untreated TMEV-infected mice were affected by marked inflammation with neuronal loss, whereas 58% exhibited minor inflammation without neuronal loss. Irrespective of the presence of neuronal loss, untreated mice lacked TMEV antigen expression within the hippocampus at 14 days post-infection (dpi). Interestingly, tamoxifen application 0, 2 and 4, or 5, 7 and 9 dpi decelerated virus elimination and markedly increased neuronal loss to 94%, associated with increased reactive astrogliosis at 14 dpi. T cell infiltration, microgliosis and expression of water channels were similar within the inflammatory lesions, regardless of tamoxifen application. Applied at 0, 2 and 4 dpi, tamoxifen had a negative impact on the number of doublecortin (DCX)-positive cells within the dentate gyrus (DG) at 14 dpi, without a long-lasting effect on neuronal loss at 147 dpi. Thus, tamoxifen application during a TMEV infection is associated with transiently increased neuronal loss in the hippocampus, increased reactive astrogliosis and decreased neurogenesis in the DG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Hülskötter
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (K.H.); (V.H.)
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Fred Lühder
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Alexander Flügel
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Vanessa Herder
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (K.H.); (V.H.)
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (K.H.); (V.H.)
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
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Mimura LAN, Fraga-Silva TFDC, de Oliveira LRC, Ishikawa LLW, Borim PA, Machado CDM, Júnior JDADCEH, da Fonseca DM, Sartori A. Preclinical Therapy with Vitamin D3 in Experimental Encephalomyelitis: Efficacy and Comparison with Paricalcitol. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041914. [PMID: 33671896 PMCID: PMC7918993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). MS and its animal model called experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) immunopathogenesis involve a plethora of immune cells whose activation releases a variety of proinflammatory mediators and free radicals. Vitamin D3 (VitD) is endowed with immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties that we demonstrated to control EAE development. However, this protective effect triggered hypercalcemia. As such, we compared the therapeutic potential of VitD and paricalcitol (Pari), which is a non-hypercalcemic vitamin D analog, to control EAE. From the seventh day on after EAE induction, mice were injected with VitD or Pari every other day. VitD, but not Pari, displayed downmodulatory ability being able to reduce the recruitment of inflammatory cells, the mRNA expression of inflammatory parameters, and demyelination at the CNS. Lower production of proinflammatory cytokines by lymph node-derived cells and IL-17 by gut explants, and reduced intestinal inflammation were detected in the EAE/VitD group compared to the EAE untreated or Pari groups. Dendritic cells (DCs) differentiated in the presence of VitD developed a more tolerogenic phenotype than in the presence of Pari. These findings suggest that VitD, but not Pari, has the potential to be used as a preventive therapy to control MS severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Ayumi Nishiyama Mimura
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (T.F.d.C.F.-S.); (L.R.C.d.O.); (L.L.W.I.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Thais Fernanda de Campos Fraga-Silva
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (T.F.d.C.F.-S.); (L.R.C.d.O.); (L.L.W.I.); (A.S.)
| | - Larissa Ragozzo Cardoso de Oliveira
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (T.F.d.C.F.-S.); (L.R.C.d.O.); (L.L.W.I.); (A.S.)
| | - Larissa Lumi Watanabe Ishikawa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (T.F.d.C.F.-S.); (L.R.C.d.O.); (L.L.W.I.); (A.S.)
| | - Patrícia Aparecida Borim
- Botucatu Medical School, Department of Tropical Diseases and Image Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil;
| | - Carla de Moraes Machado
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (C.d.M.M.); (J.d.A.d.C.eH.J.)
| | - José de Anchieta de Castro e Horta Júnior
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (C.d.M.M.); (J.d.A.d.C.eH.J.)
| | - Denise Morais da Fonseca
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Alexandrina Sartori
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (T.F.d.C.F.-S.); (L.R.C.d.O.); (L.L.W.I.); (A.S.)
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Libbey JE, Fujinami RS. Viral mouse models used to study multiple sclerosis: past and present. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1015-1033. [PMID: 33582855 PMCID: PMC7882042 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-04968-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Although the etiology of MS is unknown, genetics and environmental factors, such as infections, play a role. Viral infections of mice have been used as model systems to study this demyelinating disease of humans. Three viruses that have long been studied in this capacity are Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus, mouse hepatitis virus, and Semliki Forest virus. This review describes the viruses themselves, the infection process, the disease caused by infection and its accompanying pathology, and the model systems and their usefulness in studying MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - R S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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11
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Omura S, Sato F, Park AM, Fujita M, Khadka S, Nakamura Y, Katsuki A, Nishio K, Gavins FNE, Tsunoda I. Bioinformatics Analysis of Gut Microbiota and CNS Transcriptome in Virus-Induced Acute Myelitis and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelination; Potential Association of Distinct Bacteria With CNS IgA Upregulation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1138. [PMID: 32733435 PMCID: PMC7358278 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus infections have been associated with acute and chronic inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) diseases, e.g., acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) and multiple sclerosis (MS), where animal models support the pathogenic roles of viruses. In the spinal cord, Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) induces an AFM-like disease with gray matter inflammation during the acute phase, 1 week post infection (p.i.), and an MS-like disease with white matter inflammation during the chronic phase, 1 month p.i. Although gut microbiota has been proposed to affect immune responses contributing to pathological conditions in remote organs, including the brain pathophysiology, its precise role in neuroinflammatory diseases is unclear. We infected SJL/J mice with TMEV; harvested feces and spinal cords on days 4 (before onset), 7 (acute phase), and 35 (chronic phase) p.i.; and examined fecal microbiota by 16S rRNA sequencing and CNS transcriptome by RNA sequencing. Although TMEV infection neither decreased microbial diversity nor changed overall microbiome patterns, it increased abundance of individual bacterial genera Marvinbryantia on days 7 and 35 p.i. and Coprococcus on day 35 p.i., whose pattern-matching with CNS transcriptome showed strong correlations: Marvinbryantia with eight T-cell receptor (TCR) genes on day 7 and with seven immunoglobulin (Ig) genes on day 35 p.i.; and Coprococcus with gene expressions of not only TCRs and IgG/IgA, but also major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and complements. The high gene expression of IgA, a component of mucosal immunity, in the CNS was unexpected. However, we observed substantial IgA positive cells and deposition in the CNS, as well as a strong correlation between CNS IgA gene expression and serum anti-TMEV IgA titers. Here, changes in a small number of distinct gut bacteria, but not overall gut microbiota, could affect acute and chronic immune responses, causing AFM- and MS-like lesions in the CNS. Alternatively, activated immune responses would alter the composition of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Omura
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Fumitaka Sato
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Ah-Mee Park
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Fujita
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sundar Khadka
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yumina Nakamura
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aoshi Katsuki
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuto Nishio
- Department of Genome Biology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Felicity N. E. Gavins
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Department of Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
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12
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Bouin A, Semler BL. Picornavirus Cellular Remodeling: Doubling Down in Response to Viral-Induced Inflammation. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 7:31-37. [PMID: 32704466 PMCID: PMC7377643 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-020-00138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review To highlight recent findings on how picornavirus infections of the airways and cardiac tissues impact cellular inflammation and remodeling events. Recent Findings Recent published work has revealed that although many picornavirus infections appear to be initially asymptomatic, there are significant disease sequelae that result from chronic or persistent infections and the long-term, pathogenic effects on host tissues. Summary Because many acute picornavirus infections are asymptomatic, it is difficult to diagnose these pathologies at the early stages of disease. As a result, we must rely on preventative measures (i.e., vaccination) or discover novel treatments to reverse tissue damage and remodeling in affected individuals. Both of these strategies will require a comprehensive knowledge of virus-and cell-specific replication determinants and how these processes induce pathogenic effects in infected cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Bouin
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics and Center for Virus Research, School of Medicine, University of California, Med Sci Bldg, Room B237, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
| | - Bert L Semler
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics and Center for Virus Research, School of Medicine, University of California, Med Sci Bldg, Room B237, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
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13
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Blei F. Update March 2019. Lymphat Res Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2019.29063.fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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14
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Gerhauser I, Hansmann F, Ciurkiewicz M, Löscher W, Beineke A. Facets of Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus-Induced Diseases: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020448. [PMID: 30669615 PMCID: PMC6358740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), a naturally occurring, enteric pathogen of mice is a Cardiovirus of the Picornaviridae family. Low neurovirulent TMEV strains such as BeAn cause a severe demyelinating disease in susceptible SJL mice following intracerebral infection. Furthermore, TMEV infections of C57BL/6 mice cause acute polioencephalitis initiating a process of epileptogenesis that results in spontaneous recurrent epileptic seizures in approximately 50% of affected mice. Moreover, C3H mice develop cardiac lesions after an intraperitoneal high-dose application of TMEV. Consequently, TMEV-induced diseases are widely used as animal models for multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and myocarditis. The present review summarizes morphological lesions and pathogenic mechanisms triggered by TMEV with a special focus on the development of hippocampal degeneration and seizures in C57BL/6 mice as well as demyelination in the spinal cord in SJL mice. Furthermore, a detailed description of innate and adaptive immune responses is given. TMEV studies provide novel insights into the complexity of organ- and mouse strain-specific immunopathology and help to identify factors critical for virus persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Gerhauser
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for System Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Malgorzata Ciurkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for System Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Center for System Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for System Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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